CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 16Intimate Partner and Family ViolenceStalking, Cyberstalking, and HarassmentElder Abuse and Neglect

The relationship between emotional intimate partner violence and other forms of violence: A metaanalytic review.

Open access
Palmer, Megan L., Keilholtz, Brooke M., Vail, Summer L., Spencer, Chelsea M.·2024·Family Process
DOI 10.1111/famp.12992
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The present study aimed to explore the relationship between emotional intimate partner violence (IPV) and different forms of violence using a meta-analysis.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/famp.12992

Cites

88 of 88 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

16 of 66 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Of those who have experienced both physical and emotional violence, 70% reported that their exposure to emotional violence had an even more profound negative effect on them than physical violence did.

    “In fact, of those who have experienced both physical and emotional violence, 70% reported that their exposure to emotional violence had an even more profound negative effect on them than physical violence did (Dokkedahl et al., 2019;Follingstad et al., 1990).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Dokkedahl et al., 2019 source

      The Background discusses the mental-health effects of psychological violence, but does not report how people exposed to both physical and emotional violence rated their relative impact. A search of our copy for “70%” and for that comparison found no matching finding; the paper is a review protocol, not a report of that result. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Follingstad et al., 1990 source
  • Premisecitation

    Emotional IPV receives the least amount of attention compared to physical or sexual IPV.

    “Emotional IPV receives the least amount of attention compared to physical or sexual IPV (Stern et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stern et al., 2019 source
  • Premisecitation

    Forms of violence frequently happen in tandem.

    “Ample evidence has emerged demonstrating that forms of violence frequently happen in tandem (Franklin & Kercher, 2012;Saint-Eloi Cadely et al., 2019;Stith et al., 2000).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Franklin & Kercher, 2012 source
    • cites Saint-Eloi Cadely et al., 2019 source

      The Results report that three forms of dating aggression—physical aggression, threatening behaviors, and emotional abuse—were highly correlated in the adolescent sample. This supports an association among those forms, but the paper does not establish how frequently forms of violence generally occur together. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Stith et al., 2000 source
  • Premisecitation

    Longitudinal data identified psychological violence as a precursor to later physical violence.

    “In addition, longitudinal data identified psychological violence as a precursor to later physical violence (Karakurt & Silver, 2013), indicating potential escalation that may be prevented by early detection and intervention.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Karakurt & Silver, 2013 source

      The Introduction says emotional abuse is often a precursor to physical abuse and reports that early verbal abuse predicts subsequent physical spousal abuse. However, it attributes that finding to Schumacher and Leonard (2005); Karakurt and Silver’s Methods describe a one-time questionnaire study, not longitudinal data identifying the sequence themselves. The cited paper supports the precursor point, but not the claim that its own longitudinal data established it. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Dyadic treatment for IPV is successful in treating couples who experience situational violence.

    “Dyadic treatment for IPV has been found to be successful in treating couples who experience situational violence (Karakurt et al., 2016) but is contraindicated in relationships experiencing intimate partner terrorism or severe physical violence (Stith et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Karakurt et al., 2016 source

      The Discussion > Future Research (page unavailable) reports a moderate reduction in male-to-female situational violence following couples therapy. The Conclusions > Policy & Clinical Implications (page unavailable) limit the findings to mild-to-moderate situational violence and caution that benefits vary across couples. Thus, the source supports effectiveness in selected cases, but not the unqualified claim that dyadic treatment is successful for couples experiencing situational violence generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims. 20
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 33
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 3

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Women suffer disproportionately from IPV, especially in terms of injuries among other psychological and physical outcomes.

    “Still, it has been found that women suffer disproportionately from IPV, especially in terms of injuries among other psychological and physical outcomes (Caldwell et al., 2012;Gibbs et al., 2018;Melton & Belknap, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Caldwell et al., 2012

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Gibbs et al., 2018 source

      The Discussion (page not provided) links women’s experiences of IPV to depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, supporting the psychological-outcomes portion. It does not compare women’s outcomes with men’s or establish that women suffer disproportionately from IPV-related injuries. Its mention of injuries concerns deaths associated with major depressive disorder, not injuries caused by IPV. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Melton & Belknap, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Emotional IPV and negative interaction cycles are overlapping phenomena on a continuum where more severe behaviors would be attributed to emotional IPV.

    “In addition, it is important to consider the two as overlapping phenomena on a continuum where more severe forms of behaviors would be attributed to that of emotional IPV (e.g., intentionally aggressive, or hostile behaviors and controlling actions) due to IPV behaviors often being seen as maladaptive conflict resolution behaviors in more severe forms (Bonache et al., 2019;Shortt et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bonache et al., 2019 source
    • cites Shortt et al., 2010 source

      The Discussion describes IPV and negative affect during couples’ interactions as related factors, and the paper examines how they jointly relate to relationship satisfaction. It does not place negative interaction cycles and emotional IPV on a severity continuum. The Methods > Measures section defines the study’s IPV construct in terms of physical aggression, not the hostile or controlling behaviors the claim assigns to emotional IPV; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Premisecitation

    Physical IPV treatments would benefit from elements focused on emotional IPV.

    “Longitudinal evidence suggests that emotional violence treatments would decrease exposure to physical violence and that physical IPV treatments would benefit from elements focused on emotional IPV (Karakurt & Silver, 2013;Panuzio & DiLillo, 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Karakurt & Silver, 2013 source

      The Discussion’s Practice Implications section (page unavailable) says counselors should recognize emotional abuse and that addressing it may prevent escalation to physical violence. This supports a rationale for focusing on emotional IPV, but the paper does not specifically assess or recommend adding emotional-IPV elements to physical-IPV treatments. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Panuzio & DiLillo, 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingcitation

    All seven longitudinal articles highlighted a need to intervene early when IPV is present to lessen the likelihood of more severe forms of violence occurring.

    “All seven of the articles highlighted a need to intervene early when IPV is present to lessen the likelihood of more severe forms of violence occurring (Hardesty et al., 2016;Kuijpers et al., 2012;Lohman et al., 2013;Panuzio & DiLillo, 2010;Stylianou et al., 2013;Sunday et al., 2011;Wyatt et al., 2000).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hardesty et al., 2016 source

      The Discussion (page unavailable in our copy) calls for individualized assessments of IPV and postseparation risks, and describes the study as examining mothers early in the divorce process. It does not say that early intervention makes more severe forms of violence less likely. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Kuijpers et al., 2012

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Lohman et al., 2013 source

      The Discussion says psychological IPV can predict physical violence and that targeting its predictors in prevention programs may reduce subsequent physical violence. This supports early prevention, but the paper proposes targeting risk factors rather than specifically intervening when IPV is already present. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation

    There has yet to be adaptation to include multiple facets in emotional IPV assessment.

    “In addition, stalking is rarely included in measures of emotional IPV even though there is literature developing that stalking and emotional IPV are correlated there has yet to be adaptation to include multiple facets in emotional IPV assessment (Mechanic et al., 2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    No significant differences were found for physical IPV perpetration, sexual IPV victimization, or controlling behaviors perpetration when comparing the strength of their correlation to emotional IPV perpetration and victimization.

    “No significant differences were found for physical IPV perpetration, sexual IPV victimization, or controlling behaviors perpetration when comparing the strength of their correlation to emotional IPV perpetration and victimization.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Emotional IPV perpetration is positively associated with controlling behaviors perpetration (r = 0.34, p < 0.001).

    “controlling behaviors perpetration (r = 0.34, p < 0.001)”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “The meta-analysis also found, in order of strength, emotional IPV perpetration was positively associated with stalking perpetration, physical IPV perpetration, causing injury to a partner, controlling behaviors victimization, sexual IPV perpetration, physical IPV victimization, controlling behaviors perpetration, and sexual IPV victimization.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Experiencing various forms of IPV was significantly associated with both perpetration and victimization of emotional IPV.

    “Experiencing various forms of IPV was significantly associated with both perpetration and victimization of emotional IPV, but our meta-analysis demonstrated that emotional IPV victimization was more strongly associated with being a victim of other forms of IPV than perpetration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Physical IPV victimization is a significantly stronger correlate for emotional IPV victimization than for emotional IPV perpetration (Qb = 22.49, p < 0.001).

    “Our meta-analysis also found that physical IPV victimization was a significantly stronger correlate of emotional IPV victimization compared to perpetration”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Controlling behaviors victimization is a significantly stronger correlate for emotional IPV victimization than for emotional IPV perpetration (Qb = 4.40, p = 0.036).

    “Controlling behaviors victimization was a significantly stronger correlate for emotional IPV victimization compared to perpetration.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    In this meta-analysis, six studies used the World Health Organization Violence Against Women Survey.

    “In this meta-analysis, 15 studies used the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory, 12 used author-generated “yes or no” questions, six used the World Health Organization Violence Against Women Survey, five used the Abusive Behavior Inventory, and four used the Index of Spouse Abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Of the 188 studies examined in our meta-analysis, 111 (59%) elected to use the CTS to examine emotional IPV.

    “Of the 188 studies examined in our meta-analysis, 111 (59%) elected to use the CTS to examine emotional IPV, demonstrating the popularity of the CTS for empirical work.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    In this meta-analysis, 12 studies used author-generated yes/no questions.

    “In this meta-analysis, 15 studies used the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory, 12 used author-generated “yes or no” questions, six used the World Health Organization Violence Against Women Survey, five used the Abusive Behavior Inventory, and four used the Index of Spouse Abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    In this meta-analysis, 15 studies used the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory.

    “In this meta-analysis, 15 studies used the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory, 12 used author-generated “yes or no” questions, six used the World Health Organization Violence Against Women Survey, five used the Abusive Behavior Inventory, and four used the Index of Spouse Abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In the assessed forms of violence, all seven longitudinal articles showed a significant relationship between emotional IPV and all other forms of violence including coercion, re-victimization, financial IPV, and physical IPV.

    “In the assessed forms of violence, all articles showed a significant relationship between emotional IPV and all other forms of violence including coercion, re-victimization, financial IPV, and physical IPV.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There were seven studies that we identified that utilized longitudinal data.

    “There were seven studies that we identified that utilized longitudinal data.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    In this meta-analysis, five studies used the Abusive Behavior Inventory.

    “In this meta-analysis, 15 studies used the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory, 12 used author-generated “yes or no” questions, six used the World Health Organization Violence Against Women Survey, five used the Abusive Behavior Inventory, and four used the Index of Spouse Abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    There were 35 studies that used other measures only used in one or two studies.

    “There were 35 studies that used other measures only used in one or two studies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    In this meta-analysis, four studies used the Index of Spouse Abuse.

    “In this meta-analysis, 15 studies used the Psychological Maltreatment of Women Inventory, 12 used author-generated “yes or no” questions, six used the World Health Organization Violence Against Women Survey, five used the Abusive Behavior Inventory, and four used the Index of Spouse Abuse.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The current meta-analysis identified top correlates for emotional IPV perpetration and victimization and found emotional IPV victimization to be most highly correlated with emotional IPV perpetration and vice versa.

    “The current metaanalysis identified top correlates for emotional IPV perpetration and victimization and found emotional IPV victimization to be most highly correlated with emotional IPV perpetration and vice versa.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Emotional IPV is the most prevalent form of IPV experienced, with nearly 50% of both men and women reporting emotional abuse victimization.

    “Emotional IPV is the most prevalent form of IPV experienced, with nearly 50% of both men and women reporting emotional abuse victimization (Black et al., 2011;Carney & Barner, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Black et al., 2011
    • cites Carney & Barner, 2012 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The Abuse within Intimate Relationships Scale measures both physical and nonphysical methods of IPV, including emotional abuse, deception, and verbal abuse, with the intent of identifying precursors to physical violence in young adults.

    “The Abuse within Intimate Relationships Scale (Borjesson et al., 2003) measures both physical and “nonphysical” methods of IPV, the latter of which include emotional abuse, deception, and verbal abuse, with the intent of identifying precursors to physical violence in young adults.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Borjesson et al., 2003 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Although the correlation between sexual IPV perpetration and emotional IPV victimization was not significant in this study, it does not mean it will not be present for cases of IPV and may still be vital to research and treatment.

    “It is important to note that although this correlation was not significantly related to emotional IPV in this study, it does not mean it will not be present for cases of IPV and may still be vital to research and treatment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Emotional abuse is the most prevalent form of IPV.

    “Despite evidence that emotional abuse is the most prevalent form of IPV (Basile et al., 2011;Carney & Barner, 2012), methods of assessment remain an urgent need for this issue.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Basile et al., 2011

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Carney & Barner, 2012 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    There may be saliency in the roles or positions from which one encounters IPV.

    “This indicates that there may be saliency in the roles or positions from which one encounters IPV.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Controlling behaviors are frequently associated with emotional IPV and are associated with emotional IPV perpetration.

    “Controlling behaviors are frequently associated with emotional IPV and therefore continue to be associated with emotional IPV perpetration as a factor of this form of detrimental IPV (Aizpurua et al., 2021;Ansara & Hindin, 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Aizpurua et al., 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Ansara & Hindin, 2011 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Men's violence produces more frequent and more severe injuries, as well as higher levels of fear.

    “There have also been further findings to support that men's violence produces more frequent and more severe injuries, as well as higher levels of fear (Johnson, 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Johnson, 2005 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    Victimization in one context often leads to victimization in other scenarios.

    “As previously stated, victimization in one context often leads to victimization in other scenarios.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The literature search process aligned with procedures outlined by Borenstein et al. (2009) and Card (2012).

    “This process aligned with procedures outlined by Borenstein et al. (2009) and Card (2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Borenstein et al., 2009 source
    • cites Card, 2012

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Dyadic treatment for IPV is contraindicated in relationships experiencing intimate partner terrorism or severe physical violence.

    “Dyadic treatment for IPV has been found to be successful in treating couples who experience situational violence (Karakurt et al., 2016) but is contraindicated in relationships experiencing intimate partner terrorism or severe physical violence (Stith et al., 2011).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stith et al., 2011 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    A possible reason for the low correlation between sexual IPV perpetration and emotional IPV victimization is a lack of studies exploring that relationship.

    “This could be due to a lack of studies exploring the relationship between sexual IPV and emotional IPV.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    If a couple is only engaging in emotional IPV, and IPV is bi-directional, IPV-specific couples' treatment could help prevent further escalation of IPV in these relationships.

    “If a couple is only engaging in emotional IPV, and IPV is bi-directional in nature, IPV-specific couples' treatment could help prevent any further escalation of IPV in these relationships.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Two researchers cross-coded all articles and had a 97.25% agreement rate.

    “Two researchers cross-coded all articles and had a 97.25% agreement rate.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    A random effects approach was used because it accounts for both between-study and within-study variance, leading to increased generalizability of the results.

    “We used a random effects approach because it accounts for both between-study and within-study variance, leading to increased generalizability of the results (Borenstein et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Borenstein et al., 2010 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    There is literature developing that stalking and emotional IPV are correlated.

    “In addition, stalking is rarely included in measures of emotional IPV even though there is literature developing that stalking and emotional IPV are correlated there has yet to be adaptation to include multiple facets in emotional IPV assessment (Mechanic et al., 2000).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mechanic et al., 2000 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    We calculated a publication bias test to ensure our results were reliable against potential publication bias.

    “However, we did calculate a publication bias test in order to ensure our results were reliable against potential publication bias.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Previous criticism of the CTS as a measurement of IPV frequency argues that limiting the context to conflict may skew the report of how frequently abuse is occurring in the relationship.

    “Previous criticism of the CTS as a measurement of IPV frequency argues that limiting the context to conflict may skew the report of how frequently abuse is occurring in the relationship (Dutton, 2006).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Dutton, 2006

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Our study examined mostly cross-sectional data, where IPV could be co-occurring simultaneously.

    “Our study also examined mostly cross-sectional data, where IPV could be co-occurring simultaneously.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Longitudinal studies provided evidence that early detection and intervention when violence is present is needed to help potentially reduce escalated or repeat offenses of IPV.

    “Longitudinal studies provided evidence that early detection and intervention when violence is present is needed to help potentially reduce escalated or repeat offenses of IPV.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The original Conflict Tactics Scale and the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale are frequently used to assess interpersonal aggression but were originally designed to measure conflict resolution strategies.

    “One of the most commonly used measures, the original Conflict Tactics Scale, and the revised version, the Revised Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS; Straus, 1979;CTS-2;Straus et al., 1996) are frequently used to assess interpersonal aggression but were originally designed to measure conflict resolution strategies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Straus, 1979

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Straus et al., 1996 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    It is possible that we did not find all potential studies to be included in the meta-analysis through our database searches.

    “It is possible that we did not find all potential studies to be included in the metaanalysis through our database searches.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Many assessments of emotional IPV involve a list of behaviors and rely on self-report or partner reporting.

    “Many assessments of emotional IPV involve a list of behaviors that fall into one of these categories and relies on self-report or partner reporting (Hudson & McIntosh, 1981;Straus, 1979;Straus et al., 1996), calling to attention the concerning evidence of reporting discrepancies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Hudson & McIntosh, 1981 source
    • cites Straus, 1979

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Straus et al., 1996 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Several variables examined were found in a few studies, such as stalking victimization and perpetration.

    “Another limitation of this study is that several variables examined were found in a few studies, such as stalking victimization and perpetration.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    We are unaware of the context of IPV in these situations, which serves as a limitation.

    “For the purpose of this study, we are unaware of the context of IPV in these situations which serves as a limitation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Not having knowledge of the context makes us unable to provide the context in which victimization and perpetration are highly correlated, which means it could be in the context of retaliation, self-defense, etc.

    “Not having knowledge of the context makes us unable to provide the context in which victimization and perpetration are highly correlated which means it could be in the context of retaliation, self-defense, etc.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Utilizing assessments that accurately identify early forms of violence, such as emotional abuse, could lower the risk of subsequent and more severe forms of violence such as physical and sexual violence and stalking.

    “By utilizing assessments that accurately identify early forms of violence, such as emotional abuse, this could lower the risk of subsequent and more severe forms of violence such as physical and sexual violence and stalking.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Physical IPV, sexual IPV, controlling behaviors, causing injury to a partner, and stalking can be predecessors or outcomes of emotional IPV.

    “This study amplifies this importance in exploring physical IPV, sexual IPV, controlling behaviors, causing injury to a partner, and stalking and how these forms of violence can be predecessors or outcomes of emotional IPV.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There is evidence of gender discrepancies and perpetrator-victim discrepancies in reporting.

    “Evidence of gender discrepancies and perpetrator-victim discrepancies (Edleson & Brygger, 1986;O'Leary & Arias, 1988) are important considerations for the effective administration of emotional IPV assessment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Edleson & Brygger, 1986 source
    • cites O'Leary & Arias, 1988

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

48 of 48

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    This is the first meta-analysis to explore the relationship between emotional IPV and other violent circumstances.

    “To our knowledge, this is the first meta-analysis to explore the relationship between emotional IPV and other violent circumstances.”
1 of 1

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Abstract calls a nonsignificant association significant

    Major

    The abstract includes sexual IPV perpetration among the significant correlates of emotional IPV victimization, but the results explicitly say that association was not significant.

  • The database list contains six names, not seven

    Minor

    The literature-search description states that seven databases were used but names only six.

  • Stalking-perpetration correlation differs from Table 2

    Minor

    The results prose gives the stalking-perpetration correlation with emotional IPV perpetration as 0.56, while Table 2 gives 0.55.

  • Gender-comparison text names the wrong outcome

    Minor

    The text describes the comparisons in Table 5 as correlations with emotional IPV victimization, but the table identifies emotional IPV perpetration as the outcome.

  • Results reverse the significance finding for sexual IPV victimization

    Minor

    The results say the perpetration-versus-victimization comparison was not significant for sexual IPV victimization, whereas Table 3 reports p = 0.008 for that comparison.

5 of 5

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

3 of the 91 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Black M. C., 2011, The national intimate partner and sexual violence survey (NISVS): 2010 summary report

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Palmer, M. L., Keilholtz, B. M., Vail, S. L., & Spencer, C. M.
Affiliations
Kansas State University (US)
Corresponding author
Palmer, Megan L.
ORCID
Venue
Family Process
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2024-03-20
Volume
63
Issue
4
Pages
2291-2307
ISSN
  • 0014-7370 (ISSN-L)
  • 1545-5300
DOI
10.1111/famp.12992
OpenAlex
W4393006537
Semantic Scholar
2872a590dd6e5d585de635f5022a16b214d52d7d
Cited by
16
References
91
Citations by year
2026: 9 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 2
FWCI
1.53
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Family Process (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Health › Intimate Partner and Family Violence
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment
  • Social Sciences › Demography › Elder Abuse and Neglect
Keywords
stalking, physical intimate partner violence, intimate partner sexual violence, controlling behavior, violence perpetration, violent victimization, gender differences
MeSH terms
Intimate Partner Violence, Emotional Abuse, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Crime Victims, Stalking

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-11.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-11.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review