ATR and ATRIP: Partners in Checkpoint Signaling
Abstract
The checkpoint kinases ATM (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) and ATR (ATM and Rad3 related) transduce genomic stress signals to halt cell cycle progression and promote DNA repair. We report the identification of an ATR-interacting protein (ATRIP) that is phosphorylated by ATR, regulates ATR expression, and is an essential component of the DNA damage checkpoint pathway. ATR and ATRIP both localize to intranuclear foci after DNA damage or inhibition of replication. Deletion of ATR mediated by the Cre recombinase caused the loss of ATR and ATRIP expression, loss of DNA damage checkpoint responses, and cell death. Therefore, ATR is essential for the viability of human somatic cells. Small interfering RNA directed against ATRIP caused the loss of both ATRIP and ATR expression and the loss of checkpoint responses to DNA damage. Thus, ATRIP and ATR are mutually dependent partners in cell cycle checkpoint signaling pathways.
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ATR in complex with ATRIP binds RPA-coated single-stranded DNA through an ATRIP-RPA interaction, and ATRIP activates ATR checkpoint kinase activity.
“ATR in complex with its nuclear binding partner ATR-interacting protein (ATRIP) binds to this RPA-coated ssDNA via an ATRIP-RPA interaction. ATRIP also serves to activate the checkpoint kinase activity of ATR 4, 27–30.”
From Xeroderma Pigmentosa Group A (XPA), Nucleotide Excision Repair and Regulation by ATR in Response to Ultraviolet Irradiation (2017) · cites this paper as [27]
Activated ATR phosphorylates downstream mediators including Chk1, AKAP12, MK2, p53, ATRIP, and XPA.
“Activated ATR kinase phosphorylates many downstream mediators/effectors which include checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), A-kinase-anchoring protein 12 (AKAP12), p38/mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein (MAPKAP) kinase 2 (MK2), the tumor suppressor protein p53, ATRIP and XPA 27, 31–33.”
From Xeroderma Pigmentosa Group A (XPA), Nucleotide Excision Repair and Regulation by ATR in Response to Ultraviolet Irradiation (2017) · cites this paper as [27]
Phosphorylation of ATR by PKA is separate from the ATR-Chk1 pathway.
“PKA-induced phosphorylation of ATR is distinct from the ATR-Chk1 pathway (Cortez et al., 2001; Liu et al., 2000) since phosphorylation of Ser435 does not promote Chk1 phosphorylation or cell cycle arrest”
From RETRACTED: PKA-Mediated Phosphorylation of ATR Promotes Recruitment of XPA to UV-Induced DNA Damage (2014) · cites this paper as Cortez et al., 2001
ATRIP is recruited to single-stranded DNA through direct RPA-ATRIP interaction, thereby bringing ATR to RPA-coated single-stranded DNA.
“ATR-interacting protein ATRIP is recruited to ssDNA via direct interaction between RPA and ATRIP, thereby recruiting ATR to RPA-ssDNA [100, 101].”
From Functional interplay between ATM/ATR-mediated DNA damage response and DNA repair pathways in oxidative stress (2014) · cites this paper as [101]
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Fridlyand, J., Snijders, A. M., Ylstra, B., Li, H., Olshen, A. B., Segraves, R., Dairkee, S. H., Tokuyasu, T. A., Ljung, B., Jain, A. N., et al. (2006) · BMC Cancer · doi:10.1186/1471-2407-6-96 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
ATR Kinase Activation Mediated by MutSα and MutLα in Response to Cytotoxic O6-Methylguanine Adducts
Yoshioka, K.-I., Yoshioka, Y., & Hsieh, P. (2006) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2006.04.023 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
Rapid Activation of ATR by Ionizing Radiation Requires ATM and Mre11
Myers, J. S., & Cortez, D. (2006) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m513265200 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Self-citationATR Regulates a G2-Phase Cell-Cycle Checkpoint in Arabidopsis thaliana
Culligan, K. M., Tissier, A. F., & Britt, A. (2004) · The Plant Cell · doi:10.1105/tpc.018903 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
ATR: a master conductor of cellular responses to DNA replication stress
Flynn, R. L., & Zou, L. (2011) · Trends in Biochemical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tibs.2010.09.005 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Bothmer, A., Robbiani, D. F., Feldhahn, N., Gazumyan, A., Nussenzweig, A., & Nussenzweig, M. C. (2010) · The Journal of Experimental Medicine · doi:10.1084/jem.20100244 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
ATM-related Tel1 associates with double-strand breaks through an Xrs2-dependent mechanismPreprint
Nakada, D., Matsumoto, K., & Sugimoto, K. (2003) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1099003 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Hammond, E. M., Dorie, M. J., & Giaccia, A. J. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m212360200 · Cited by 282 · see citing works
The Rad9-Hus1-Rad1 Checkpoint Clamp Regulates Interaction of TopBP1 with ATR
Lee, J., Kumagai, A., & Dunphy, W. G. (2007) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m704635200 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
ATR autophosphorylation as a molecular switch for checkpoint activation
Liu, S., Shiotani, B., Lahiri, M., Maréchal, A., Tse, A., Leung, C. C. Y., Glover, J. N. M., Yang, X. H., & Zou, L. (2011) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2011.06.019 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
ATM and ATR signaling at a glance
Awasthi, P., Foiani, M., & Kumar, A. (2015) · Journal of Cell Science · doi:10.1242/jcs.169730 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Bray, C. M., & West, C. E. (2005) · New Phytologist · doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01548.x · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Common mechanisms of PIKK regulation
Lovejoy, C. A., & Cortez, D. (2009) · DNA Repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2009.04.006 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationMolecular profiling of non-small cell lung cancer and correlation with disease-free survival.
Wigle, D. A., Jurišica, I., Radulovich, N., Pintilie, M., Rossant, J., Liu, G., Lu, C., Woodgett, J. R., Seiden, I., Johnston, M., et al. (2002) · PubMed · Cited by 276 · see citing works
DNA Damage Response: Three Levels of DNA Repair Regulation
Sirbu, B. M., & Cortez, D. (2013) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a012724 · Cited by 272 · see citing works
Self-citationThe ATRs, ATMs, and TORs Are Giant HEAT Repeat Proteins
Perry, J., & Kleckner, N. E. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00033-3 · Cited by 268 · see citing works
Charrier, J., Durrant, S. J., Golec, J. M. C., Kay, D. P., Knegtel, R. M. A., MacCormick, S., Mortimore, M., O'Donnell, M. E., Pinder, J. L., Reaper, P. M., et al. (2011) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm101488z · Cited by 256 · see citing works
ETAA1 acts at stalled replication forks to maintain genome integrity
Bass, T. E., Luzwick, J. W., Kavanaugh, G. M., Carroll, C. M., Dungrawala, H., Glick, G. G., Feldkamp, M. D., Putney, R., Chazin, W., & Cortez, D. (2016) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb3415 · Cited by 258 · see citing works
Self-citationHeterochromatic breaks move to the nuclear periphery to continue recombinational repair
Ryu, T., Spatola, B. N., Delabaere, L., Bowlin, K., Hopp, H., Kunitake, R. C., Karpen, G. H., & Chiolo, I. (2015) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb3258 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
The ATR pathway: Fine-tuning the fork
PAULSEN, R., & Cimprich, K. A. (2007) · DNA repair · doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.02.015 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Activation of the ATR kinase by the RPA-binding protein ETAA1
Haahr, P., Hoffmann, S., Tollenaere, M. A. X., Ho, T., Toledo, L. I., Mann, M., Bekker‐Jensen, S., Räschle, M., & Mailand, N. (2016) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb3422 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
Tti1 and Tel2 Are Critical Factors in Mammalian Target of Rapamycin Complex Assembly
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“Two additional genes, Trex1 and Atrip, located within the 2 LOD drop-off interval, are involved in DNA repair [52,53].”
BackgroundUV Irradiation Triggers Ubiquitin-Dependent Degradation of p21WAF1 to Promote DNA Repair
Bendjennat, M., Boulaire, J., Jascur, T., Brickner, H., Barbier, V., Sarasin, A., Fotedar, A., & Fotedar, R. (2003) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2003.08.001 · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Nucleoside analogs: molecular mechanisms signaling cell death
Ewald, B., Sampath, D., & Plunkett, W. K. (2008) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/onc.2008.316 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
A subset of ATM‐ and ATR‐dependent phosphorylation events requires the BRCA1 protein
Foray, N., Marot, D., Gabriel, A., Randrianarison-Huetz, V., Carr, A. M., Perricaudet, M., Ashworth, A., & Jeggo, P. A. (2003) · The EMBO Journal · doi:10.1093/emboj/cdg274 · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Yan, S., Sorrell, M., & Berman, Z. (2014) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-014-1666-4 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cortez, D., Guntuku, S., Qin, J., & Elledge, S. J.
- Affiliations
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Verna and Mars McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology,
- Corresponding author
- Elledge, Stephen J.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2001-11-23
- Volume
- 294
- Issue
- 5547
- Pages
- 1713-1716
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W1968552183
- Cited by
- 985
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 41 · 2013: 52 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 16.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › DNA Repair Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer-related Molecular Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Keywords
- ATR, ATRIP, ATM, DNA damage checkpoint, genomic stress, cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, replication stress, protein phosphorylation, cell viability
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Cell Cycle, Cell Line, Cell Survival, DNA Damage, DNA-Binding Proteins, Exodeoxyribonucleases, Exons, HeLa Cells, Humans, Molecular Sequence Data, Molecular Weight, Phosphoproteins, Phosphorylation, Precipitin Tests, Protein Binding, Viral Proteins, Signal Transduction, Sequence Alignment, Cell Death, Conserved Sequence, Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases, Gene Deletion, Cell Cycle Proteins, Integrases, Genes, Essential, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated Proteins
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