Involvement of gut microbiota in the development of low-grade inflammation and type 2 diabetes associated with obesity
Open accessAbstract
Obesity is associated with metabolic alterations related to glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular risk factors. These metabolic alterations are associated with low-grade inflammation that contributes to the onset of these diseases. We and others have provided evidence that gut microbiota participates in whole-body metabolism by affecting energy balance, glucose metabolism, and low-grade inflammation associated with obesity and related metabolic disorders. Recently, we defined gut microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (and metabolic endotoxemia) as a factor involved in the onset and progression of inflammation and metabolic diseases. In this review, we discuss mechanisms involved in the development of metabolic endotoxemia such as the gut permeability. We also discuss our latest discoveries demonstrating a link between the gut microbiota, endocannabinoid system tone, leptin resistance, gut peptides (glucagon-like peptide-1 and -2), and metabolic features. Finally, we will introduce the role of the gut microbiota in specific dietary treatments (prebiotics and probiotics) and surgical interventions (gastric bypass).
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The development of diabetes mellitus is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation.
“The development of diabetes mellitus is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation.”
From Kefir and Intestinal Microbiota Modulation: Implications in Human Health (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
This inflammatory condition stimulates activation of toll-like receptors and macrophages, generating hepatic and systemic inflammation, explaining the relationship between intestinal microbiota and liver diseases.
“This inflammatory condition stimulates the activation of toll-like receptors and macrophages, which generates hepatic and systemic inflammation, explaining the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the occurrence of liver diseases (75).”
From Kefir and Intestinal Microbiota Modulation: Implications in Human Health (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
Toxins produced by intestinal microbiota and metabolic endotoxemia allow the development of low-grade chronic inflammation.
“Toxins produced by intestinal microbiota and a picture of metabolic endotoxemia—that is, altered intestinal permeability—allow the development of a low-grade chronic inflammation.”
From Kefir and Intestinal Microbiota Modulation: Implications in Human Health (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
Changes in intestinal permeability, favored by an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota, encourage low-grade chronic inflammation, leading to systemic insulin resistance and diabetes.
“Changes in intestinal permeability, which are favored by an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota, encourage the occurrence of this inflammation, which leads to resistance to systemic insulin, with consequent development of diabetes (3, 75).”
From Kefir and Intestinal Microbiota Modulation: Implications in Human Health (2021) · cites this paper as [75]
In the gut, the GM and its metabolites modulate gastrointestinal functions via effects on intestinal permeability, mucosal immune function, intestinal motility and sensitivity, and the ENS.
“In the gut, the GM and its metabolites have been shown to modulate gastrointestinal functions via their effects on intestinal permeability (32–35), mucosal immune function (36–38), intestinal motility and sensitivity (39, 40), and the enteric nervous system (ENS) (21, 24, 25, 41).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [32]
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Mahboobi, S., Ghasvarian, M., Ghaem, H., Alipour, H., Alipour, S., & Eftekhari, M. H. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.1018357 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Oba, P. M., Kelly, J., Kostiuk, D., & Swanson, K. S. (2023) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.1093/jas/skad073 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
BANANA PEEL FLAKES ALLEVIATE BLOOD GLUCOSE AND STRESS IN A DOSE-DEPENDENT MANNER
MELIALA, A., SUMIWI, Y. A. A., NARWIDINA, P., RINI, S. L. S., & SETYANINGSIH, W. (2020) · International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.22159/ijpps.2020v12i8.37659 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Hatton‐Jones, K. M., du Toit, E. F., & Cox, A. J. (2022) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.14300 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cani, P. D., Osto, M., Geurts, L., & Everard, A.
- Affiliations
- UCLouvain (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Cani, Patrice D.
- Venue
- Gut Microbes
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2012-05-14
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 279-288
- ISSN
- 1949-0976 (ISSN-L)
- 1949-0984
- PMC
- PMC3463487
- OpenAlex
- W2133010654
- Cited by
- 864
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 43 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Gut Microbes (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DIAL (Catholic University of Leuven) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, obesity, low-grade inflammation, type 2 diabetes, metabolic endotoxemia, lipopolysaccharide, intestinal permeability, endocannabinoid system, leptin resistance, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon-like peptide-2, prebiotics, probiotics, gastric bypass, glucose homeostasis
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Endotoxins, Humans, Inflammation, Obesity, Gastrointestinal Tract, Metagenome
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