The birth of a deadly yeast: tracing the evolutionary emergence of virulence traits in Candida glabrata
Open accessAbstract
The yeast Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen whose incidence has increased in the last two decades. Despite its name, this yeast is only distantly related to the model fungal pathogen C. albicans, and more closely related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other yeasts that underwent an ancient whole-genome duplication. Understanding what specific traits make C. glabrata a successful opportunistic pathogen within a clade of mostly innocuous yeasts, and how these compare to virulence traits in distant pathogens such as C. albicans is a focus of intense research. From an evolutionary perspective, uncovering how the ability to infect humans has emerged multiple, independent times in different lineages may reveal new disease mechanisms and provide us with the capacity to predict which genomic features in a clade may confer a higher potential to develop virulence against humans.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
C. glabrata is phylogenetically closer to Saccharomyces cerevisiae than to most other Candida pathogens, which may imply different routes for drug adaptation compared to other Candida species.
“C. glabrata belongs to the Nakaseomyces clade and is phylogenetically closer to Saccharomyces cerevisiae than to most other Candida pathogens,7 which may imply different routes for drug adaptation as compared to other Candida species.”
From Narrow mutational signatures drive acquisition of multidrug resistance in the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata (2021) · cites this paper as [7]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
The zebrafish reference genome sequence and its relationship to the human genome.
Howe, K., Clark, M. D., Torroja, C. F., Torrance, J., Berthelot, C., Muffato, M., Collins, J. E., Humphray, S., McLaren, K., Matthews, L., et al. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature12111 · Cited by 5,100 · see citing works
Goffeau, A., Barrell, B., Bussey, H., Davis, R. W., Dujon, B., Feldmann, H., Galibert, F., Hoheisel, J., Jacq, C., Johnston, M., et al. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.274.5287.546 · Cited by 4,420 · see citing works
Hidden Killers: Human Fungal Infections
Brown, G. D., Denning, D. W., Gow, N. A. R., Levitz, S. M., Netea, M. G., & White, T. C. (2012) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004404 · Cited by 4,284 · see citing works
Kurtzman, C. P., & Lodder, J. (1972) · Mycologia · doi:10.2307/3758036 · Cited by 3,441 · see citing works
Kurtzman, C. P., & Robnett, C. J. (1998) · Antonie van Leeuwenhoek · doi:10.1023/a:1001761008817 · Cited by 2,359 · see citing works
<i>Candida albicans</i> pathogenicity mechanisms
Mayer, F. L., Wilson, D., & Hube, B. (2013) · Virulence · doi:10.4161/viru.22913 · Cited by 1,848 · see citing works
Molecular evidence for an ancient duplication of the entire yeast genome
Wolfe, K. H., & Shields, D. C. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/42711 · Cited by 1,785 · see citing works
Dujon, B., Sherman, D., Fischer, G., Durrens, P., Casaregola, S., Lafontaine, I., de Montigny, J., Marck, C., Neuvéglise, C., Talla, E., et al. (2004) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature02579 · Cited by 1,623 · see citing works
Characterization of the oral fungal microbiome (mycobiome) in healthy individuals
Ghannoum, M. A., Jurevic, R. J., Mukherjee, P. K., Cui, F., Sikaroodi, M., Naqvi, A., & Gillevet, P. M. (2010) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000713 · Cited by 1,150 · see citing works
Evolution of pathogenicity and sexual reproduction in eight Candida genomes
Butler, G., Rasmussen, M. D., Lin, M. F., Santos, M. A. S., Sakthikumar, S., Munro, C. A., Rheinbay, E., Grabherr, M., Forche, A., Reedy, J. L., et al. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08064 · Cited by 1,065 · see citing works
The diploid genome sequence of Candida albicans
Jones, T., Federspiel, N. A., Chibana, H., Dungan, J. M., Kalman, S., Magee, B. B., Newport, G., Thorstenson, Y. R., Agabian, N. M., Magee, P. T., et al. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0401648101 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
New and emerging yeast pathogens
Hazen, K. C. (1995) · Clinical Microbiology Reviews · doi:10.1128/cmr.8.4.462 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Reductive evolution of resident genomes
Andersson, S. G. E., & Kurland, C. G. (1998) · Trends in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/s0966-842x(98)01312-2 · Cited by 524 · see citing works
Fanning, S., & Mitchell, A. P. (2012) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002585 · Cited by 465 · see citing works
Kurtzman, C. P. (2003) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1016/s1567-1356(03)00175-2 · Cited by 464 · see citing works
Cormack, B. P., Ghori, N., & Falkow, S. (1999) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.285.5427.578 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
The human mycobiome in health and disease
Cui, L., Morris, A. M., & Ghedin, E. (2013) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/gm467 · Cited by 381 · see citing works
The direct cost and incidence of systemic fungal infections
Wilson, L. S., Reyes, C. M., Stolpman, M., Speckman, J., Allen, K., & Beney, J. (2002) · Value in Health · doi:10.1046/j.1524-4733.2002.51108.x · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Marcet‐Houben, M., & Gabaldón, T. (2015) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002220 · Cited by 322 · see citing works
Self-citationAdhesins in human fungal pathogens: glue with plenty of stick.
de Groot, P. W. J., Bader, O., de Boer, A. D., Weig, M., & Chauhan, N. (2013) · Eukaryotic Cell · doi:10.1128/ec.00364-12 · Cited by 319 · see citing works
The changing epidemiology of healthcare-associated candidemia over three decades
Diekema, D., Arbefeville, S., Boyken, L., Kroeger, J., & Pfaller, M. (2012) · Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease · doi:10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.02.001 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Maillet, L., Boscheron, C., Gotta, M., Marcand, S., Gilson, É., & Gasser, S. M. (1996) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.10.14.1796 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Summers, K. L., Erb‐Downward, J. R., Mason, K. D., Falkowski, N. R., Eaton, K. A., Kao, J. Y., Young, V. B., & Huffnagle, G. B. (2012) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00449-12 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
A yeast by any other name: Candida glabrata and its interaction with the host
Kaur, R., Domergue, R., Zupancic, M. L., & Cormack, B. P. (2005) · Current Opinion in Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.mib.2005.06.012 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Candida glabrata: A review of its features and resistance
Rodrigues, C. F., Silva, S., & Henriques, M. (2014) · European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1007/s10096-013-2009-3 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Nicotinic Acid Limitation Regulates Silencing of <i>Candida</i> Adhesins During UTI
Domergue, R., Castaño, I., De Las Peñas, A., Zupancic, M., Lockatell, V., Hebel, J. R., Johnson, D., & Cormack, B. P. (2005) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1108640 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Temperature Adaptation Markedly Determines Evolution within the Genus Saccharomyces
Salvadó, Z., Arroyo‐López, F. N., Guillamón, J. M., et al. (2011) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.01861-10 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
Acquisition of prokaryotic genes by fungal genomes
Marcet‐Houben, M., & Gabaldón, T. (2009) · Trends in Genetics · doi:10.1016/j.tig.2009.11.007 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
Self-citationBrunke, S., & Hube, B. (2013) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/cmi.12091 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Hagman, A., Säll, T., Compagno, C., & Piskur, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0068734 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
PhylomeDB v4: zooming into the plurality of evolutionary histories of a genome
Huerta-Cepas, J., Capella-Gutiérrez, S., Pryszcz, L. P., Marcet-Houben, M., & Gabaldón, T. (2014) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkt1177 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
Self-citationLarge-scale assignment of orthology: back to phylogenetics?
Gabaldón, T. (2008) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-10-235 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Self-citationComparative genomics of emerging pathogens in the Candida glabrata clade.
Gabaldón, T., Martin, T., Marcet-Houben, M., Durrens, P., Bolotin-Fukuhara, M., Lespinet, O., Arnaise, S., Boisnard, S., Aguileta, G., Atanasova, R., et al. (2013) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-14-623 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
Self-citationSchwarzmüller, T., Ma, B., Hiller, E., Istel, F., Tscherner, M., Brunke, S., Ames, L., Firon, A., Green, B., Cabral, V., et al. (2014) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1004211 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Self-citationAlcoba-Flórez, J., Méndez-Álvarez, S., Cano, J., Guarro, J., Pérez-Roth, E., & Arévalo, M. D. P. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.43.8.4107-4111.2005 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Roetzer, A., Gabaldón, T., & Schüller, C. (2011) · FEMS Microbiology Letters · doi:10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02102.x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationCorreia, A. (2006) · INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SYSTEMATIC AND EVOLUTIONARY MICROBIOLOGY · doi:10.1099/ijs.0.64076-0 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Autophagy supports<i>Candida glabrata</i>survival during phagocytosis
Roetzer, A., Gratz, N., Kovarik, P., & Schüller, C. (2010) · Cellular Microbiology · doi:10.1111/j.1462-5822.2009.01391.x · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Bennett, R. J., Forche, A., & Berman, J. (2014) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a019604 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Rai, M. N., Balusu, S., Gorityala, N., Dandu, L., & Kaur, R. (2012) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002863 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Pryszcz, L. P., Huerta‐Cepas, J., & Gabaldón, T. (2010) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gkq953 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Self-citationThe genetic code of the fungal CTG clade
Santos, M. A. S., Gomes, A. C., Santos, M. C., Carreto, L. C., & Moura, G. R. (2011) · Comptes Rendus. Biologies · doi:10.1016/j.crvi.2011.05.008 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Microbial Virulence as an Emergent Property: Consequences and Opportunities
Casadevall, A., Fang, F. C., & Pirofski, L. (2011) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002136 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Lockhart, S. R., Messer, S. A., Gherna, M., Bishop, J. A., Merz, W. G., Pfaller, M. A., & Diekema, D. J. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.02315-08 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
What makes pathogens pathogenic
Ehrlich, G. D., Hiller, N. L., & Hu, F. Z. (2008) · Genome biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2008-9-6-225 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Yeast-Like Fungi of the Human Intestinal Tract
Anderson, H. W. (1917) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/21.4.341 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Evidence for recombination in Candida glabrata.
Dodgson, A. R., Pujol, C., Pfaller, M. A., Denning, D. W., & Soll, D. R. (2005) · Fungal Genetics and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.fgb.2004.11.010 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The intriguing nature of microsporidian genomes
Corradi, N., & Slamovits, C. H. (2010) · Briefings in Functional Genomics · doi:10.1093/bfgp/elq032 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Bishop, J. A., Chase, N., Magill, S. S., Kurtzman, C. P., Fiandaca, M. J., & Merz, W. G. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.01986-07 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Torulopsis GlabrataInfection in Man
Grimley, P. M., Wright, L. D., & Jennings, A. E. (1965) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1093/ajcp/43.3.216 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
MacCallum, D. M., Findon, H., Kenny, C. C., Butler, G., Haynes, K., & Odds, F. C. (2006) · Infection and Immunity · doi:10.1128/iai.00817-06 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Candida glabrata : a deadly companion?
Bolotin‐Fukuhara, M., & Fairhead, C. (2014) · Yeast · doi:10.1002/yea.3019 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Mühlhausen, S., & Kollmar, M. (2014) · Genome Biology and Evolution · doi:10.1093/gbe/evu152 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Diderrich, R., Kock, M., Maestre-Reyna, M., Keller, P., Steuber, H., Rupp, S., Essen, L.-O., & Mösch, H.-U. (2015) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m115.655654 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Gene relics in the genome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Lafontaine, I., Fischer, G., Talla, E., & Dujon, B. (2004) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2004.03.028 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Why do some yeast species require niacin for growth? Different modes of NAD synthesis
Li, Y. Z., & Bao, W.-G. (2007) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1111/j.1567-1364.2007.00231.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Human Infection withCryptococcus Glabratus: Report of Case Involving Uterus and Fallopian Tube
Plaut, A. B. J. (1950) · American Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1093/ajcp/20.4.377 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
<i>Candida glabrata</i> : new tools and technologies—expanding the toolkit
Ho, H.-L., & Haynes, K. (2015) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1093/femsyr/fov066 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Is age a risk factor for Candida glabrata colonisation?
Malani, A. N., Psarros, G., Malani, P., & Kauffman, C. A. (2010) · Mycoses · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2010.01941.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Moreira, A., Silva, S., Botelho, C., Sampaio, P., Pais, C., & Henriques, M. (2015) · Mycopathologia · doi:10.1007/s11046-015-9925-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Torulopsis castellii sp.nov., a Yeast Isolated from a Finnish Soil
Capriotti, A. (1961) · Journal of General Microbiology · doi:10.1099/00221287-26-1-41 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Candida glabrata: pathogenicity and resistance mechanisms for adaptation and survival
Hassan, Y., Chew, S. Y., & Than, L. T. L. (2021) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof7080667 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Carreté, L., Ksiezopolska, E., Pegueroles, C., Gómez-Molero, E., Saus, E., Iraola-Guzmán, S., Loska, D., Bader, O., Fairhead, C., & Gabaldón, T. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2017.11.027 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationKsiezopolska, E., Schikora-Tamarit, M. À., Beyer, R., Nunez-Rodriguez, J. C., Schüller, C., & Gabaldón, T. (2021) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.09.084 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationEvolutionary genomics of yeast pathogens in the Saccharomycotina
Gabaldón, T., Naranjo-Ortíz, M. A., & Marcet-Houben, M. (2016) · FEMS Yeast Research · doi:10.1093/femsyr/fow064 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Self-citationTimmermans, B., De Las Peñas, A., Castaño, I., & Van Dijck, P. (2018) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof4020060 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Carreté, L., Ksiezopolska, E., Gómez-Molero, E., Angoulvant, A., Bader, O., Fairhead, C., & Gabaldón, T. (2019) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2019.00112 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Self-citationGale, A. N., Sakhawala, R. M., Levitan, A., Sharan, R., Berman, J., Timp, W., & Cunningham, K. W. (2020) · G3 Genes|Genomes|Genetics · doi:10.1534/g3.120.401595 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Badrane, H., Cheng, S., Dupont, C., Hao, B., Driscoll, E., Morder, K., Liu, G., Newbrough, A., Fleres, G., Kaul, D., et al. (2023) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2706400/v1 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
A network of paralogous stress response transcription factors in the human pathogen Candida glabrata
Merhej, J., Thiebaut, A., Blugeon, C., Pouch, J., Ali Chaouche, M. E. A., Camadro, J.-M., Le Crom, S., Lelandais, G., & Devaux, F. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00645 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Candida glabrata’s Genome Plasticity Confers a Unique Pattern of Expressed Cell Wall Proteins
López-Fuentes, E., Gutiérrez-Escobedo, G., Timmermans, B., Van Dijck, P., De Las Peñas, A., & Castaño, I. (2018) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof4020067 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Sharma, V., Purushotham, R., & Kaur, R. (2016) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m116.751529 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ksiezopolska, E., Schikora-Tamarit, M. À., Carlos Nunez-Rodriguez, J., & Gabaldón, T. (2024) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1416509 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationMeng, Q., Wang, H., Xiao, W., Mai, W., Liu, Y., Xiao, Y., Wang, P., Sui, J., He, X., Yin, F., et al. (2025) · Mycology · doi:10.1080/21501203.2025.2461725 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
- Authors
- Gabaldón, T., & Carreté, L.
- Affiliations
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Gabaldón, Toni
- Venue
- FEMS Yeast Research
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2015-12-17
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- fov110
- ISSN
- 1567-1356 (ISSN-L)
- 1567-1364
- PMC
- PMC5815135
- OpenAlex
- W2211508526
- Cited by
- 99
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 8
- FWCI
- 0.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- FEMS Yeast Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- European Commission (H2020-MSCA-ITN, H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014, 2007–2013, FP7 2007-2013, HORIZON2020, 642095, H2020, FP7-PEOPLE-2013, FP7/2007, FP7‐PEOPLE‐ 2013‐ITN, 606786, H2020-MSCA)
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (642095, SEV‐2012‐0208, BIO2012-37161)
- Horizon 2020 Framework Programme (MSCA-ITN-2014, FP7/2007-2013, H2020MSCA‐ITN‐2014, H2020-MSCA, H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014-642095, 642095, H2020-MSCA-ITN)
- European Regional Development Fund (H2020-MSCA-ITN-2014, H2020, FP7/2007‐2013, 2007 – 2013)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (310325)
- FP7 People: Marie-Curie Actions (FP7-PEOPLE-2013-ITN-606786, 2007-2013, 2013‐ITN‐606786, FP7-PEOPLE-2013-ITN, FP7/2007‐2013/, FP7-PEOPLE-2013)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fungal and yeast genetics research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Yeasts and Rust Fungi Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Antifungal resistance and susceptibility
- Keywords
- Candida glabrata, virulence evolution, opportunistic fungal pathogens, whole-genome duplication, Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, fungal pathogenesis, comparative genomics
- MeSH terms
- Candidiasis, Humans, Evolution, Molecular, Virulence Factors, Candida glabrata
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
