The DOI matches its Crossref record; 53 of the 53 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 4 of the 51 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Reduced sleep duration is a hallmark of modern-day society and is increasingly associated with medical conditions, such as diabetes, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular disease. Here we present data from a rat model and human clinical study of chronic sleep restriction, both revealing that two metabolites in blood, oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3, are quantitatively depleted under sleep-restricted conditions and restored after recovery sleep. Our findings also reveal a significant overall shift in lipid metabolism, with higher levels of phospholipids in both species and evidence of a systemic oxidative environment. This work provides a potential link between the known pathologies of reduced sleep duration and metabolic dysfunction.
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Claims the paper makes
45 Own result · 39 Not checked yet · 29 Own interpretation · 10 Own method · 3 Partly supported · 1 Supported · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Furthermore, plasma levels of glucose, insulin, and leptin are reduced (34).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [34] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The RESULTS section reports decreased insulin and leptin levels in sleep-restricted rats after the working weeks, with levels returning to control values after rest. It explicitly reports no change in glucose levels over time or between groups, so the claim is not supported for glucose. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“we found eight overlapping species of significance, including LPC 16:0; triacylglycerols (TGs) (52:2, 52:3, TG 54:3, 54:4, 54:5), and diacylglycerols (DGs) (36:2, 36:3).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [11] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports LysoPC(16:0) as rhythmic in the source paper’s group-level analysis, and the Results report that most group-rhythmic metabolites were triacylglycerols or diacylglycerols. Our copy does not identify the seven listed TG and DG species as rhythmic, so it supports the overlap claim only in part. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Oleoylethanolamide, a potent activator of PPAR-α, is also elevated in CSF, and to a lesser extent in serum of sleep-deprived humans (51).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [51] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report a significant increase in cerebrospinal-fluid oleoylethanolamide after 24 hours of sleep deprivation. Serum levels also rose numerically, but the paper calls that increase only borderline significant (P = 0.068), and the Abstract says levels increased in CSF but not in serum. The claim omits that qualification and presents the serum elevation as an established finding. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Oleoylethanolamide is a potent activator of PPAR-α.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was significant variation between the two studies when examined in aggregate.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonlipid metabolites that were increased included leucine, valine, N-methylalanine, and cellobiotol.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Under acute SR, a total of 26 features were reproducibly observed to be attributable to FA, and so were removed from consideration.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the identified species, 32 were lipid-or fatty acidrelated compounds.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Aside from 4-Pyr, the nonrecovered metabolites were either PCs (32:1, 38:2, 38:3), or acylcarnitines (C10:0, C12:0, and C18:1).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The majority of these metabolites (18 of 28) were lipids.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also identified those compounds that were altered across both acute and chronic conditions, all of which were phospholipids (Fig. 2C).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 32
- It may state two separate claims as one. 36
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Reduction in total blood TGs of humans has been observed previously using a similar protocol (47).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [47] source
The Discussion reports that triglycerides decreased following sleep restriction in the study’s men. The Experimental Protocol describes five nights of restricted sleep; the paper does not establish how closely that protocol matched the citing study’s. (LLM, conf=0.93)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 38 that were unique to SR (Fig. 1C, Left), 28 were identified.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Elevated phospholipids were also noted after sleep restriction in both species, as well as metabolites associated with an oxidizing environment.”
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the amino acids tryptophan (Trp), phenylalanine (Phe), as well as pipecolic acid and 1-Methyl-4-pyridone-5-carboxamide (4-Pyr) were elevated, but oxalic acid was reduced.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plaincorrelationaln = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the majority of metabolites (30 identified and 46 unknown) recovered to pre-SR levels, whereas 7 identified and 11 unknown did not recover over the period measured.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Intriguingly, three SM species recovered, and three PlsCho species did not recover based on our statistical thresholds (P < 0.05, FDR < 0.2 compared with baseline).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“two metabolites, oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3, were robustly and quantitatively reduced in both species following sleep restriction, and recovered to near baseline levels after sleep restriction (P < 0.05, false-discovery rate < 0.2).”
boosteddirectn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 3,380 unique metabolite species were detected across the two independent studies of rat serum.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of these species, 407 were identified.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Following 5 d of chronic SR, 44 features were significantly altered across studies A and B: 23 were unique to the SR condition (Fig. 1C, Right), and 18 were named, of which 15 were lipids.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, polar metabolites were primarily altered following acute SR, with only glycine specifically altered following chronic SR.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Comparison of the human BL and SR samples revealed 92 features that were altered, of which 37 were identified (Fig. 3B; unidentified metabolites not shown for clarity).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Glycine was reduced and the Krebs cycle intermediate malate and sucrose were elevated.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results further indicate a significant clustering relationship between oxalate and arachidonic acid (Fig. S4), which is the substrate for COX-2, although we note that arachidonic acid was not significantly changed by our criteria.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A total of 38 features were changed across independent experiments, with the majority classified as lipids (18 from 28 identified).”
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In a parallel human study, 92 metabolites were identified as potentially significant, with the majority also classified as lipids (32 of 37 identified).”
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although a number of metabolites were common to SR and FA groups, we focused on those specific to SR.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In our study, SR led to increases in all of these metabolites except acylcarnitines C10:0 and C12:0, which were reduced.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Comparison with Metabolic Profile of Acute Total Sleep Deprivation in Humans.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of note, the two TG species elevated in humans were relatively short (≤48 carbons, average chain length ≤16 carbons).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In humans, acute total sleep deprivation in the laboratory increases levels of stress hormones, such as catecholamines and cortisol (e.g., refs.20 and 21).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This difference may result from variation in the environmental and sampling procedures or in the analytical analysis.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Lipidomics analysis has elucidated a set of lipids that oscillate across biological subtypes defined by stratification by lipid composition (11).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“many laboratory studies have reported that SR, the type of sleep loss we used in our study, does not produce significant effects on cortisol levels (e.g., ref. 22).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Recent work indicates that total sleep deprivation induces a measurable perturbation to the blood metabolome (19)”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Gene-expression profiling has established that there is a complex, but defined, interaction between the circadian system and sleep homeostasis (8) in humans.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings provide a potential link between known pathologies of reduced sleep duration and metabolic dysfunction, and potential biomarkers for sleep loss.”
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, gut metabolism also likely plays a role in the observed metabolic profile (23).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Trp is a major precursor for serotonin and melatonin and is elevated under acute total sleep deprivation (19).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This metabolite is also regulated in a circadian fashion in humans (11), and as such may be an indicator of both circadian time and sleep debt.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The study of Davies et al. (19) identified metabolites that increased but found none that decreased under total sleep deprivation.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Comparison with Metabolic Profile of Acute Total Sleep Deprivation in Humans.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [19] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This finding is consistent with several studies suggesting that the function of sleep is restorative and involves metabolite clearance from the brain (9), and that sleep restores antioxidant balance in peripheral tissues (46).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [46] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This idea is consistent with the other evidence for oxidative stress and peroxisomal activation described below.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Dallman et al. (12) found that 33 of 40 lipid species were regulated in a circadian manner, of which carnitine C12:0 overlaps with our study.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Based on these data, as well as the highly regulated nature of presample fasting and diet for our rat and human studies, we postulate that the observed reduction in blood oxalate is a result of either reduced synthesis or increased gut microbiota processing and is not of dietary origin.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although dietary oxalate with high bioavailability increases plasma and urine levels (29), excreted oxalate is minimally dependent on diet in an epidemiological cohort (30).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent evidence suggests that blood levels are also influenced by gut microbiota, with over a dozen oxalate-degrading gut bacterial species identified (28).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28] source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This finding is consistent with several studies suggesting that the function of sleep is restorative and involves metabolite clearance from the brain (9), and that sleep restores antioxidant balance in peripheral tissues (46).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We cannot exclude effects on peripheral clocks, and note that some of the metabolic phenotypes could arise from a loss of synchrony between central and peripheral clocks.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > The differences between baseline (presleep loss) and recovery (postsleep loss) could indicate incomplete recovery.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Investigation of the human plasma metabolome suggests that amino acid metabolism is particularly perturbed as a function of SR (26).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Comparison with Metabolic Profile of Acute Total Sleep Deprivation in Humans.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, we also attempted to separate the metabolic effects from the sleep effects by enforcing a 10-to 12-h fasting period before metabolomic sampling, such that observed changes could be attributed to sleep/sleep restriction effects.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: A 10- to 12-hour fast before sampling allows observed metabolic changes to be attributed to sleep or sleep restriction rather than other factors.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These metabolites are from highly disparate metabolic pathways yet behave in the same manner, and thus may provide a robust measure of sleep debt (Fig. 4C and Fig. S3).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The primary sources of blood oxalate are diet-derived plant sources, vitamin C (ascorbate) degradation, and endogenous synthesis pathways in erythrocytes and liver (27).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [27] source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although these metabolites do not share obvious metabolic pathways, they may be linked by cellular function, such as peroxisomal processing, as described below.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the human study, physical activity levels in our subjects were limited.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the discrepancy may be a function of the difference in protocol (1 d vs. 5 d and total sleep deprivation vs. chronic SR), leading to a difference in relative energy requirements.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Comparison with Metabolic Profile of Acute Total Sleep Deprivation in Humans.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mass spectral features were judged significant if P < 0.1 and FDR < 0.2 in each study, such that the pooled result would yield P < 0.01 (Table S2).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In each case, comparisons were done by t test using multiple test correction (1,000 permutations, unpaired for animal and paired for human data).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the direct relationship between oxalate, hypoxanthine, and medium-chain acylcarnitines (C6, C10, C12, C12:1) in cluster analysis (Fig. S4) may also be explained by peroxisomal processes.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: PPARs play a critical role in lipid and glucose metabolism.
In the paper
“Bezafibrate, an antihyperlipidemic PPAR-α agonist, has been shown in a mouse model to affect both BL sleep, with increased EEG δ-power, and recovery sleep following sleep restriction, with a reduced rebound in EEG δ-power (49).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [49] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reduction in both oxalate (humans and rats) and glycine (rats, SR5) might be explained by depletion of glyoxylate, which is a common precursor to both substances in peroxisomes.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Glyoxylate is a common precursor to both oxalate and glycine in peroxisomes.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To differentiate the effects of FA from SR, the second study included a FA control group in which animals walked the same distance as SR animals in the dark phase, but had sufficient time to sleep.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Rat Study Protocol.
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our comprehensive metabolite profiling results present a picture of an oxidative environment impacting lipid metabolism and processing, albeit with some interspecies variations.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Conclusion.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Mounting evidence points to sleep loss inducing an oxidative metabolic state (8,48).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The combination of an oxidative environment, β-oxidation of long-chain fatty acids as implied by TAG shortening, as well as the observed association of acylcarnitines with oxalate (Fig. S4), suggests a distinct role for peroxisomes, possibly via peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: PPARs play a critical role in lipid and glucose metabolism.
In the paper
“The peroxisome is the central site of fatty acid alcohol processing (52), which generates either diacylphospholipids or ether-linked phospholipids.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Induction of peroxisome biogenesis is consistent with the observed decrease in both fatty alcohols (humans) and an increase in phospholipid species (humans and rats), particularly plasmalogens.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: PPARs play a critical role in lipid and glucose metabolism.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To control for morning-evening effects, sampling occurred during the 2 h following waketime (between 0800 hours and 1000 hours on BL1 and SR5 and between 1000 hours and 1200 hours on R1).”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Additional information
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Direct conversion of oxalate to hypoxanthine has been observed in extreme oxidative environments (53), although it is not clear if this occurs in vivo.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Oxalic Acid and DG 36:3 Are Putative Translational Markers of Sleep
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53]
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Tryptophan is a precursor for liver synthesis of nicotinic acid, which interconverts with nicotinamide.
“Trp is also the precursor to liver synthesis of nicotinic acid (vitamin B3), which interconverts with the amide form, nicotinamide.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Phenylalanine is a precursor to dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine via tyrosine.
“Phe is also a precursor to several neurotransmitters, including dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine via tyrosine.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Pipecolic acid is a lysine metabolite unique to gut microflora.
“pipecolic acid is a metabolite of lysine unique to gut microflora”
The paper relies on this without support.
Endogenous substrates for oxalate synthesis include glycolate in peroxisomes and hydroxyproline.
“Endogenous substrates for oxalate synthesis include glycolate in peroxisomes and hydroxyproline.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The rat and human sleep restriction protocols produce comparable sleep debt for cross-species marker comparison.
“we compared the list of significantly altered metabolites in rats and humans (Fig. 4).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Activity may account for much of the effect of wakefulness itself.
“In our rat study, the effects of activity-which may account for much of the effect of wake per se-were controlled by including a FA group.”
The paper relies on this without support.
A 10- to 12-hour fast before sampling allows observed metabolic changes to be attributed to sleep or sleep restriction rather than other factors.
“Thus, we also attempted to separate the metabolic effects from the sleep effects by enforcing a 10-to 12-h fasting period before metabolomic sampling, such that observed changes could be attributed to sleep/sleep restriction effects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Arachidonic acid is the substrate for COX-2.
“Our results further indicate a significant clustering relationship between oxalate and arachidonic acid (Fig. S4), which is the substrate for COX-2, although we note that arachidonic acid was not significantly changed by our criteria.”
The paper relies on this without support.
PPARs play a critical role in lipid and glucose metabolism.
“One mechanism may be via the induction of PPARs, which play a critical role in lipid and glucose metabolism.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Oleoylethanolamide is a potent activator of PPAR-α.
“Oleoylethanolamide, a potent activator of PPAR-α, is also elevated in CSF, and to a lesser extent in serum of sleep-deprived humans (51).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Glyoxylate is a common precursor to both oxalate and glycine in peroxisomes.
“Reduction in both oxalate (humans and rats) and glycine (rats, SR5) might be explained by depletion of glyoxylate, which is a common precursor to both substances in peroxisomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Peroxisomal β-oxidation preferentially processes longer-chain fatty acids.
“Furthermore, the reduced levels of long-chain TGs and elevation in shorter-chain TGs observed in humans may reflect peroxisomal β-oxidation processes that are preferential for longer-chain fatty acids.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“these three independent studies point out that restriction of sleep, either acutely or partially for a longer period, significantly affects serum lipid levels, as measured using mass spectrometry.”
From Prolonged sleep restriction induces changes in pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“In the acute SR study22, only increases in lipid levels were observed after the deprivation period, while in the partial SR study23 also declines were recorded.”
From Prolonged sleep restriction induces changes in pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Two recent studies have measured lipid profiles in human blood samples using mass spectrometry analysis after polar and non-polar extraction of the samples after a short term (24 h) total sleep restriction22 and a partial sleep restriction for five days23.”
From Prolonged sleep restriction induces changes in pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“In both studies, the majority of the altered, identified species, consisted of lipid species (including phospholipids, sphingolipids, acylcarnitides and phosphatidylcholines).”
From Prolonged sleep restriction induces changes in pathways involved in cholesterol metabolism and inflammatory responses (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“As with the rat study, the majority of metabolites (30 identified and 46 unknown) recovered to pre-SR levels, whereas 7 identified and 11 unknown did not recover over the period measured.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
Reported 92 · recomputed 94
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Temporal Dynamics of SR-Specific Metabolic Alterations.
“In contrast, polar metabolites were primarily altered following acute SR, with only glycine specifically altered following chronic SR.”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
“Following 5 d of chronic SR, 44 features were significantly altered across studies A and B: 23 were unique to the SR condition (Fig. 1C, Right), and 18 were named, of which 15 were lipids.Glycine was reduced and the Krebs cycle intermediate malate and sucrose were elevated.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Metabolomic Analysis of Sleep-Restricted Rats.
“Study A included a concurrent forced-activity (FA) control group subjected to FA during the waking period”
§ Oxalic acid and diacylglycerol 36:3 are cross-species markers of sleep debt > Rat Study Protocol.
“To differentiate the effects of FA from SR, the second study included a FA control group in which animals walked the same distance as SR animals in the dark phase, but had sufficient time to sleep.”
Citations
Cites
Sleep Drives Metabolite Clearance from the Adult Brain
Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M. J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., O’Donnell, J., Christensen, D. J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J. J., et al. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241224 · Cited by 5,411
Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function
Spiegel, K., Leproult, R., & Van Cauter, E. (1999) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(99)01376-8 · Cited by 3,668
Metabolomics analysis reveals large effects of gut microflora on mammalian blood metabolites
Wikoff, W. R., Anfora, A. T., Liu, J., Schultz, P. G., Lesley, S. A., Peters, E. C., & Siuzdak, G. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0812874106 · Cited by 2,677
Neurocognitive consequences of sleep deprivation
Goel, N., Rao, H., Durmer, J., & Dinges, D. (2009) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0029-1237117 · Cited by 2,154
Self-citationBehavioral and Physiological Consequences of Sleep Restriction
Banks, S., & Dinges, D. F. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.26918 · Cited by 1,505
Self-citationA Prospective Study of Sleep Duration and Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Ayas, N. T., White, D. P., Manson, J. E., Stampfer, M. J., Speizer, F. E., Malhotra, A., & Hu, F. B. (2003) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.163.2.205 · Cited by 1,155
Meerlo, P., Sgoifo, A., & Suchecki, D. (2008) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.007 · Cited by 948
Self-citationBuxton, O. M., Cain, S. W., O’Connor, S. P., Porter, J. H., Duffy, J. F., Wang, W., Czeisler, C. A., & Shea, S. A. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3003200 · Cited by 932
Impact of insufficient sleep on total daily energy expenditure, food intake, and weight gain
Markwald, R. R., Melanson, E. L., Smith, M. R., Higgins, J., Perreault, L., Eckel, R. H., & Wright, K. P. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1216951110 · Cited by 810
Sleep curtailment is accompanied by increased intake of calories from snacks
Nedeltcheva, A. V., Kilkus, J. M., Imperial, J., Kasza, K., Schoeller, D. A., & Penev, P. D. (2009) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.3945/ajcn.2008.26574 · Cited by 717
Cited by
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Circadian Rhythm and Sleep Disruption: Causes, Metabolic Consequences, and Countermeasures
Potter, G. D., Skene, D. J., Arendt, J., Cade, J. E., Grant, P. J., & Hardie, L. J. (2016) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2016-1083 · Cited by 781
Role of sleep deprivation in immune-related disease risk and outcomes
Garbarino, S., Lanteri, P., Bragazzi, N. L., Magnavita, N., & Scoditti, E. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02825-4 · Cited by 665
Sampling interstitial fluid from human skin using a microneedle patch
Samant, P. P., Niedzwiecki, M. M., Raviele, N., Tran, V., Mena-Lapaix, J. L., Walker, D. I., Felner, E. I., Jones, D. P., Miller, G. W., & Prausnitz, M. R. (2020) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw0285 · Cited by 398
Circadian Rhythms, Sleep, and Disorders of Aging
Mattis, J., & Sehgal, A. (2016) · Trends in Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2016.02.003 · Cited by 369
“Sleep loss also has profound effects on metabolism [123–125], including an increase in markers of insulin resistance.”
BackgroundSelf-citationExploring phylogeny to find the function of sleep
Anafi, R. C., Kayser, M. S., & Raizen, D. M. (2019) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-018-0098-9 · Cited by 259
Self-citationLight pollution disrupts sleep in free-living animals
Raap, T., Pinxten, R., & Eens, M. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep13557 · Cited by 247
Light at night, clocks and health: from humans to wild organisms
Dominoni, D. M., Borniger, J. C., & Nelson, R. J. (2016) · Biology Letters · doi:10.1098/rsbl.2016.0015 · Cited by 204
“For instance, recent studies revealed that sleep deprivation can have profound effects on the circadian expression of the transcriptome, and in particular of genes involved in immune and stress responses [18], and that oxalate is a robust marker of sleep debt [20].”
Restless roosts: Light pollution affects behavior, sleep, and physiology in a free‐living songbird
Ouyang, J. Q., de Jong, M., van Grunsven, R. H. A., Matson, K. D., Haussmann, M. F., Meerlo, P., Visser, M. E., & Spoelstra, K. (2017) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.13756 · Cited by 185
“Decreases in oxalic acid concentrations have recently been used as biomarker for sleep debt (Weljie et al., 2015).”
MethodSelf-citationSleep in the United States Military
Good, C. H., Brager, A. J., Capaldi, V. F., & Mysliwiec, V. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0431-7 · Cited by 204
“Extended sleep deprivation also phase-shifts and dampens the amplitude of biochemical substrates of glucose, fatty acid, and amino acid metabolism: including cholesterol [95], acylcarnitines [96], oxalic acid [97, 98], and diacylglycerol [97, 98].”
BackgroundMolecular Mechanisms of Sleep Homeostasis in Flies and MammalsPreprint
Allada, R., Cirelli, C., & Sehgal, A. (2017) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a027730 · Cited by 160
Self-citationDiurnal rhythms in the human urine metabolome during sleep and total sleep deprivation
Giskeødegård, G. F., Davies, S. K., Revell, V. L., Keun, H., & Skene, D. J. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep14843 · Cited by 135
Human and rat gut microbiome composition is maintained following sleep restriction
Zhang, S. L., Bai, L., Goel, N., Bailey, A., Jang, C. J., Bushman, F. D., Meerlo, P., Dinges, D. F., & Sehgal, A. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1620673114 · Cited by 139
“the stress hormone corticosterone (14, 16).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMetabolomics in Sleep, Insomnia and Sleep Apnea
Humer, E. C., Pieh, C., & Brandmayr, G. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21197244 · Cited by 133
“A single night of recovery could not restore the decreased level of long-chain acylcarnitines [73].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAho, V., Ollila, H. M., Kronholm, E., Bondia-Pons, I., Soininen, P., Kangas, A. J., Hilvo, M., Seppälä, I., Kettunen, J., Oikonen, M., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep24828 · Cited by 126
Circadian Metabolism: From Mechanisms to Metabolomics and Medicine
Brown, S. A. (2016) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.015 · Cited by 122
Raap, T., Pinxten, R., & Eens, M. (2016) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2016.04.100 · Cited by 125
Impacts of artificial light at night on sleep: A review and prospectus
Aulsebrook, A. E., Jones, T. M., Mulder, R. A., & Lesku, J. A. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.2189 · Cited by 119
“and rodents experiencing relatively severe sleep deprivation (Weljie et al., 2015), further validation is required.”
BackgroundInfluentialDeveloping Biomarker Arrays Predicting Sleep and Circadian-Coupled Risks to Health
Mullington, J. M., Abbott, S. M., Carroll, J. E., Davis, C. J., Dijk, D.-J., Dinges, D. F., Gehrman, P. R., Ginsburg, G. S., Gozal, D., Haack, M., et al. (2016) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.5616 · Cited by 105
Self-citationCao, J., Herman, A. B., West, G. B., Poe, G., & Savage, V. M. (2020) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aba0398 · Cited by 105
Changes in Plasma Lipids during Exposure to Total Sleep Deprivation
Chua, E. C.-P., Shui, G., Cazenave‐Gassiot, A., Wenk, M. R., & Gooley, J. J. (2015) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.5142 · Cited by 104
Circadian Clocks and Metabolism: Implications for Microbiome and Aging
Paschos, G. K., & FitzGerald, G. A. (2017) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2017.07.010 · Cited by 79
“Indeed, both the sleep-wake cycle [51] and feeding patterns [52] have strong effects on circadian metabolic oscillations.”
BackgroundMetabolomics Profiling for Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Simple Snorers
Xu, H., Zheng, X., Qian, Y., Guan, J., Yi, H., Zou, J., Wang, Y., Meng, L., Zhao, A., Yin, S., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep30958 · Cited by 73
Honma, A., Revell, V. L., Gunn, P. J., Davies, S. K., Middleton, B., Raynaud, F. I., & Skene, D. J. (2019) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14411 · Cited by 75
“Elevated phospholipids were also reported after sleep deprivation in the rat and human (Weljie et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMechanisms of sleep deprivation-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice
Shigiyama, F., Kumashiro, N., Tsuneoka, Y., Igarashi, H., Yoshikawa, F., Kakehi, S., Funato, H., & Hirose, T. (2018) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.00072.2018 · Cited by 69
“Some studies reported the association of sleep curtailment with increased acylcarnitine levels in humans (6, 12, 63, 65).”
BackgroundHabitual sleep and human plasma metabolomics
Xiao, Q., Derkach, A., Moore, S. C., Zheng, W., Shu, X., Gu, F., Caporaso, N. E., Sampson, J. N., & Matthews, C. E. (2017) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-017-1205-z · Cited by 64
“2013), and another study found higher levels of leucine and valine following one night sleep restriction (4 h) in rats (Weljie et al. 2015).”
Dietary prebiotics alter novel microbial dependent fecal metabolites that improve sleep
Thompson, R. S., Vargas, F., Dorrestein, P. C., Chichlowski, M., Berg, B. M., & Fleshner, M. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-60679-y · Cited by 70
Circadian dysfunction and Alzheimer's disease – An updated review
Ahmad, F., Sachdeva, P., Sarkar, J., & Izhaar, R. (2022) · Aging Medicine · doi:10.1002/agm2.12221 · Cited by 70
Effects of CPAP therapy withdrawal on exhaled breath pattern in obstructive sleep apnoea
Schwarz, E. I., Sinues, P., Bregy, L., Gaisl, T., García‐Gómez, D., Gaugg, M. T., Suter, Y., Stebler, N., Nussbaumer‐Ochsner, Y., Bloch, K. E., et al. (2015) · Thorax · doi:10.1136/thoraxjnl-2015-207597 · Cited by 59
“[8] Similarly, gut microbiota metabolites have been reported to be altered in sleep deprived humans.[37] Along the same lines, intermittent hypoxia has been found to alter gut microbiota diversity in OSA mice models.”
BackgroundYamazaki, E. M., Antler, C. A., Lasek, C. R., & Goel, N. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsaa224 · Cited by 59
“Similar to our findings that some neurobehavioral measures take longer to recover after TSD or SR, the timing of caloric intake variables [51] and metabolomic markers [48] recovery after TSD and/or SR also differ.”
ResultSelf-citationHuang, T., Zeleznik, O. A., Poole, E. M., Clish, C. B., Deik, A., Scott, J. M., Vetter, C., Schernhammer, E. S., Brunner, R. L., Hale, L. E., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dyy234 · Cited by 56
“A cross-species investigation in rat and human models revealed changes in the blood metabolome after sleep restriction, mostly of lipid species (18 of 28 in rats and 32 of 37 in humans).(11) Similarly to our findings, lipids with low carbon number and low double-bond content across multiple sub-classes (e.”
Backgroundvan den Berg, R., Mook-Kanamori, D. O., Donga, E., van Dijk, M., van Dijk, J. G., Lammers, G.-J., van Kralingen, K. W., Prehn, C., Adamski, J., Romijn, J. A., et al. (2016) · Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics · doi:10.1016/j.abb.2015.09.017 · Cited by 55
“Weljie et al (19) also 326 reported increased C18:1, C10:0 and C12:0 acylcarnitines upon five consecutive nights of 4 327 hours sleep.”
BackgroundBourdon, A. K., Spano, G. M., Marshall, W., Bellesi, M., Tononi, G., Serra, P. A., Baghdoyan, H. A., Lydic, R., Campagna, S. R., & Cirelli, C. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29511-6 · Cited by 55
The preference and costs of sleeping under light at night in forest and urban great tits
Ulgezen, Z. N., Käpylä, T., Meerlo, P., Spoelstra, K., Visser, M. E., & Dominoni, D. M. (2019) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.0872 · Cited by 52
“Recently, reduced plasma levels of oxalic acid 86 have been established as a biomarker of sleep disruption in humans and rodents [23].”
BackgroundSelf-citationCircadian and Sleep Metabolomics Across Species
Malik, D. M., Paschos, G. K., Sehgal, A., & Weljie, A. M. (2020) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2020.04.027 · Cited by 54
“There have been significant gains in understanding the metabolic consequences of sleep and circadian disruption independently [40, 106, 150, 162, 163, 190, 191, 203, 210, 224] through steady-state metabolomics and transcriptomics studies; yet given the number of common underlying features, the metabolic connection and…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationGehrman, P., Sengupta, A., Harders, E., Ubeydullah, E. R., Pack, A. I., & Weljie, A. M. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy043 · Cited by 52
Self-citationCircadian Disruption Associated with Alzheimer’s Disease
Saeed, Y., & Abbott, S. M. (2017) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-017-0745-y · Cited by 52
Interorgan rhythmicity as a feature of healthful metabolism
Bass, J. T. (2024) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2024.01.009 · Cited by 52
Grant, L. K., Ftouni, S., Nijagal, B., Souza, D. P. D., Tull, D., McConville, M. J., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., Lockley, S. W., & Anderson, C. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-40353-8 · Cited by 48
The Biological Perspective in Entrepreneurship Research
Nicolaou, N., Phan, P., & Stephan, U. (2020) · Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice · doi:10.1177/1042258720967314 · Cited by 48
Laing, E., Möller‐Levet, C. S., Dijk, D., & Archer, S. N. (2018) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy186 · Cited by 47
“Hence, as the panel of biomarkers was associated with multiple processes, we expect their predictions/classifications to be more robust than the single molecules reported to date [13, 14].”
BackgroundLight, Sleep and Performance in Diurnal Birds
Aulsebrook, A. E., Johnsson, R. D., & Lesku, J. A. (2021) · Clocks & Sleep · doi:10.3390/clockssleep3010008 · Cited by 45
“This idea has some support owing to the lack of predicted response in oxalic acid, a biomarker of sleep loss in mammals [82].”
BackgroundAmmanuel, S. G., Chan, W., Adler, D. A., Lakshamanan, B. M., Gupta, S. S., Ewen, J. B., Johnston, M. V., Marcus, C. L., Naidu, S., & Kadam, S. D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138113 · Cited by 42
“The chronic poor SWS percent by itself may also modulate systemic metabolic functions both in humans and rodents as recently shown [58].”
BackgroundDeveloping preliminary blood metabolomics-based biomarkers of insufficient sleep in humans
Depner, C. M., Cogswell, D. T., Bisesi, P. J., Markwald, R. R., Cruickshank-Quinn, C. I., Quinn, K. D., Melanson, E. L., Reisdorph, N. A., & Wright, K. P. (2020) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz321 · Cited by 46
“used metabolomics in rats and humans to identify oxalic acid and diacylglycerol (DAG)-[36:3] as potential single compound biomarkers of sleep debt [39], and Laing et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialBatra, T., Malik, I., Prabhat, A., Bhardwaj, S. K., & Kumar, V. (2020) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2019.2952 · Cited by 43
Modulation of sleep by trafficking of lipids through the Drosophila blood-brain barrier
Artiushin, G., Li, F., & Sehgal, A. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.86336 · Cited by 37
Self-citationUyhelji, H., Kupfer, D. M., White, V. L., Jackson, M. L., Dongen, H. P. A. V., & Burian, D. M. (2018) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-018-4664-3 · Cited by 39
Sleep restriction induced energy, methylation and lipogenesis metabolic switches in rat liver
Sengupta, A., Rhoades, S. D., Kim, E. J., Nayak, S., Grant, G. R., Meerlo, P., & Weljie, A. M. (2017) · The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.biocel.2017.08.014 · Cited by 35
Self-citationSonn, J. Y., Lee, J., Sung, M. K., Ri, H., Choi, J. K., Lim, C., & Choe, J. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1719033115 · Cited by 33
“In rats and humans, prolonged sleep deprivation decreases two specific metabolites, diacylglycerol 36:3 and oxalic acid, which are restored to baseline levels after recovery sleep (3).”
BackgroundEcdysone acts through cortex glia to regulate sleep in Drosophila
Li, Y., Haynes, P. R., Zhang, S., Yue, Z., & Sehgal, A. (2023) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.81723 · Cited by 38
“Loss of sleep alters the lipid profile across species, including in human peripheral blood ( Davies et al., 2014 ; Hinard et al., 2012 ; Weljie et al., 2015 ).”
Self-citationCavities shield birds from effects of artificial light at night on sleep
Raap, T., Pinxten, R., & Eens, M. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.2174 · Cited by 34
“…were affected in nestlings experimentally exposed to two nights of 329 levels, and nestlings did no longer gain any body mass (Raap et al., 2016a; 2016b) and in male 331 nestlings oxalate, a cross-species biomarker for sleep debt (Weljie et al., 2015), seemed to be 332 affected (Raap et al., 2018).”
Sleep loss is a metabolic disorder
Feeney, S. P., McCarthy, J. M., Petruconis, C. R., & Tudor, J. C. (2025) · Science Signaling · doi:10.1126/scisignal.adp9358 · Cited by 38
Yoon, S. J., Long, N. P., Jung, K.-H., Kim, H. M., Hong, Y. J., Fang, Z., Kim, S. J., Kim, T., Anh, N. H., Hong, S., et al. (2019) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00234 · Cited by 32
Effects of Artificial Light at Night on Avian Provisioning, Corticosterone, and Reproductive Success
Injaian, A. S., Uehling, J. J., Taff, C. C., et al. (2021) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icab055 · Cited by 30
Circadian rhythm in mammals: time to eat & time to sleep
Güldür, T., & Otlu, H. G. (2016) · Biological Rhythm Research · doi:10.1080/09291016.2016.1251968 · Cited by 29
“The use of these two metabolites as cross-species markers of sleep dept was suggested (Weljie et al. 2015).”
BackgroundSystems Biology-Derived Discoveries of Intrinsic Clocks
Millius, A., & Ueda, H. R. (2017) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2017.00025 · Cited by 27
“Researchers have also used comprehensive metabolite profiling to analyze diet effects in mice (293–295) and the effects of sleep loss in humans (296–299).”
BackgroundMetabolomics Signature of Patients With Narcolepsy
Dauvilliers, Y. A., Barateau, L., Middleton, B., van der Veen, D. R., & Skene, D. J. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000013128 · Cited by 28
“A partial sleep restriction study over 5 days also found increased levels of tryptophan, phospholipids, and many acylcarnitines.(26) Together, these results supported a role for sleep disturbance in the levels of these metabolites and the pathways in which they are involved.”
BackgroundResultIdentification of a Preliminary Plasma Metabolome-based Biomarker for Circadian Phase in Humans
Cogswell, D. T., Bisesi, P. J., Markwald, R. R., Cruickshank-Quinn, C. I., Quinn, K. D., McHill, A. W., Melanson, E. L., Reisdorph, N. A., Wright, K. P., & Depner, C. M. (2021) · Journal of Biological Rhythms · doi:10.1177/07487304211025402 · Cited by 27
Zhang, Y., Yu, B., Qi, Q., Azarbarzin, A., Chen, H., Shah, N. A., Ramos, A. R., Zee, P. C., Cai, J., Daviglus, M. L., et al. (2024) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-024-46019-y · Cited by 27
“…the cellular processsuchas sleep/wakeregulation 25,26 , as a window to the timing of peripheral molecular clocks and oscillators during circadian misalignment 27 , and to detect biomarkers of sleep restriction 28 and neurological degeneration among patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) 29 .”
Hu, S., Li, P., Zhang, R., Liu, X., & Wei, S. (2021) · Journal of Proteomics · doi:10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104290 · Cited by 24
Russell, K. L., Rodman, H. R., & Pak, V. M. (2023) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-023-02828-x · Cited by 27
“Another study that analyzed blood samples from 10 healthy participants undergoing sleep restriction found similar elevations in lipids, including phospholipids, diacylglycerol, and oxalic acid, and metabolites associated with an oxidizing environment [38].”
BackgroundChronic sleep loss sensitizes Drosophila melanogaster to nitrogen stress
Bedont, J. L., Kolesnik, A., Pivarshev, P., Malik, D. M., Hsu, C. T., Weljie, A. M., & Sehgal, A. (2023) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.03.008 · Cited by 27
Self-citationLower plasma choline levels are associated with sleepiness symptoms
Pak, V. M., Dai, F., Keenan, B. T., Gooneratne, N. S., & Pack, A. I. (2017) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2017.10.004 · Cited by 25
“fatty acids) (38, 39), and a decrease in choline plasmalogen levels during sleep deprivation is consistent with prior work demonstrating lipids are susceptible to degradation by oxidative stress (19).”
ResultFritz, J., Huang, T., Depner, C. M., Zeleznik, O. A., Feliciano, E. M. C., Li, W., Stone, K. L., Manson, J. E., Clish, C. B., Sofer, T., et al. (2022) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsac226 · Cited by 19
Sleep Deprivation Induces Gut Damage via Ferroptosis
Zheng, Z., Zhang, H., Hu, Y., Li, Y., Wu, Z., Li, Z., Chen, D., Luo, Y., Zhang, X., Li, C., et al. (2024) · Journal of Pineal Research · doi:10.1111/jpi.12987 · Cited by 24
“Of note, metabolic profiling has indicated that lipids are the metabolites mostly frequently altered in response to SD and have been intensively associated with cardiovascular and intestinal disease [9, 10].”
Artificial light at night causes an unexpected increase in oxalate in developing male songbirds
Raap, T., Pinxten, R., & Eens, M. (2018) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/coy005 · Cited by 23
“Recently, a laboratory study showed that sleep loss reduced plasma levels of oxalic acid, also known as oxalate, in humans and in rats (Weljie et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSleep Deficiency and Cardiometabolic Disease
Killick, R., Stranks, L., & Hoyos, C. M. (2022) · Clinics in Chest Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2022.02.011 · Cited by 23
Renthlei, Z., Yatung, S., Lalpekhlui, R., & Trivedi, A. K. (2022) · Journal of Experimental Zoology Part A Ecological and Integrative Physiology · doi:10.1002/jez.2649 · Cited by 22
Time is ripe: maturation of metabolomics in chronobiology
Rhoades, S. D., Sengupta, A., & Weljie, A. M. (2016) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2016.09.007 · Cited by 19
Self-citationDeciphering the Interacting Mechanisms of Circadian Disruption and Alzheimer’s Disease
Uddin, M. S., Sumsuzzman, D. M., Jeandet, P., Behl, T., Rauf, A., Amran, M. S., & Ashraf, G. M. (2021) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-021-03325-x · Cited by 23
Raap, T., Pinxten, R., & Eens, M. (2017) · Global Change Biology · doi:10.1111/gcb.13843 · Cited by 21
“Issue 3: O2017 quantified night-time activity in March and related this to changes in oxalate levels (a marker of sleep debt; Weljie et al., 2015) from March to May, independent of treatment, and concluded that their treatment affected oxalate.”
BackgroundZhan, S., Wu, Y., Sun, P. G., Lin, H., Zhu, Y., & Han, X. (2016) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms17122102 · Cited by 17
“Previous metabolomics-based researched on human beings and rats have confirmed that a series of metabolites can be altered by sleep restriction [25,26].”
BackgroundPapandreou, C., Camacho‐Barcia, L., García-Gavilán, J. F., Hansen, T. T., Hjorth, M. F., Halford, J. C. G., Salas‐Salvadó, J., Sjödin, A. M., & Bulló, M. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz030 · Cited by 21
SREBP modulates the NADP+/NADPH cycle to control night sleep in Drosophila
Mariano, V., Kanellopoulos, A. K., Aiello, G., Lo, A. C., Legius, E., Achsel, T., & Bagni, C. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-35577-8 · Cited by 19
Metabolism of sleep and aging: Bridging the gap using metabolomics
Sengupta, A., & Weljie, A. M. (2018) · Nutrition and Healthy Aging · doi:10.3233/nha-180043 · Cited by 16
“615 Comprehensive metabolomics analysis of rats sleep 616 restricted for one (acute) and five (chronic) days 617 showed somewhat different signature compared to 618 baseline sleep [67].”
InfluentialSelf-citationFitzgerald, G. A., Yang, G., Paschos, G. K., Liang, X., & Skarke, C. (2015) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12526 · Cited by 15
“We can access oscillatory gene expression in circulating cells and hair follicles ex vivo [28], the oscillatory metabolome in exhaled breath, urine and plasma [29,30], the oscillatory microbiome which, at least in mice, is subject to clock control [31] and phone based apps can record such variables as our communicatio…”
BackgroundChanges in lipid profiles of epileptic mouse model
Johnson, A., Grove, R. A., Madhavan, D., et al. (2020) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-020-01729-4 · Cited by 17
Omics Approaches in Sleep-Wake Regulation
O’Callaghan, E. K., Green, E. W., Franken, P., & Mongrain, V. (2018) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2018_125 · Cited by 18
Rosell‐Cardona, C., Leigh, S., Knox, E. G., Tirelli, E., Lyte, J. M., Goodson, M. S., Kelley‐Loughnane, N., Aburto, M. R., Cryan, J. F., & Clarke, G. A. (2025) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2025.100992 · Cited by 20
Exploring the nexus: Sleep disorders, circadian dysregulation, and Alzheimer’s disease
Khandayataray, P., & Murthy, M. K. (2025) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2025.03.066 · Cited by 19
Biological Effects of Light Pollution on Terrestrial and Marine Organisms
Brayley, O. D. M., How, M. J., & Wakefield, A. (2022) · International Journal of Sustainable Lighting · doi:10.26607/ijsl.v24i1.121 · Cited by 18
“For example, sleep can allow animals to overcome and recover from stresses inflicted during the day [218, 249, 291], whilst also aiding in memory [211, 285] and learning [300].”
BackgroundJeppe, K. J., Ftouni, S., Nijagal, B., Grant, L. K., Lockley, S. W., Rajaratnam, S. M. W., Phillips, A. J. K., McConville, M. J., Tull, D., & Anderson, C. (2024) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adj6834 · Cited by 17
“…levels in serum and other biofluids provide a sensitive measure of the physiological state of an individual and their response to sleep deprivation ( 23 – 26 ), with several metabolites being identified as potential candidates for detecting sleep restriction and/or total deprivation ( 27 , 28 ).”
Altered Metabolism during the Dark Period in Drosophila Short Sleep Mutants
Malik, D. M., Rhoades, S. D., Kain, P., Sengupta, A., Sehgal, A., & Weljie, A. M. (2024) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00106 · Cited by 17
Self-citationStructure and dynamics of solvated hydrogenoxalate and oxalate anions: a theoretical study
Kroutil, O., Minofar, B., & Kabeláč, M. (2016) · Journal of Molecular Modeling · doi:10.1007/s00894-016-3075-0 · Cited by 14
St. Hilaire, M. A., Kristal, B. S., Rahman, S. A., Sullivan, J. P., Quackenbush, J., Duffy, J. F., Barger, L. K., Gooley, J. J., Czeisler, C. A., & Lockley, S. W. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-52930-y · Cited by 14
Metabolomics, sleepiness, and sleep duration in sleep apnea
Diallo, I., & Pak, V. M. (2020) · Sleep And Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-019-01969-2 · Cited by 12
Thimgan, M. S., Kress, N., Lisse, J., Fiebelman, C., & Hilderbrand, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00464 · Cited by 13
“Plasma levels of lipid-related molecules are altered through sleep deprivation (9), and free fatty acids are elevated during sleep restriction (10).”
BackgroundTang, J., Yan, Y., Zheng, J., Mi, J., & Li, D. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10030344 · Cited by 16
“In animal models, restricted sleep was found to induce lipogenesis in rat liver which was related to altered circulating lipid profiles [49,50].”
BackgroundSemelparous marsupials reduce sleep for sex
Zaid, E., Rainsford, F. W., Johnsson, R. D., Vâlcu, M., Vyssotski, A. L., Meerlo, P., & Lesku, J. A. (2024) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2023.12.064 · Cited by 14
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Hall, S., Deurveilher, S., Ko, K. R., Burns, J., & Semba, K. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.024 · Cited by 11
Sleep Deficiency and Cardiometabolic Disease
Killick, R., Stranks, L., & Hoyos, C. M. (2023) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2023.05.012 · Cited by 12
Human blood serum proteome changes after 6 hours of sleep deprivation at night
Bjørkum, A. A., Durán, A. C., Berven, F. S., Roy, D. S., Rosendahl, K., Birkeland, E., & Stuhr, L. E. B. (2021) · Sleep Science and Practice · doi:10.1186/s41606-021-00066-2 · Cited by 10
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Sleep Deficiency and Cardiometabolic Disease
Killick, R., Stranks, L., & Hoyos, C. M. (2024) · Sleep Medicine Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.jsmc.2024.07.011 · Cited by 10
Physiological and Neurobehavioral Consequences of Chronic Sleep Restriction in Rodent Models
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Sleep deprivation and aging are metabolically linked across tissues
Sengupta, A., Tudor, J. C., Cusmano, D. M., Baur, J. A., Abel, T. G., & Weljie, A. M. (2023) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsad246 · Cited by 9
Self-citationDaniels, S., Horman, T., Lapointe, T., Melanson, B. A., Storace, A., Kennedy, S. H., Frey, B. N., Rizvi, S. J., Hassel, S., Müller, D. J., et al. (2019) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.108 · Cited by 11
Park, J.-S., Kim, Y., Heo, W., & Kim, S. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19052774 · Cited by 12
Metadata
- Authors
- Weljie, A. M., Meerlo, P., Goel, N., Sengupta, A., Kayser, M. S., Abel, T., Birnbaum, M. J., Dinges, D. F., & Sehgal, A.
- Affiliations
- Department of Pharmacology,
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Department of Psychiatry,
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2015-02-09
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2569-2574
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4345602
- OpenAlex
- W1981928051
- Semantic Scholar
- 4680f8640a8af9aa3561b1f404e9a9876c2aa4c8
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 7
- FWCI
- 9.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Department of Navy, Office of Naval Research Award (N00014-11-1-0361)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NCC 9-58, NNX14AN49G)
- HHS | NIH | National Institute of Nursing Research (R01 NR004281)
- DOD | Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (W911NF1010093)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (-)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Keywords
- sleep restriction, sleep debt, oxalic acid, serum metabolomics, sleep deprivation, metabolic dysfunction, phospholipids, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, circadian clock, neurotransmitters, nicotinic acid, intestinal metabolism, oxidative stress, human-rat comparison
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Circadian Rhythm, Diglycerides, Disease Models, Animal, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Niacinamide, Phenotype, Sleep Deprivation, Species Specificity, Time Factors, Reproducibility of Results, Biomarkers, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Neurotransmitter Agents, Oxidative Stress, Oxalic Acid, Gastrointestinal Tract, PPAR gamma, Metabolomics, Metabolome, Young Adult, Microbiota
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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