Germ-free C57BL/6J mice are resistant to high-fat-diet-induced insulin resistance and have altered cholesterol metabolism
Abstract
Recent studies showed that germ-free (GF) mice are resistant to obesity when consuming a high-fat, high-carbohydrate Western diet. However, it remains unclear what mechanisms are involved in the antiobesity phenotype and whether GF mice develop insulin resistance and dyslipidemia with high-fat (HF) feeding. In the present study, we compared the metabolic consequences of HF feeding on GF and conventional (conv) C57BL/6J mice. GF mice consumed fewer calories, excreted more fecal lipids, and weighed significantly less than conv mice. GF/HF animals also showed enhanced insulin sensitivity with improved glucose tolerance, reduced fasting and nonfasting insulinemia, and increased phospho-Akt((Ser-473)) in adipose tissue. In association with enhanced insulin sensitivity, GF/HF mice had reduced plasma TNF-α and total serum amyloid A concentrations. Reduced hypercholesterolemia, a moderate accretion of hepatic cholesterol, and an increase in fecal cholesterol excretion suggest an altered cholesterol metabolism in GF/HF mice. Pronounced nucleus SREBP2 proteins and up-regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis genes indicate that enhanced cholesterol biosynthesis contributed to the cholesterol homeostasis in GF/HF mice. Our results demonstrate that fewer calorie consumption and increased lipid excretion contributed to the obesity-resistant phenotype of GF/HF mice and reveal that insulin sensitivity and cholesterol metabolism are metabolic targets influenced by the gut microbiota.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The gut microbiota affects lipid metabolism and lipid levels in blood and tissues in mice and humans.
“The gut microbiota has been shown to affect lipid metabolism and lipid levels in blood and tissues, both in mice and humans.”
From Dietary lipids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
Circulating triglycerides, HDL, and total cholesterol levels are increased by the gut microbiota in mice on a high-fat diet.
“In contrast, circulating triglycerides, HDL, and total cholesterol levels are increased by the gut microbiota in mice on a high-fat diet [31].”
From Dietary lipids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
Cites
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR THE ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF TOTAL LIPIDES FROM ANIMAL TISSUES
Folch, J., Lees, M., & Stanley, G. H. S. (1957) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s0021-9258(18)64849-5 · Cited by 65,189 · see citing works
An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ley, R. E., Mahowald, M. A., Magrini, V., Mardis, E. R., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05414 · Cited by 12,444 · see citing works
Adipose Expression of Tumor Necrosis Factor-α: Direct Role in Obesity-Linked Insulin Resistance
Hotamisligil, G. S., Shargill, N. S., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1993) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.7678183 · Cited by 7,518 · see citing works
Xu, H., Barnes, G. T., Yang, Q., Tan, G., Yang, D., Chou, C. J., Sole, J., Nichols, A., Ross, J. S., Tartaglia, L. A., et al. (2003) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci200319451 · Cited by 6,760 · see citing works
Self-citationMetabolic Endotoxemia Initiates Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Cani, P. D., Amar, J., Iglesias, M. A., Poggi, M., Knauf, C., Bastelica, D., Neyrinck, A. M., Fava, F., Tuohy, K. M., Chabo, C., et al. (2007) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db06-1491 · Cited by 6,638 · see citing works
The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage
Bäckhed, F., Ding, H., Wang, T., Hooper, L. V., Koh, G. Y., Nagy, A., Semenkovich, C. F., & Gordon, J. I. (2004) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0407076101 · Cited by 6,245 · see citing works
Cani, P. D., Bibiloni, R., Knauf, C., Waget, A., Neyrinck, A. M., Delzenne, N. M., & Burcelin, R. (2008) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/db07-1403 · Cited by 4,819 · see citing works
The Effect of Diet on the Human Gut Microbiome: A Metagenomic Analysis in Humanized Gnotobiotic Mice
Turnbaugh, P. J., Ridaura, V. K., Faith, J. J., Rey, F. E., Knight, R., & Gordon, J. I. (2009) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3000322 · Cited by 3,058 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota in Human Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Differs from Non-Diabetic Adults
Larsen, N., Vogensen, F. K., van den Berg, F. W. J., Nielsen, D. S., Andreasen, A. S., Pedersen, B. K., Al-Soud, W. A., Sørensen, S. J., Hansen, L. H., & Jakobsen, M. (2010) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009085 · Cited by 2,952 · see citing works
Turnbaugh, P. J., Bäckhed, F., Fulton, L., & Gordon, J. I. (2008) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.02.015 · Cited by 2,915 · see citing works
Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice
Bäckhed, F., Manchester, J. K., Semenkovich, C. F., & Gordon, J. I. (2007) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0605374104 · Cited by 2,615 · see citing works
Lipid extraction of tissues with a low-toxicity solvent
Hara, A., & Radin, N. S. (1978) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/0003-2697(78)90046-5 · Cited by 2,566 · see citing works
Protection from obesity-induced insulin resistance in mice lacking TNF-α function
Uysal, K. T., Wiesbrock, S. M., Marino, M. W., & Hotamisligil, G. S. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/39335 · Cited by 2,234 · see citing works
Alternatives to the Median Absolute Deviation
Rousseeuw, P. J., & Croux, C. (1993) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.1080/01621459.1993.10476408 · Cited by 1,962 · see citing works
Cani, P. D., Neyrinck, A. M., Fava, F., Knauf, C., Burcelin, R., Tuohy, K. M., Gibson, G. R., & Delzenne, N. M. (2007) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/s00125-007-0791-0 · Cited by 1,776 · see citing works
Alternatives to the Median Absolute Deviation
Rousseeuw, P. J., & Croux, C. (1993) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2291267 · Cited by 1,489 · see citing works
Repa, J. J., Berge, K. E., Pomajzl, C., Richardson, J. A., Hobbs, H. H., & Mangelsdorf, D. J. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m109927200 · Cited by 852 · see citing works
Hotamisligil, G. S., Budavari, A., Murray, D., & Spiegelman, B. M. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci117495 · Cited by 819 · see citing works
Hayashi, T., Hirshman, M. F., Kurth, E. J., Winder, W. W., & Goodyear, L. J. (1998) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.47.8.1369 · Cited by 774 · see citing works
Unger, R. H. (2003) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2003-0870 · Cited by 672 · see citing works
Yu, L., Li-Hawkins, J., Hammer, R. E., Berge, K. E., Horton, J. D., Cohen, J. C., & Hobbs, H. H. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci16001 · Cited by 638 · see citing works
Yu, L., Li-Hawkins, J., Hammer, R. E., Berge, K. E., Horton, J. D., Cohen, J. C., & Hobbs, H. H. (2002) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci0216001 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Gut microbiota modulation with norfloxacin and ampicillin enhances glucose tolerance in mice
Membrez, M., Blancher, F., Jaquet, M., Bibiloni, R., Cani, P. D., Burcelin, R. G., Corthesy, I., Macé, K., & Chou, C. J. (2008) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.07-102723 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Self-citationAbsence of intestinal microbiota does not protect mice from diet-induced obesity
Fleissner, C. K., Huebel, N., Abd El-Bary, M. M., Loh, G., Klaus, S., & Blaut, M. (2010) · British Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114510001303 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Inflammation Impairs Reverse Cholesterol Transport In Vivo
McGillicuddy, F. C., Moya, M. D. L. L., Hinkle, C. C., Joshi, M. R., Chiquoine, E. H., Billheimer, J. T., Rothblat, G. H., & Reilly, M. P. (2009) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.108.810721 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Ventre, J. R., Doebber, T. W., Wu, M. S., MacNaul, K. L., Stevens, K. A., Pasparakis, M., Kollias, G. A., & Moller, D. E. (1997) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.46.9.1526 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Biohydrogenation of Sterols by Eubacterium ATCC 21,408—Nova Species
Eyssen, H., Parmentier, G. G., Compernolle, F., Pauw, G. D., & Piessens‐Denef, M. (1973) · European Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.1973.tb02926.x · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Bacteroides sp. Strain D8, the First Cholesterol-Reducing Bacterium Isolated from Human Feces
Gérard, P., Lepercq, P., Leclerc, M., Gavini, F., Raibaud, P., & Juste, C. (2007) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.02806-06 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationKhovidhunkit, W., Moser, A. H., Shigenaga, J. K., Grünfeld, C., & Feingold, K. R. (2003) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m300100-jlr200 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Protein kinase B activity is required for the effects of insulin on lipid metabolism in adipocytes
Berggreen, C., Gormand, A., Omar, B., Degerman, E., & Göransson, O. (2009) · American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1152/ajpendo.90596.2008 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Intestinal Bile Acids and Cholesterol Absorption in the Germfree Rat
Wöstmann, B. S. J. (1973) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/103.7.982 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Lin, C.-C., & Yin, M. (2007) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507793881 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Calpe‐Berdiel, L., Rotllán, N., Fiévet, C., Roig, R., Blanco‐Vaca, F., & Escolá‐Gil, J. C. (2008) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1194/jlr.m700470-jlr200 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The Metabolic Effects of 4-Aminopteroylglutamic Acid in the Guinea-Pig
GIRDWOOD, R. H. (1951) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1079/bjn19510001 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
The formation of coprosterol in the intestine
Dam, H. (1934) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj0280820 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Genetic and dietary interactions in the regulation of HMG-CoA reductase gene expression.
Hwa, J., Zollman, S., Warden, C. H., Taylor, B., Edwards, P. A., Fogelman, A., & Lusis, A. J. (1992) · Journal of Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-2275(20)41435-x · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Sequential Responses to High‐fat and High‐calorie Feeding in an Obese Mouse Model
Chan, M., Zhao, Y., & Heng, C. (2008) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2008.32 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Impact of experimental colitis on hepatobiliary transporter expression and bile duct injury in mice
Jahnel, J., Fickert, P., Langner, C., Högenauer, C., Silbert, D., Gumhold, J., Fuchsbichler, A., & Trauner, M. A. (2009) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/j.1478-3231.2009.02044.x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Total serum and liver cholesterol in germfree and conventional male rats
Wöstmann, B. S. J., & Wiech, N. L. (1961) · American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content · doi:10.1152/ajplegacy.1961.201.6.1027 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Mansourian, R., Mutch, D. M., Antille, N., Aubert, J., Fogel, P., Goff, J. M. L., Moulin, J., Petrov, A., Rytz, A., Voegel, J. J., et al. (2004) · Bioinformatics · doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/bth319 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationYe, X. Y., Xue, Y., Sha, J.-P., Li, C. Z., & Zhen, Z. (2009) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/bf03346510 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Diet–microbiota interactions as moderators of human metabolism
Sonnenburg, J. L., & Bäckhed, F. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature18846 · Cited by 2,257 · see citing works
Proteobacteria: A Common Factor in Human Diseases
Rizzatti, G., Lopetuso, L. R., Gibiino, G., Binda, C., & Gasbarrini, A. (2017) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2017/9351507 · Cited by 1,264 · see citing works
“In fact, GM mice are usually resistant to HFD-induced obesity [33, 34].”
BackgroundDietary lipids, gut microbiota and lipid metabolism
Schoeler, M., & Caesar, R. (2019) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-019-09512-0 · Cited by 1,163 · see citing works
“microbiota in mice on a high-fat diet [31].”
BackgroundAnhê, F. F., Roy, D., Pilon, G., Dudonné, S., Matamoros, S., Varin, T. V., Garofalo, C., Moine, Q., Desjardins, Y., Levy, E., et al. (2015) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307142 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
The gut microbiota at the intersection of diet and human health
Gentile, C. L., & Weir, T. L. (2018) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aau5812 · Cited by 1,049 · see citing works
Intestinal microbiota determines development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice
Le Roy, T., Llopis, M., Lepage, P., Bruneau, A., Rabot, S., Bevilacqua, C., Martin, P., Philippe, C., Walker, F., Bado, A., et al. (2013) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2012-303816 · Cited by 1,001 · see citing works
Self-citationCaesar, R., Tremaroli, V., Kovatcheva-Datchary, P., Cani, P. D., & Bäckhed, F. (2015) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.026 · Cited by 960 · see citing works
Reduction of Abeta amyloid pathology in APPPS1 transgenic mice in the absence of gut microbiota
Harach, T., Marungruang, N., Duthilleul, N., Cheatham, V., Mc Coy, K. D., Frisoni, G., Neher, J. J., Fåk, F., Jucker, M., Lasser, T., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep41802 · Cited by 901 · see citing works
“Next we studied whether the di ff erences in gut microbiota composition in CONVR-APPPS1 mice compared to CONVR-WT mice are the results of di ff erences in metabolic parameters 15 .”
BackgroundSelf-citationLeone, V., Gibbons, S. M., Martinez, K., Hutchison, A. L., Huang, E. Y., Cham, C. M., Pierre, J. F., Heneghan, A. F., Nadimpalli, A., Hubert, N., et al. (2015) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2015.03.006 · Cited by 908 · see citing works
“Compared to SPFmice, GFmice fed HF also exhibited reduced gonadal fad pad and liver weight (Figures S1C and S1D), reflecting resistance to DIO, as previously shown (Bäckhed et al., 2007; Rabot et al., 2010).”
ResultMicrobiota Regulate Intestinal Absorption and Metabolism of Fatty Acids in the Zebrafish
Semova, I., Carten, J. D., Stombaugh, J., Mackey, L. C., Knight, R. D., Farber, S. A., & Rawls, J. F. (2012) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2012.08.003 · Cited by 881 · see citing works
“…2004, 2007; Martin et al., 2009), which do not distinguish between exogenous and endogenous lipid sources, and serum chylomicrons (Velagapudi et al., 2010) or fecal crude fat (Yoshida et al., 1968; Rabot et al., 2010), which do not do not distinguish between dietary and microbe-produced lipids.”
BackgroundCani, P. D., Osto, M., Geurts, L., & Everard, A. (2012) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.19625 · Cited by 864 · see citing works
“More recently, it was shown that germ-free mice did not develop inflammation following a high-fat diet, further supporting the role of gut microbiota in low-grade inflammation onset.(23) Different studies have proposed that saturated fatty acids promote low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance through a TLR-4 dep…”
BackgroundGut microbiome, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction
Tilg, H., & Kaser, A. (2011) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci58109 · Cited by 860 · see citing works
“In addition to regulating insulin sensitivity, the presence or absence of a microbial flora might also regulate cholesterol metabolism (77).”
BackgroundThe gut microbiota and obesity: from correlation to causality
Zhao, L. (2013) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro3089 · Cited by 847 · see citing works
Targeting gut microbiota in obesity: effects of prebiotics and probiotics
Delzenne, N. M., Neyrinck, A. M., Bäckhed, F., & Cani, P. D. (2011) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2011.126 · Cited by 783 · see citing works
“However, the energy spared by fermentation is not sufficient to explain why mice with normal gut microbiota that were fed with a high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet developed more adipose tissue and exhibited a greater glucose intolerance than germ-free mice that were fed the same diet”
BackgroundAn opportunistic pathogen isolated from the gut of an obese human causes obesity in germfree mice
Fei, N., & Zhao, L.-P. (2012) · The ISME Journal · doi:10.1038/ismej.2012.153 · Cited by 713 · see citing works
“Previous studies show that germfree mice are resistant to HFD-induced obesity (Backhed et al., 2007; Ding et al., 2010; Rabot et al., 2010).”
BackgroundThe Gut Microbiome, Kidney Disease, and Targeted Interventions
Ramezani, A., & Raj, D. S. (2013) · Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.1681/asn.2013080905 · Cited by 752 · see citing works
Intestinal farnesoid X receptor signaling promotes nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
Jiang, C., Xie, C., Li, F., Zhang, L., Nichols, R. G., Krausz, K. W., Cai, J., Qi, Y., Fang, Z.-Z., Takahashi, S., et al. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci76738 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Martinez-Guryn, K., Hubert, N., Frazier, K., Urlass, S., Musch, M. W., Ojeda, P., Pierre, J. F., Miyoshi, J., Sontag, T. J., Cham, C. M., et al. (2018) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2018.03.011 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Mouries, J., Brescia, P., Silvestri, A., Spadoni, I., Sorribas, M., Wiest, R., Mileti, E., Galbiati, M., Invernizzi, P., Adorini, L., et al. (2019) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2019.08.005 · Cited by 688 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota as a Trigger for Metabolic Inflammation in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes
Scheithauer, T. P. M., Rampanelli, E., Nieuwdorp, M., Vallance, B. A., Verchere, C. B., van Raalte, D. H., & Herrema, H. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.571731 · Cited by 694 · see citing works
Diet-Induced Dysbiosis of the Intestinal Microbiota and the Effects on Immunity and Disease
Brown, K., DeCoffe, D., Molcan, E., & Gibson, D. L. (2012) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu4081095 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
“develop obesity [72,78], yet an obese microbiota induces obesity in GF mice [59].”
BackgroundLi, G., Xie, C., Lu, S., Nichols, R. G., Tian, Y., Li, L., Patel, D., Ma, Y., Brocker, C. N., Yan, T., et al. (2017) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2017.08.019 · Cited by 667 · see citing works
Luczynski, P., McVey Neufeld, K.-A., Oriach, C. S., Clarke, G., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2016) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyw020 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Metabolism of Cholesterol and Bile Acids by the Gut Microbiota
Gérard, P. (2013) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens3010014 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
“Indeed, our recent data suggest a relationship between intestinal microbiota and cholesterol metabolism [19] and it has been demonstrated that germfree conditions accelerates the atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice [20].”
BackgroundSelf-citationImpact of oral vancomycin on gut microbiota, bile acid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity
Vrieze, A., Out, C., Fuentes, S., Jonker, L., Reuling, I. J., Kootte, R. S., van Nood, E., Holleman, F., Knaapen, M., Romijn, J. A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2013.11.034 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
“Germ-freemicewere shown to be protected from obesity and insulin resistance when consuming a high fat diet [11,12], whereas colonization led to increased body fat content with concomitant insulin resistance [13].”
BackgroundZou, J., Chassaing, B., Singh, V., Pellizzon, M., Ricci, M. R., Flythe, M. D. D., Kumar, M. V., & Gewirtz, A. T. (2017) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2017.11.003 · Cited by 564 · see citing works
“HFD-induced metabolic syndrome is, itself, known to be largely dependent upon the presence of a microbiota (Backhed et al., 2007; Rabot et al., 2010), particularly in GF mice, thus making it difficult to discern the extent to which amelioration of such a phenotype by a particular treatment is also dependent upon the m…”
BackgroundAntibiotics in early life and obesity
Cox, L. M., & Blaser, M. J. (2014) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2014.210 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Regulation of intestinal lipid metabolism: current concepts and relevance to disease
Ko, C.-W., Qu, J., Black, D. D., & Tso, P. (2020) · Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1038/s41575-019-0250-7 · Cited by 510 · see citing works
The role of the microbiome in NAFLD and NASH
Kolodziejczyk, A. A., Zheng, D., Shibolet, O., & Elinav, E. (2019) · EMBO Molecular Medicine · doi:10.15252/emmm.201809302 · Cited by 523 · see citing works
“High-fat diet-fed germ-free mice exhibit lower levels of lipids in the liver in comparison with the conventionally housed mice (Rabot et al , 2010).”
Gérard, P. (2015) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-015-2061-5 · Cited by 512 · see citing works
“Interestingly, this study also revealed that GF mice have reduced cholesterolemia, an increase in fecal cholesterol excretion, and a moderate accretion of hepatic cholesterol confirmed by an up-regulation of cholesterol biosynthesis genes in the liver, suggesting that the gut microbiota alters cholesterol metabolism i…”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe links between the gut microbiome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Safari, Z., & Gérard, P. (2019) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-019-03011-w · Cited by 512 · see citing works
Self-citationMicrobiota-gut-brain axis: Modulator of host metabolism and appetite
van de Wouw, M., Schellekens, H., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2017) · The Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.116.240481 · Cited by 461 · see citing works
Peptidoglycan recognition by the innate immune system
Wolf, A. J., & Underhill, D. M. (2018) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2017.136 · Cited by 469 · see citing works
Microbiota-induced obesity requires farnesoid X receptor
Parséus, A., Sommer, N., Sommer, F., Caesar, R., Molinaro, A., Ståhlman, M., Greiner, T. U., Perkins, R., & Bäckhed, F. (2016) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310283 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Aron-Wisnewsky, J., Warmbrunn, M. V., Nieuwdorp, M., & Clément, K. (2021) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.057 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Do, M. H., Lee, E., Oh, M.-J., Kim, Y., & Park, H.-Y. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10060761 · Cited by 441 · see citing works
“Moreover, germ-free mice are resistant to the obesogenic effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) [11], whereas transplantation of the gut microbiota from obese mice into germ-free mice recapitulated the donor phenotype [12].”
BackgroundBacterial Community Mapping of the Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract
Gu, S., Chen, D., Zhang, J., Lv, X., Wang, K., Duan, L.-P., Nie, Y., & Wu, X. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074957 · Cited by 443 · see citing works
“Consequently, our understanding of the characteristic microbiota in different sections along with the GI tract is still very limited, especially for C57BL/6 mice, which are one of the most commonly used animals for studying gut microbiota related diseases [9].”
BackgroundGauffin-Cano, P., Santacruz, A., Moya-Pérez, Á., & Sanz, Y. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0041079 · Cited by 438 · see citing works
The microbiome: stress, health and disease
Moloney, R. D., Desbonnet, L., Clarke, G., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2014) · Mammalian Genome · doi:10.1007/s00335-013-9488-5 · Cited by 430 · see citing works
Responses of gut microbiota to diet composition and weight loss in lean and obese mice
Ravussin, Y., Koren, O., Spor, A., LeDuc, C., Gutman, R., Stombaugh, J., Knight, R., Ley, R. E., & Leibel, R. L. (2012) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.111 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
The interaction among gut microbes, the intestinal barrier and short chain fatty acids
Ma, J., Piao, X., Mahfuz, S. U., Long, S., & Wang, J. (2021) · Animal nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.aninu.2021.09.012 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Role of the gut microbiota in host appetite control: bacterial growth to animal feeding behaviour
Fetissov, S. O. (2017) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/nrendo.2016.150 · Cited by 403 · see citing works
The gut microbiota modulates host amino acid and glutathione metabolism in mice
Mardinoglu, A., Shoaie, S., Bergentall, M., Ghaffari, P., Zhang, C., Larsson, E., Bäckhed, F., & Nielsen, J. (2015) · Molecular Systems Biology · doi:10.15252/msb.20156487 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
You Are What You Eat—The Relationship between Diet, Microbiota, and Metabolic Disorders—A Review
Moszak, M., Szulińska, M., & Bogdański, P. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12041096 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
“It has also been noted that germ-free mouse with the obesity-resistance phenotype fed a high-fat diet (HFD) consumes fewer calories and has increased excretion of lipids, while an HFD in mice with normal microbiota contributes to weight gain, obesity progression, worsening in insulin sensitivity and inflammatory chang…”
BackgroundPrecision Nutrition and the Microbiome, Part I: Current State of the Science
Mills, S., Stanton, C., Lane, J. A., Smith, G., & Ross, R. P. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11040923 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
“The obesity-resistance phenotype of germ-free animals fed a high fat diet was attributed to increased excretion of lipids and reduced calorie consumption [224].”
BackgroundMoreno‐Indias, I., Sánchez‐Alcoholado, L., Pérez‐Martínez, P., Andrés‐Lacueva, C., Cardona, F., Tinahones, F. J., & Queipo‐Ortuño, M. I. (2015) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c5fo00886g · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Kastl, A., Terry, N. A., Wu, G. D., & Albenberg, L. G. (2019) · Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jcmgh.2019.07.006 · Cited by 359 · see citing works
Gut microbiota Turicibacter strains differentially modify bile acids and host lipids
Lynch, J. B., Gonzalez, E. L., Choy, K., Faull, K. F., Jewell, T., Arellano, A., Liang, J., Yu, K. B., Paramo, J., & Hsiao, E. Y. (2023) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-023-39403-7 · Cited by 352 · see citing works
The therapeutic potential of manipulating gut microbiota in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Kootte, R. S., Vrieze, A., Holleman, F., Dallinga‐Thie, G. M., Zoetendal, E. G., de Vos, W. M., Groen, A. K., Hoekstra, J. B. L., Stroes, E. S. G., & Nieuwdorp, M. (2011) · Diabetes Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01483.x · Cited by 348 · see citing works
“In support, germ-free mice were protected from obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatosis hepatis (NASH) when fed a high-fat Western diet [7,8].”
BackgroundThe gut microbiome as therapeutic target
Cani, P. D., & Delzenne, N. M. (2011) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.01.012 · Cited by 349 · see citing works
“To date, unequivocal evidence for the role of the gut microbiota in energy homeostasis comes from studies performed in mice lacking gut microbiota (Backhed et al., 2004, 2007; Fleissner et al., 2010; Rabot et al., 2010).”
BackgroundThe Association between Early-Life Gut Microbiota and Long-Term Health and Diseases
Sarkar, A., Yoo, J. Y., Dutra, S. V. O., Morgan, K. H., & Groer, M. E. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm10030459 · Cited by 346 · see citing works
“The function of gut microbiota in low-grade inflammation has also been supported by a germ-free mice study where inflammation did not develop in germ-free mice when a high-fat diet was provided [123].”
BackgroundProbiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and insulin sensitivity
Kim, Y. A., Keogh, J. B., & Clifton, P. M. (2017) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s095442241700018x · Cited by 340 · see citing works
Caesar, R., Reigstad, C. S., Bäckhed, H. K., Reinhardt, C., Ketonen, M., Östergren‐Lundén, G., Cani, P. D., & Bäckhed, F. (2012) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301689 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Luna, R. A., & Foster, J. A. (2015) · Current Opinion in Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.copbio.2014.10.007 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
“This metabolic phenotype is explained in part by the role of microbiota in nutrient uptake as GF mice show reduced food efficiency, and when fed a high fat diet, GF mice fail to extract lipid from the diet [24].”
BackgroundMicrobiota-liver axis in hepatic disease
Chassaing, B., Etienne‐Mesmin, L., & Gewirtz, A. T. (2013) · Hepatology · doi:10.1002/hep.26494 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Berk, M., Köhler‐Forsberg, O., Turner, M., Penninx, B. W. J. H., Wrobel, A., Firth, J., Loughman, A., Reavley, N. J., McGrath, J. J., Momen, N. C., et al. (2023) · World Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/wps.21110 · Cited by 336 · see citing works
Effects of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation With Oral Capsules in Obese Patients
Allegretti, J. R., Kassam, Z., Mullish, B. H., Chiang, A. L., Carrellas, M., Hurtado, J., Marchesi, J. R., McDonald, J. A. K., Pechlivanis, A., Barker, G. F., et al. (2019) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2019.07.006 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Liver diseases: epidemiology, causes, trends and predictions
Gan, C., Yuan, Y., Shen, H., Gao, J., Kong, X., Che, Z., Guo, Y., Wang, H., Dong, E., & Xiao, J. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-02072-z · Cited by 370 · see citing works
“365 This bene fi cial effect disappears following fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) from MASLD mice to germ-free mice, resulting in increased liver triglyceride content and in fl ammation.”
The gut microbiota in obesity and weight management: microbes as friends or foe?
Hul, M. V., & Cani, P. D. (2023) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00794-0 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Vallianou, N. G., Stratigou, T., Christodoulatos, G. S., & Dalamaga, Μ. (2019) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-019-00352-2 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
The evolution of the use of faecal microbiota transplantation and emerging therapeutic indications.
Allegretti, J. R., Mullish, B. H., Kelly, C., & Fischer, M. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31266-8 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota, Intestinal Permeability, Obesity‐Induced Inflammation, and Liver Injury
Frazier, T. H., DiBaise, J. K., & McClain, C. J. (2011) · Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition · doi:10.1177/0148607111413772 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Effects of the gut microbiota on obesity and glucose homeostasis
Greiner, T. U., & Bäckhed, F. (2011) · Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.tem.2011.01.002 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
The gut microbiota and metabolic disease: current understanding and future perspectives
Arora, T., & Bäckhed, F. (2016) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.12508 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
High fat diet-triggered non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A review of proposed mechanisms
Lian, C.-Y., Zhai, Z., Li, Z., & Wang, L. (2020) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2020.109199 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Metabolic, Genetic, Epigenetic and Environmental Risk Factors
Juanola, O., Martínez‐López, S., Francés, R., & Gómez‐Hurtado, I. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18105227 · Cited by 303 · see citing works
“In an interesting study, germ-free mice fed with a high-fat diet exhibited lower levels of liver lipids compared to conventionally housed mice [60].”
BackgroundThe microbiota–gut–brain axis in gastrointestinal disorders: stressed bugs, stressed brain or both?
Palma, G. D., Collins, S. M., Berčík, P., & Verdu, E. F. (2014) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2014.273995 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
“Moreover, germ-free mice have an impaired capacity to harvest energy from the diet (Wostmann, 1981) and are protected against diet-induced obesity (Bäckhed et al. 2007; Rabot et al. 2010).”
BackgroundThe Intestinal Microbiota in Metabolic Disease
Woting, A., & Blaut, M. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8040202 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
“Indeed, experiments by Rabot et al. (2010) are in conflict with this explanation because they showed that the intestinal microbiota promotes lipid absorption: High-fat diet-fed conventional mice excreted 40% less lipids in their feces than high-fat diet-fed germfree mice [29], the opposite of what…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHuman gut microbiota: the links with dementia development
Alkasir, R., Li, J., Li, X., Jin, M., & Zhu, B. (2016) · Protein & Cell · doi:10.1007/s13238-016-0338-6 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota Is a Key Modulator of Insulin Resistance in TLR 2 Knockout Mice
Caricilli, A. M., Picardi, P. K., de Abreu, L. L., Ueno, M., Prada, P. O., Ropelle, E. R., Hirabara, S. M., Castoldi, Â., Moraes‐Vieira, P. M., Câmara, N. O. S., et al. (2011) · PLoS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1001212 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
RetractedGut–liver axis, nutrition, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Kirpich, I. A., Marsano, L. S., & McClain, C. J. (2015) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2015.06.023 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
“Using germ free animal models, several research groups have demonstrated that mice lacking gut microbiota are resistant to diet-induced obesity, liver steatosis and insulin resistance [56, 57].”
BackgroundGeurts, L., Neyrinck, A. M., Delzenne, N. M., Knauf, C., & Cani, P. D. (2013) · Beneficial Microbes · doi:10.3920/bm2012.0065 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
“I P A dd re ss :1 30 .1 04 .1 94 .2 24 Beneficial Microbes 5(1) 5 and insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet (Backhed et al., 2007; Ding et al., 2010; Rabot et al., 2010).”
BackgroundMicrobial modulation of insulin sensitivity
Khan, M. T., Nieuwdorp, M., & Bäckhed, F. (2014) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2014.07.006 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Is the Gut Microbiota a New Factor Contributing to Obesity and Its Metabolic Disorders?
Harris, K. A., Kassis, A. N., Major, G. C., & Chou, C. J. (2012) · Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1155/2012/879151 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
“To further examine if glucose tolerance of mice is affected by the presence or absence of the gut microbiota, we fed both GF and Conv C57BL/6J mice with a high-fat diet, and our results showed that GF mice did not develop diet-induced obesity and glucose intolerance [36].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe Role of Gut Microbiota on Insulin Resistance
Caricilli, A. M., & Saad, M. A. (2013) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu5030829 · Cited by 273 · see citing works
“against related comorbidities [55,110] (Figure 2).”
Western diets, gut dysbiosis, and metabolic diseases: Are they linked?
Martinez, K., Leone, V., & Chang, E. B. (2017) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2016.1270811 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
“For example, several groups have shown that germ-free mice fed a high-fat, high-sugar diet are resistance to diet-induced obesity (DIO).(5,8) Transplant of microbes induced by Western diets or obesity result in an increase in fat mass in germ-free mouse recipients.”
BackgroundThe Mouse Microbiome Is Required for Sex-Specific Diurnal Rhythms of Gene Expression and Metabolism
Weger, B. D., Gobet, C., Yeung, J., Martin, E., Jimenez, S., Betrisey, B., Foata, F., Berger, B., Balvay, A., Foussier, A., et al. (2019) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.09.023 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
“The male-biased concentration correlated with male-biased mRNA expression of the folate transporter SLC19A1 (RFC1) and the key enzyme for purine metabolism MTHFD2 (methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase and cyclohydrolase) (Ben-Sahra et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationNon-alcoholic steatohepatitis: pathogenesis and novel therapeutic approaches
Schuppan, D., & Schattenberg, J. M. (2013) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.12212 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Is butyrate the link between diet, intestinal microbiota and obesity-related metabolic diseases?
Brahe, L. K., Astrup, A., & Larsen, L. H. (2013) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12068 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
“Moreover, it has been suggested that germ-free animals are protected from pro-inflammatory consequences of a high-fat diet (113), supporting a key role for the intestinal microbiota in the metabolic response to the diet.”
BackgroundDoes lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammation have a role in OA?
Huang, Z.-Y., & Kraus, V. (2015) · Nature Reviews Rheumatology · doi:10.1038/nrrheum.2015.158 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
The Alterations in and the Role of the Th17/Treg Balance in Metabolic Diseases
Zhang, S., Gang, X., Yang, S., Cui, M., Sun, L., Li, Z., & Wang, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.678355 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Programming of Host Metabolism by the Gut Microbiota
Bäckhed, F. (2011) · Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1159/000328042 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
“AMPK (AMP-activated protein kinase) is an important energy sensor in all organisms from yeast to mammals and promotes energy-generating pathways, while shutting off anabolic pathways [ , , , , ,”
BackgroundResveratrol, Metabolic Syndrome, and Gut Microbiota
Chaplin, A. M. L., Carpéné, C., & Mercader, J. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10111651 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
“Since then, numerous studies have shown that the gut microbiota composition in obesity is different compared to lean subjects, characterized by increased levels of Firmicutes and less Bacteroidetes [177,178], increased capacity in energy harvesting from dietary polysaccharides [175,179], and is associated with increas…”
BackgroundNon-alcoholic fatty liver and the gut microbiota
Bashiardes, S., Shapiro, H., Rozin, S., Shibolet, O., & Elinav, E. (2016) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.06.003 · Cited by 241 · see citing works
“The prevalence of NAFLD is greatly increased in patients suffering from other pre-existing manifestations of the metabolic syndrome, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and hypertension [1].”
BackgroundThe critical role of gut microbiota in obesity
Cheng, Z., Zhang, L., Yang, L., & Chu, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2022.1025706 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Livshits, G., & Kalinkovich, A. (2019) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2019.100980 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Oral–Gut Microbiome Axis in Gastrointestinal Disease and Cancer
Park, S.-Y., Hwang, B.-O., Lim, M., Ok, S.-H., Lee, S., Chun, K., Park, K.-K., Hu, Y., Chung, W., & Song, N. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13092124 · Cited by 237 · see citing works
Fecal microbiota transplantation broadening its application beyond intestinal disorders
Xu, M.-Q. (2015) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i1.102 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Gut microbiota in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Allin, K. H., Nielsen, T., & Pedersen, O. B. (2014) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje-14-0874 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
van der Beek, C. M., Canfora, E. E., Kip, A. M., Gorissen, S. H. M., Damink, S. W. M. O., van Eijk, H. M. H., Holst, J. J., Blaak, E. E., Dejong, C. H. C., & Lenaerts, K. (2018) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2018.06.009 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Spiljar, M., Merkler, D., & Trajkovski, M. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01353 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Impact of Gut Microbiota and Microbiota-Related Metabolites on Hyperlipidemia
Jia, X., Xu, W., Zhang, L., Li, X., Wang, R., & Wu, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.634780 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
“When fed with high-fat, high-carbohydrate Western diet, GF mice have less hypercholesterolemia and more cholesterol excretion in the liver and feces (Rabot et al., 2010).”
BackgroundClostridium ramosum Promotes High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity in Gnotobiotic Mouse Models
Woting, A., Pfeiffer, N., Loh, G., Klaus, S., & Blaut, M. (2014) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.01530-14 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“A study comparing conventional and germfree mice revealed that the intestinal microbiota increases intestinal absorption of lipids, resulting in better food efficiency and marked obesity (33).”
BackgroundFortification and Health: Challenges and Opportunities
Dwyer, J. T., Wiemer, K. L., Dary, O., Keen, C. L., King, J. C., Miller, K. B., Philbert, M. A., Tarasuk, V. S., Taylor, C. L., Gaine, P. C., et al. (2015) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.114.007443 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
Lam, Y. Y., Ha, C. W. Y., Hoffmann, J. M. A., Oscarsson, J., Dinudom, A., Mather, T. J., Cook, D. I., Hunt, N. H., Caterson, I. D., Holmes, A. J., et al. (2015) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21122 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“There is evidence for causal relationships between diet, gut dysfunction, and deleterious metabolic sequelae: high-fat diets induced inflammation and increased gut permeability (3,4); antibiotics normalized metabolic parameters in diet-induced obese mice (4); germ-free mice were protected against diet-induced obesity…”
BackgroundRecent advances in the development of farnesoid X receptor agonists.
Ali, A. H., Carey, E. J., & Lindor, K. D. (2015) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2014.12.06 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
“Other factors are activation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) by intestinal bacterial lipopolysaccharide (67-69) and other pro-inflammatory signals produced by dysbiosis (gut microbiota imbalance) (70-72).”
BackgroundThe Role of Gut Microbiota on Cholesterol Metabolism in Atherosclerosis
Vourakis, M., Mayer, G., & Rousseau, G. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22158074 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
The intestinal microbiota regulates host cholesterol homeostasis
Roy, T. L., Lécuyer, E., Chassaing, B., Rhimi, M., Lhomme, M., Boudebbouze, S., Ichou, F., Barceló, J. H., Huby, T., Guérin, M., et al. (2019) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-019-0715-8 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“mice [24] but discrepant with others [22].”
BackgroundSelf-citationSchéle, E., Grahnemo, L., Anesten, F., Hallén, A., Bäckhed, F., & Jansson, J.-O. (2013) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2012-2151 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Dietary fat and gut microbiota interactions determine diet-induced obesity in mice
Kübeck, R., Bonet-Ripoll, C., Hoffmann, C., Walker, A., Müller, V. M., Schüppel, V. L., Lagkouvardos, I., Scholz, B., Engel, K.-H., Daniel, H., et al. (2016) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2016.10.001 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
- Authors
- Rabot, S., Membrez, M., Bruneau, A., Gérard, P., Harach, T., Moser, M., Raymond, F., Mansourian, R., & Chou, C. J.
- Affiliations
- Microbiologie de l’alimentation au service de la santé (FR)
- Department of Nutrition and Health,
- Nestlé (Switzerland) (CH)
- Department of Bioanalytical Science, Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Venue
- The FASEB Journal
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4948-4959
- ISSN
- 0892-6638 (ISSN-L)
- 1530-6860
- OpenAlex
- W2088697466
- Cited by
- 610
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 75 · 2019: 49 · 2018: 42 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 22
- FWCI
- 10.17
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The FASEB Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diet, Metabolism, and Disease
- Keywords
- germ-free mice, gut microbiota, high-fat diet, insulin resistance, cholesterol metabolism, hypercholesterolemia, obesity resistance, glucose tolerance, TNF-α, serum amyloid A, SREBP2, cholesterol biosynthesis, liver cholesterol, fecal cholesterol excretion, C57BL/6J mice
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Body Weight, Cholesterol, Dietary Fats, Germ-Free Life, Glucose Tolerance Test, Glycogen, Insulin Resistance, Lipids, Liver, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Obesity, Blotting, Western, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
