Implications of NAD metabolism in pathophysiology and therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is an essential coenzyme that mediates various redox reactions. Particularly, mitochondrial NAD plays a critical role in energy production pathways, including the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, fatty acid oxidation, and oxidative phosphorylation. NAD also serves as a substrate for ADP-ribosylation and deacetylation by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs) and sirtuins, respectively. Thus, NAD regulates energy metabolism, DNA damage repair, gene expression, and stress response. Numerous studies have demonstrated the involvement of NAD metabolism in neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and retinal degenerative diseases. Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered crucial pathogenesis for neurodegenerative diseases such as AD and PD. Maintaining appropriate NAD levels is important for mitochondrial function. Indeed, decreased NAD levels are observed in AD and PD, and supplementation of NAD precursors ameliorates disease phenotypes by activating mitochondrial functions. NAD metabolism also plays an important role in axonal degeneration, a characteristic feature of peripheral neuropathy and neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, dysregulated NAD metabolism is implicated in retinal degenerative diseases such as glaucoma and Leber congenital amaurosis, and NAD metabolism is considered a therapeutic target for these diseases. In this review, we summarize the involvement of NAD metabolism in axon degeneration and various neurodegenerative diseases and discuss perspectives of nutritional intervention using NAD precursors.
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Boosting or restoring NAD+ levels exhibits benefits against physiological aging and its associated disorders, including obesity, muscle degeneration, and neurodegeneration.
“Thus, boosting or restoring NAD+ levels exhibits benefits against physiological aging and its associated disorders, including obesity, muscle degeneration, and neurodegeneration (4–8).”
From Nicotinamide riboside and nicotinamide mononucleotide facilitate NAD <sup>+</sup> synthesis via enterohepatic circulation (2025) · cites this paper as [6]
NR and NMN have a protective effect in a number of age-related disease models, by increasing the pool of precursors and thus NAD+ levels in the body.
“According to reports, NR and NMN have a protective effect in a number of age-related disease models, by increasing the pool of precursors and thus NAD+ levels in the body, both of which have been tested in murine and invertebrate aging studies [195, 197, 199].”
From Immunosenescence: a key player in cancer development (2020) · cites this paper as [199]
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- Authors
- Hikosaka, K., Yaku, K., Okabe, K., & Nakagawa, T.
- Affiliations
- University of Toyama (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Nakagawa, Takashi
- Venue
- Nutritional Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2019-07-07
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 371-383
- ISSN
- 1028-415X (ISSN-L)
- 1476-8305
- OpenAlex
- W2955156220
- Cited by
- 62
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 10
- FWCI
- 0.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nutritional Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Takeda Science Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Geriatrics and Gerontology › Sirtuins and Resveratrol in Medicine
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nuclear Receptors and Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Biochemical and Molecular Research
- Keywords
- NAD+ metabolism, neurodegenerative diseases, mitochondrial dysfunction, NAD+ precursors, ADP-ribosylation, sirtuins, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, retinal degeneration, glaucoma, Leber congenital amaurosis, axonal degeneration, peripheral neuropathy, energy metabolism, DNA repair, dietary intervention
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Mitochondria, NAD, Neurodegenerative Diseases
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