Carbohydrate ingestion attenuates the increase in plasma interleukin-6, but not skeletal muscle interleukin-6 mRNA, during exercise in humans
Open accessAbstract
1. The present study was undertaken to examine the effects of exercise and carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion on interleukin-6 (IL-6) gene expression in skeletal muscle and plasma IL-6 concentration. 2. Seven moderately trained men completed 60 min of exercise at a workload corresponding to each individual's lactate threshold on four randomised occasions. Two trials were conducted on a bicycle ergometer (Cyc) and two on a running treadmill (Run) either with (CHO) or without (Con) the ingestion of a CHO beverage throughout the exercise. Muscle biopsies were obtained from the vastus lateralis before and immediately after exercise and IL-6 gene expression in these samples was determined using real-time PCR. In addition, venous blood samples were collected at rest, and after 30 min during and at the cessation of exercise. These samples were analysed for plasma IL-6. 3. Irrespective of exercise mode or CHO ingestion, exercise resulted in a 21 +/- 4-fold increase (P < 0.01; main exercise effect) in IL-6 mRNA expression. In contrast, while the mode of exercise did not affect the exercise-induced increase in plasma IL-6, CHO ingestion blunted (P < 0.01) this response. 4. These data demonstrate that CHO ingestion attenuates the plasma IL-6 concentration during both cycling and running exercise. However, because IL-6 mRNA expression was unaffected by CHO ingestion, it is likely that the ingestion of CHO during exercise attenuates IL-6 production by tissues other than skeletal muscle.
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The running model leads to greater release of IL-6 because of greater muscle damage due to its larger eccentric component compared to cycling.
“According to these studies, the running model leads to a greater release of IL-6 because of the greater muscle damage which occurs due to its eccentric component being larger compared to that of cycling.”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Starkie et al., 2001
The introductory passage (labelled Abstract in our copy; page unavailable) reports earlier findings of higher plasma IL-6 after running than cycling and proposes tissue disruption as a possible explanation. But this paper’s Results found no significant effect of exercise mode on plasma IL-6, and its Discussion argues against muscle damage as the mechanism for increased muscle IL-6 gene expression. It does not establish the claimed causal explanation for greater IL-6 release. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOther studies comparing IL-6 response in running and cycling did not show significant differences.
“Other studies comparing the IL-6 response in these two exercise models did not show significant differences (Starkie et al., 2001).”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Starkie et al., 2001
Higher plasma levels of IL-6 have been reported in studies using running compared to cycling as a model of physical exercise.
“Higher plasma levels of IL-6 have been reported in some studies that use running as a model of physical exercise compared to those which use cycling (Nieman et al., 1998; Starkie et al., 2001).”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Starkie et al., 2001
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- Authors
- Starkie, R. L., Arkinstall, M. J., Koukoulas, I., Hawley, J. A., & Febbraio, M. A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- RMIT University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Febbraio, M. A.
- Venue
- The Journal of Physiology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-06
- Volume
- 533
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 585-591
- ISSN
- 0022-3751 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7793
- PMC
- PMC2278645
- OpenAlex
- W2001955029
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 18.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- The Journal of Physiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- carbohydrate intake, interleukin-6, physical activity, skeletal muscle gene expression, plasma cytokines, exercise mode, cycling, treadmill running, vastus lateralis, exercise-induced inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Biopsy, Blood Glucose, Dietary Carbohydrates, Exercise Test, Glycogen, Humans, Male, RNA, Messenger, Exercise, Interleukin-6, Gene Expression, Muscle, Skeletal
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