Cited by 864Gut microbiota and healthAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesOral microbiology and periodontitis research

Involvement of gut microbiota in the development of low-grade inflammation and type 2 diabetes associated with obesity

Open access
Cani, Patrice D., Osto, Melania, Geurts, Lucie, Everard, Amandine·2012·Gut Microbes

Abstract

Obesity is associated with metabolic alterations related to glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular risk factors. These metabolic alterations are associated with low-grade inflammation that contributes to the onset of these diseases. We and others have provided evidence that gut microbiota participates in whole-body metabolism by affecting energy balance, glucose metabolism, and low-grade inflammation associated with obesity and related metabolic disorders. Recently, we defined gut microbiota-derived lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (and metabolic endotoxemia) as a factor involved in the onset and progression of inflammation and metabolic diseases. In this review, we discuss mechanisms involved in the development of metabolic endotoxemia such as the gut permeability. We also discuss our latest discoveries demonstrating a link between the gut microbiota, endocannabinoid system tone, leptin resistance, gut peptides (glucagon-like peptide-1 and -2), and metabolic features. Finally, we will introduce the role of the gut microbiota in specific dietary treatments (prebiotics and probiotics) and surgical interventions (gastric bypass).

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.4161/gmic.19625

Cites

130 of 130 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The development of diabetes mellitus is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation.

    “The development of diabetes mellitus is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation.”
  • This inflammatory condition stimulates activation of toll-like receptors and macrophages, generating hepatic and systemic inflammation, explaining the relationship between intestinal microbiota and liver diseases.

    “This inflammatory condition stimulates the activation of toll-like receptors and macrophages, which generates hepatic and systemic inflammation, explaining the relationship between the intestinal microbiota and the occurrence of liver diseases (75).”
  • Toxins produced by intestinal microbiota and metabolic endotoxemia allow the development of low-grade chronic inflammation.

    “Toxins produced by intestinal microbiota and a picture of metabolic endotoxemia—that is, altered intestinal permeability—allow the development of a low-grade chronic inflammation.”
  • Changes in intestinal permeability, favored by an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota, encourage low-grade chronic inflammation, leading to systemic insulin resistance and diabetes.

    “Changes in intestinal permeability, which are favored by an imbalance in the intestinal microbiota, encourage the occurrence of this inflammation, which leads to resistance to systemic insulin, with consequent development of diabetes (3, 75).”
  • In the gut, the GM and its metabolites modulate gastrointestinal functions via effects on intestinal permeability, mucosal immune function, intestinal motility and sensitivity, and the ENS.

    “In the gut, the GM and its metabolites have been shown to modulate gastrointestinal functions via their effects on intestinal permeability (32–35), mucosal immune function (36–38), intestinal motility and sensitivity (39, 40), and the enteric nervous system (ENS) (21, 24, 25, 41).”

Cites

1 retracted

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Cani, P. D., Osto, M., Geurts, L., & Everard, A.
Affiliations
UCLouvain (BE)
Corresponding author
Cani, Patrice D.
Venue
Gut Microbes
Published
2012-05-14
Volume
3
Issue
4
Pages
279-288
ISSN
  • 1949-0976 (ISSN-L)
  • 1949-0984
OpenAlex
W2133010654
Cited by
864
References
130
Citations by year
2026: 43 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 63 · 2022: 85 · 2021: 107 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 55 · 2016: 59 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 40 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 4
FWCI
3.82
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Gut Microbes (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DIAL (Catholic University of Leuven) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
Keywords
gut microbiota, obesity, low-grade inflammation, type 2 diabetes, metabolic endotoxemia, lipopolysaccharide, intestinal permeability, endocannabinoid system, leptin resistance, glucagon-like peptide-1, glucagon-like peptide-2, prebiotics, probiotics, gastric bypass, glucose homeostasis
MeSH terms
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Endotoxins, Humans, Inflammation, Obesity, Gastrointestinal Tract, Metagenome

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review