The Degree of Masculine Differentiation of Obesities

Pathophysiology of human visceral obesity: an update

Tchernof, A., & Després, J.-P. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00033.2011 · Cited by 2,583

Body Mass Index: Obesity, BMI, and Health A Critical Review

Nuttall, F. Q. (2015) · Nutrition Today · doi:10.1097/nt.0000000000000092 · Cited by 2,284

Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: Structural and functional differences

Ibrahim, M. M. (2010) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2009.00623.x · Cited by 2,238

Consensus on women’s health aspects of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS): the Amsterdam ESHRE/ASRM-Sponsored 3rd PCOS Consensus Workshop Group

Fauser, B. C. J. M., Tarlatzis, B. C., Rebar, R. W., Legro, R. S., Balen, A. H., Lobo, R., Carmina, E., Chang, J., Yildiz, B. O., Laven, J. S. E., et al. (2012) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.09.024 · Cited by 1,976

Waist circumference as a vital sign in clinical practice: a Consensus Statement from the IAS and ICCR Working Group on Visceral Obesity

Ross, R., Neeland, I. J., Yamashita, S., Shai, I., Seidell, J., Magni, P., Santos, R. D., Arsenault, B., Cuevas, A., Hu, F. B., et al. (2020) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-019-0310-7 · Cited by 1,966

A transgenic model of visceral obesity and the metabolic syndrome

Masuzaki, H., Paterson, J., Shinyama, H., Morton, N. M., Mullins, J. J., Seckl, J. R., & Flier, J. S. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1066285 · Cited by 1,766

Relationship of adiponectin to body fat distribution, insulin sensitivity and plasma lipoproteins: evidence for independent roles of age and sex

Cnop, M., Havel, P. J., Utzschneider, K. M., Carr, D. B., Sinha, M. K., Boyko, E. J., Retzlaff, B. M., Knopp, R. H., Brunzell, J. D., & Kahn, S. E. (2003) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-003-1074-z · Cited by 1,483

Body Fat Distribution and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: An Update

Després, J.-P. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.111.067264 · Cited by 1,481

The Emergence of the Metabolic Syndrome with Menopause

Carr, M. C. (2003) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-030242 · Cited by 1,449

A systematic review of waist-to-height ratio as a screening tool for the prediction of cardiovascular disease and diabetes: 0·5 could be a suitable global boundary value

Browning, L. M., Hsieh, S. D., & Ashwell, M. (2010) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422410000144 · Cited by 1,400

Sex differences in human adipose tissues – the biology of pear shape

Karastergiou, K., Smith, S. R., Greenberg, A. S., & Fried, S. K. (2012) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/2042-6410-3-13 · Cited by 1,109

Metabolically healthy obesity

Blüher, M. (2020) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/endrev/bnaa004 · Cited by 1,090

Relationships between body roundness with body fat and visceral adipose tissue emerging from a new geometrical model: Body Roundness with Body Fat & Visceral Adipose Tissue

Thomas, D. M., Bredlau, C., Bosy-Westphal, A., Mueller, M., Shen, W., Gallagher, D., Maeda, Y., McDougall, A., Peterson, C. M., Ravussin, E., et al. (2013) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.20408 · Cited by 1,074

Validity of Self-Reported Waist and Hip Circumferences in Men and Women

Rimm, E. B., Stampfer, M. J., Colditz, G. A., Chute, C. G., Litin, L. B., & Willett, W. C. (1990) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/00001648-199011000-00009 · Cited by 1,015

Assessing Adiposity: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association

Cornier, M.-A., Després, J.-P., Davis, N., Grossniklaus, D. A., Klein, S., Lamarche, B., Lopez-Jimenez, F., Rao, G., St-Onge, M.-P., Towfighi, A., et al. (2011) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e318233bc6a · Cited by 945

Relationships of generalized and regional adiposity to insulin sensitivity in men.

Abate, N., Garg, A., Peshock, R. M., Stray-Gundersen, J., & Grundy, S. M. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci118083 · Cited by 759

Subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution according to sex, age, and overweight, evaluated by computed tomography

Enzi, G., Gasparo, M., Biondetti, P., Fiore, D., Semisa, M., & Zurlo, F. (1986) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/44.6.739 · Cited by 547

The pathophysiology of hypertension in patients with obesity

DeMarco, V. G., Aroor, A. R., & Sowers, J. R. (2014) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.44 · Cited by 545

Subdivisions of subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue and insulin resistance

Kelley, D. E., Thaete, F. L., Troost, F., Huwe, T., & Goodpaster, B. H. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2000.278.5.e941 · Cited by 538

Obesity‐Related Hypertension: Pathogenesis, Cardiovascular Risk, and Treatment: A Position Paper of The Obesity Society and the American Society of Hypertension

Landsberg, L., Aronne, L. J., Beilin, L. J., Burke, V., Igel, L. I., Lloyd‐Jones, D., & Sowers, J. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Hypertension · doi:10.1111/jch.12049 · Cited by 528

Preferential fat deposition in subcutaneous versus visceral depots is associated with insulin sensitivity

McLaughlin, T., Lamendola, C., Liu, A., & Abbasi, F. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0615 · Cited by 468

Impaired adipogenesis and dysfunctional adipose tissue in human hypertrophic obesity

Hammarstedt, A., Gogg, S., Hedjazifar, S., Nerstedt, A., & Smith, U. (2018) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2017 · Cited by 462

Skeletal muscle fat infiltration: impact of age, inactivity, and exercise

Marcus, R. L., Addison, O., Kidde, J. P., Dibble, L. E., & Lastayo, P. C. (2010) · The Journal of nutrition, health and aging · doi:10.1007/s12603-010-0081-2 · Cited by 449

The Concurrent Accumulation of Intra-Abdominal and Subcutaneous Fat Explains the Association Between Insulin Resistance and Plasma Leptin Concentrations

Cnop, M., Landchild, M. J., Vidal, J., Havel, P. J., Knowles, N. G., Carr, D. R., Wang, F., Hull, R. L., Boyko, E. J., Retzlaff, B. M., et al. (2002) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.51.4.1005 · Cited by 432

Therapy Insight: adipocytokines in metabolic syndrome and related cardiovascular disease

Matsuzawa, Y. (2006) · Nature Clinical Practice Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1038/ncpcardio0380 · Cited by 434

Abdominal Obesity and Risk of Ischemic Stroke: The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study

Suk, S.-H., Sacco, R. L., Boden-Albala, B., Cheun, J. F., Pittman, J. G., Elkind, M. S., & Paik, M. C. (2003) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000075294.98582.2f · Cited by 420

Diet, Obesity and Hypertension: An Hypothesis Involving Insulin, the Sympathetic Nervous System, and Adaptive Thermogenesis

LANDSBERG, L. (1986) · QJM: An International Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.qjmed.a068066 · Cited by 373

Prevention of Type II diabetes in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance: the Diabetes Prevention Study (DPS) in Finland

Eriksson, J., Lindström, J., Valle, T., Aunola, S., Hämäläinen, H., Ilanne-Parikka, P., Keinänen-Kiukaanniemi, S., Laakso, M., Lauhkonen, M., Lehto, P., et al. (1999) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s001250051229 · Cited by 368

Long-Term Effects of a Novel Continuous Remote Care Intervention Including Nutritional Ketosis for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes: A 2-Year Non-randomized Clinical Trial

Athinarayanan, S. J., Adams, R. N., Hallberg, S. J., McKenzie, A. L., Bhanpuri, N. H., Campbell, W. W., Volek, J. S., Phinney, S. D., & McCarter, J. P. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00348 · Cited by 324

Roles of oxidative stress in polycystic ovary syndrome and cancers

Zuo, T., Zhu, M., & Xu, W. (2016) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2016/8589318 · Cited by 319

Associations between gender, age and waist circumference

Stevens, J., Katz, E. G., & Huxley, R. R. (2010) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2009.101 · Cited by 306

Reassessment of body mass indices

Smalley, K., Knerr, A., Kendrick, Z., Colliver, J., & Owen, O. (1990) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/52.3.405 · Cited by 306

AGA technical review on obesity

Klein, S., Wadden, T., & Sugerman, H. J. (2002) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/gast.2002.35514 · Cited by 274

Waist-hip ratio is the dominant risk factor predicting cardiovascular death in Australia

Welborn, T. A., Dhaliwal, S. S., & Bennett, S. A. (2003) · Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2003.tb05704.x · Cited by 264

Exenatide decreases liver fat content and epicardial adipose tissue in patients with obesity and type 2 diabetes: A prospective randomized clinical trial using magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy

Dutour, A., Abdesselam, I., Ancel, P., Kober, F., Mrad, G., Darmon, P., Ronsin, O., Pradel, V., Lesavre, N., Martin, J. C., et al. (2016) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.12680 · Cited by 262

Obesity and Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Sam, S. (2007) · Obesity Management · doi:10.1089/obe.2007.0019 · Cited by 255

Obesity, insulin resistance and comorbidities? Mechanisms of association

Castro, A. V. B., Kolka, C. M., Kim, S. P., & Bergman, R. N. (2014) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/0004-2730000003223 · Cited by 254

Relative influence of age and menopause on total and regional body composition changes in postmenopausal women

Trémollieres, F. A., Pouilles, J.-M., & Ribot, C. A. (1996) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0002-9378(96)70111-4 · Cited by 242

Association of Genetic Variants Related to Gluteofemoral vs Abdominal Fat Distribution With Type 2 Diabetes, Coronary Disease, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors

Lotta, L. A., Wittemans, L. B. L., Zuber, V., Stewart, I. D., Sharp, S. J., Luan, J., Day, F. R., Li, C., Bowker, N., Cai, L., et al. (2018) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2018.19329 · Cited by 229

Serum Levels of Interleukin‐6 and C‐Reactive Protein Correlate With Body Mass Index Across the Broad Range of Obesity

Khaodhiar, L., Ling, P., Blackburn, G. L., & Bistrian, B. R. (2004) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607104028006410 · Cited by 243

Beyond BMI

Bray, G. A. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15102254 · Cited by 210

The case of visceral fat: argument for the defense

Klein, S. (2004) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200422028 · Cited by 206

Obesity and insulin resistance: Lessons learned from the Pima indians

Lillioja, S., & Bogardus, C. (1988) · Diabetes/Metabolism Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmr.5610040508 · Cited by 203

Abdominal Adiposity and Clustering of Multiple Metabolic Syndrome in White, Black and Hispanic Americans

Okosun, I. S., Liao, Y., Rotimi, C. N., Prewitt, T. E., & Cooper, R. S. (2000) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s1047-2797(00)00045-4 · Cited by 193

Aromatase, adiposity, aging and disease. The hypogonadal-metabolic-atherogenic-disease and aging connection

Cohen, P. G. (2001) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1054/mehy.2000.1169 · Cited by 172

Metabolically normal obese people are protected from adverse effects following weight gain

Fabbrini, E., Yoshino, J., Yoshino, M., Magkos, F., Tiemann Luecking, C., Samovski, D., Fraterrigo, G., Okunade, A. L., Patterson, B. W., & Klein, S. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci78425 · Cited by 172

The ER22/23EK polymorphism in the glucocorticoid receptor gene is associated with a beneficial body composition and muscle strength in young adults

van Rossum, E. F. C., Voorhoeve, P. G., te Velde, S. J., Koper, J. W., Delemarre-van de Waal, H. A., Kemper, H. C. G., & Lamberts, S. W. J. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2003-031422 · Cited by 164

Effect of Weight Loss with Reduction of Intra-Abdominal Fat on Lipid Metabolism in Older Men

Purnell, J. Q. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.85.3.977 · Cited by 161

Abdominal adiposity in U.S. adults: Prevalence and trends, 1960-2000

Okosun, I. S., Chandra, K. M. D., Boev, A., Boltri, J. M., Choi, S. T., Parish, D. C., & Dever, G. E. A. (2004) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.01.023 · Cited by 157

Untitled work

(2007) · doi:10.1139/h06-102 · Cited by 160

The Epidemiology of Central Fat Distribution in Relation to Disease

Pi-Sunyer, F. X. (2004) · Nutrition Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2004.tb00081.x · Cited by 153

Associations Between Bipolar Disorder and Metabolic Syndrome: A Review

Taylor, V., & MacQueen, G. (2006) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.v67n0704 · Cited by 152

Is weight loss the optimal target for obesity-related cardiovascular disease risk reduction?

Ross, R., & Janiszewski, P. M. (2008) · Canadian Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/s0828-282x(08)71046-8 · Cited by 141

Body fat distribution in the Finnish population: environmental determinants and predictive power for cardiovascular risk factor levels.

Marti, B., Tuomilehto, J., Salomaa, V, Kartovaara, L., Korhonen, H. J., & Pietinen, P. (1991) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech.45.2.131 · Cited by 129

New targets to treat obesity and the metabolic syndrome

Martin, K. A., Mani, M. V., & Mani, A. (2015) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.03.093 · Cited by 121

Systemic and regional free fatty acid metabolism in type 2 diabetes

Basu, A., Basu, R., Shah, P., Vella, A., Rizza, R. A., & Jensen, M. D. (2001) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.6.e1000 · Cited by 123

Gender Factors Affect Fatty Acids-Induced Insulin Resistance in Nonobese Humans: Effects of Oral Steroidal Contraception1

Perseghin, G., Scifo, P., Pagliato, E., Battezzati, A., Benedini, S., Soldini, L., Testolin, G., Del Maschio, A., & Luzi, L. (2001) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.86.7.7666 · Cited by 112

Abdominal adiposity values associated with established body mass indexes in white, black and hispanic Americans. A study from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Okosun, I., Tedders, S., Choi, S., & Dever, G. (2000) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801414 · Cited by 101

The pathophysiology of abdominal adipose tissue depots in health and disease

Walker, G. E., Marzullo, P., Ricotti, R., Bona, G., & Prodam, F. (2014) · Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1515/hmbci-2014-0023 · Cited by 90

Effects of the mediterranean diet on the components of metabolic syndrome concerning the cardiometabolic risk

Scaglione, S., Di Chiara, T., Daidone, M., & Tuttolomondo, A. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17020358 · Cited by 92

Storage of Circulating Free Fatty Acid in Adipose Tissue of Postabsorptive Humans

Koutsari, C., Ali, A. H., Mundi, M. S., & Jensen, M. D. (2011) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db11-0154 · Cited by 85

Relationship of Islet Function to Insulin Action in Human Obesity*

BEARD, J. C., WARD, W. K., WALLUM, B. J., & PORTE, D. (1987) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-65-1-59 · Cited by 75

Insulin sensitivity, body composition and adipose depots following 12 w combined endurance and strength training in dysglycemic and normoglycemic sedentary men.

Langleite, T. M., Jensen, J., Norheim, F., Gulseth, H. L., Tangen, D. S., Kolnes, K. J., Heck, A., Storås, T., Grøthe, G., Dahl, M. A., et al. (2016) · Archives of Physiology and Biochemistry · doi:10.1080/13813455.2016.1202985 · Cited by 76

Comparison of body mass index with waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, and waist-to-stature ratio as a predictor of hypertension incidence in Mauritius

Nyamdorj, R., Qiao, Q., Söderberg, S., Pitkäniemi, J., Zimmet, P., Shaw, J., Alberti, G., Nan, H., Uusitalo, U., Pauvaday, V., et al. (2008) · Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1097/hjh.0b013e3282f624b7 · Cited by 75

Total and regional relationship between lean and fat mass with increasing adiposity—impact for the diagnosis of sarcopenic obesity

Schautz, B., Later, W., Heller, M., Müller, M. J., & Bosy-Westphal, A. (2012) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/ejcn.2012.138 · Cited by 74

Relations of body habitus, fitness level, and cardiovascular risk factors including lipoproteins and apolipoproteins in a rural and urban Costa Rican population.

Campos, H., Bailey, S. M., Gussak, L. S., Siles, X., Ordovas, J. M., & Schaefer, E. J. (1991) · Arteriosclerosis and Thrombosis: A Journal of Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.11.4.1077 · Cited by 68

METABOLIC COMPLICATIONS OF OBESITY

Sheehan, M. T., & Jensen, M. D. (2000) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70226-1 · Cited by 68

Type 2 diabetes and obesity in adults

Whitmore, C. (2010) · British Journal of Nursing · doi:10.12968/bjon.2010.19.14.49041 · Cited by 59

Delayed post-prandial lipid metabolism in subjects with intra-abdominal visceral fat accumulation

Taira, Hikita, Kobayashi, Bujo, Takahashi, Murano, Morisaki, & Saito (1999) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.1999.00454.x · Cited by 47