The DOI matches its Crossref record; 95 of the 96 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 10 of the 91 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life
Open accessAbstract
Epistemic injustice refers to harms that relate specifically to our status as epistemic agents, whereby our status as knowers, interpreters, and providers of information, is unduly diminished or stifled in a way that undermines the agent's agency and dignity.The concept was defined by Miranda Fricker (2007), who identifies two key forms of epistemic injustice.The first is testimonial injustice, which refers to cases where testimony is unduly dismissed because of prejudiced beliefs regarding minority groups.Hermeneutical injustice refers to cases where a community's shared vocabularies have been structured in a way that unfairly distorts or stifles understanding for, and of, a minority group.In each case, there is an instance of people being harmed specifically in their capacity as knowers: individuals capable of knowing or providing knowledge.Much work on epistemic injustice has identified the operation of negative stereotypes relating to gender and race; for instance, when someone's testimony is dismissed, doubted, or accorded low credibility due to racist or sexist prejudices on the part of the listener (Dotson, 2011;Fricker, 2007; Kidd et al., 2017;Medina, 2013).But in recent years research has drawn attention to epistemic injustice in healthcare generally, and more specifically within psychiatry, pediatrics, and among people with disabilities (Blease et al., 2016;Carel & Kidd, 2014;Crichton et al., 2016; Kidd & Carel, 2016, 2019;Potter, 2015).What has been revealed is the systematic stifling of the voices and interpretive tools available to both ill and disabled persons: in particular, their information providing, testimonies, and interpretations.These types of epistemic injustice have been associated with the medical deficit model that dominates much of medical and psychiatric discourse (Kidd & Carel, 2018, 2019).Moreover, physically disabled persons' claims that they are happy and living good lives have also been dismissed due to prejudices about the possibility of living well whilst disabled (Blease et al., 2016;
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
The paper argues that autistic people face interlocking testimonial and hermeneutical epistemic injustices that make it difficult or impossible to recognize them as both autistic and living a good life. It proposes neurodiversity-informed reforms to conceptions of flourishing and to clinical and everyday epistemic practice.
Key findings
- Autistic testimony about happiness and wellbeing is subject to pathocentric testimonial injustice: credibility is dismissed through stereotypes such as “mindblindness,” limited social understanding, and the assumption that autism and happiness are inherently at odds. The paper cites Dinah Murray’s claim that autism disclosure is “likely to precipitate a negative judgment of capacity involving permanent loss of credibility” and discusses accusations that Naoki Higashida’s articulate voice could not be “genuine.”
- Hermeneutical injustice operates through species-norm conceptions of flourishing: neo-Aristotelian and objective-list views, including Nussbaum, Furman and Tuminello, and Barnbaum, treat autistic cognition as not “truly human” or as at odds with flourishing unless therapy erases defining autistic traits. This excludes neurodivergent modes of flourishing from shared interpretive resources.
- These injustices combine into “autism’s catch-22”: if an autistic person is living a good life, they are denied recognition of their autism; if they are not living a good life, their autism is recognized and their suffering is presumed to be caused by autism. The paper states that “I am autistic and I am flourishing” is not intelligible under this framing.
- The paper proposes four ameliorative approaches: dismantling the medical deficit approach to autism; relativizing value judgments about the good life; cultivating autistic self-understanding and autistic epistemic communities; and fostering neurotypical epistemic humility and cross-cultural communication.
Methods
- Conceptual and philosophical analysis in philosophy of disability and philosophy of medicine; no empirical study, sample, or original quantitative data are reported.
- The argument draws on Miranda Fricker’s testimonial and hermeneutical injustice, the neurodiversity paradigm, social and relational models of disability, and critiques of species-norm accounts of flourishing.
- Evidence used includes cited empirical literature and first-person autistic accounts; the paper’s main analysis is normative and theoretical, culminating in proposed ameliorative strategies.
Limitations
- Stated: the paper brackets debates about how far the neurodiversity paradigm applies across the autism spectrum, supposing it applies “to some extent at least”; it does not commit to a single alternative model of disability; and it says its arguments do not automatically apply to other groups.
- Evident: there is no new empirical data, systematic review, or tested intervention; the argument relies on selected cited studies and testimony.
- Evident: the focus is autism, with extension to other neurocognitive disabilities presented as a question for future research rather than a demonstrated conclusion.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Verification
Claims the paper makes
10 of 91 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“What has been revealed is the systematic stifling of the voices and interpretive tools available to both ill and disabled persons: in particular, their information providing, testimonies, and interpretations.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Blease et al., 2016 source
The Testimonial injustice section (p. 3) describes how stereotyping of illness or disability can constrain patients’ contributions to consultations. The Hermeneutical injustice section (p. 4) describes exclusion from shared interpretive resources, and the Evidence from patients section (p. 7) explains how patients’ testimony and interpretations can be minimised or disregarded. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites Carel & Kidd, 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 1, “Testimonial and hermeneutical injustice” (page unavailable), describes how ill people’s testimony and interpretations can be ignored, downgraded, or treated merely as information. Section 2 gives an example involving a disabled person, but the paper does not establish systematic stifling across disabled people as a group; its broader analysis focuses on ill people. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not matchedcites Crichton et al., 2016
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Moreover, physically disabled persons' claims that they are happy and living good lives have also been dismissed due to prejudices about the possibility of living well whilst disabled (Blease et al., 2016;”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Blease et al., 2016 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Testimonial injustice section (p. 3) says that negative stereotyping of an illness or disability can constrain a patient's contribution to consultations. The Summary (p. 7) reports that stereotypes can lead to patients with CFS/ME having their testimony discounted. Neither passage addresses physically disabled people’s claims that they are happy or living good lives, or prejudice about whether living well with a disability is possible. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Partly supported
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“as well as the widespread assumption noted by researchers (e.g., Bovell, 2015, p. 265;Verhoeff, 2012, p. 429) that autism causes autistic distress to the extent that autistic individuals are inherently disposed to lower wellbeing when compared to a neurotypical norm.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 2 | THE CHALLENGE FROM NEURODIVERSITY
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- The authors state this as an assumption: The neurodiversity framing can be applied to the autism spectrum to some extent at least.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This is reflected in the DSM-5, where the notion of”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 2 | THE CHALLENGE FROM NEURODIVERSITY
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Aftab & Rashed, 2020 source
The Dysfunction section (p. 5) says DSM does not formally define dysfunction. The Etiological View of Dysfunction section (p. 6) says DSM criteria often infer dysfunction from folk intuitions and normative comparisons, while the validity of that inference remains to be demonstrated. Together, these support the paraphrase that DSM-5’s notion of dysfunction rests more on value judgments than established scientific findings. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“For instance, Milton and Sims found that a key reason autistic people attributed to hindering their wellbeing was barriers to belonging, rather than simply their being autistic (Milton & Sims, 2016).”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 3 | AUTISTIC HAPPINESS AND TESTIMONIAL INJUSTICE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Milton & Sims, 2016 source
The Discussion of key points (pp. 19–20) identifies barriers to wellbeing and belonging and says that treating autistic people's challenges purely as deficits is limited and potentially counterproductive. The Conclusion (pp. 21–22) calls for less focus on remediation and more on reducing social isolation, supporting the paraphrase's contrast with autism itself as the cause. (LLM, conf=0.91)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Their point is that dominant conceptions of the good life, including of flourishing, typically rely on species-typical intuitions regarding what is good or desirable, and so encounter a methodological issue when tasked with accounting for neurodivergent modes of flourishing that may be grounded in atypical intuitions.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 4 | AUTISTIC FLOURISHING AND HERMENEUTICAL INJUSTICE
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Rodogno et al., 2016 source
Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, even significant illness and disability, such as cancer, renal failure, and paralysis, have been shown to have a surprisingly small intrinsic effect on levels of wellbeing as such.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“People experiencing a wide range of illnesses and disabilities often report paradoxically high levels of [quality of life] and mood”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Ubel et al., 2005 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“and moreover that autistic empathic understanding does arise between autistics (Chapman, 2019b;Milton, 2012).”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chapman, 2019b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Milton, 2012 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a body of evidence has been accumulating which shows that neurotypicals equally struggle to understand autistics”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chapman, 2019b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Milton, 2012 source
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Not matched
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
- Probably not a substantial claim. 44
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Relatedly, autism is associated with poor mental health.For instance, many autistic persons experience clinical levels of anxiety and depression (Stewart et al., 2006), and suicide rates are strikingly high (Hirvikoski et al., 2016).”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 2 | THE CHALLENGE FROM NEURODIVERSITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Stewart et al., 2006 source
- Supportedcites Hirvikoski et al., 2016 source
The citation to Hirvikoski et al. is attached to the statement about suicide rates, not the separately cited statement about anxiety and depression. The section “Specific causes of death in low-functioning v. high-functioning ASD” reports increased suicide risk in both ASD groups compared with controls; the Clinical implications section describes a high risk for suicide in the high-functioning group. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Part of this will surely come from recognizing and supporting the emergence of autistic epistemic communities, whereby autistics have been coming together to develop vocabularies, shared practices, and social norms that reflect autistic needs and preferences (Chapman, 2019b;Sinclair, 2010).”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chapman, 2019b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Partly supportedcites Sinclair, 2010 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In the Introduction (no page provided), Sinclair describes autistic people forming communities and developing social rules, customs, and ways of accommodating autistic needs. This supports the claim about shared practices and norms, but our copy does not establish that these communities developed shared vocabularies. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Not matched
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“This distinction clearly separates the harmful pathologization that is inherent to the medical deficit approach and social stigma and prejudice toward autistics from the medicalization which enables individuals to receive a diagnosis and treatment, if they so wish.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Spencer & Carel, 2021 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 2 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Could not verify
In the paper
“Brickman et al. report that paralyzed accident victims are only somewhat less happy than lottery winners (1978).”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Brickman et al., 1978
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
In the paper
“in general the results from comparative studies are meager and do not support the assumption that cancer or cancer treatment lead to a significantly lower quality of life”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites de Haes and van Knippenberg, 1985 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study compared a group of hemodialysis patients with healthy controls and found that both groups overestimated the impact of hemodialysis on wellbeing.In fact, both groups reported a similar level of wellbeing (Riis et al., 2005, p. 6).”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Riis et al., 2005 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the medical model, impairment is the primary cause of disability and also the harm that is taken to stem from it.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 2 | THE CHALLENGE FROM NEURODIVERSITY
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“By contrast, on models used by neurodiversity proponents, at least a significant part of disablement is societally caused (Oliver, 1990) or the product of complex interactions between individual and society (Shakespeare, 2014).”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 2 | THE CHALLENGE FROM NEURODIVERSITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Oliver, 1990 source
- Not matchedcites Shakespeare, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These stereotypes overlook the large diversity within autism and therefore may attribute credibility deficits to autistic individuals who in fact do not have these putative traits.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 3 | AUTISTIC HAPPINESS AND TESTIMONIAL INJUSTICE
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It may also-despite there being good reason to think that autistic thriving is viable-block our ability to conceive of a good autistic life, as well as to recognize the testimonies of happy autistics as such.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is practically important since it does not just deny recognition to happy autistics-it also means that the actual chances of autistic flourishing are severely diminished, much as any destination will be harder to find if it has not been included on the map.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Neurodiversity proponents (Chapman, 2019a;Walker, 2012) have suggested the neurodiversity paradigm as an alternative to the dominant medicalized framing of psychiatric and cognitive disabilities.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 2 | THE CHALLENGE FROM NEURODIVERSITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chapman, 2019a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Walker, 2012
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“This recasts autism as a minority neurocognitive type that is primarily disabled and devalued under current social conditions, instead of it being a medical pathology (Chapman, 2019a;Singer, 1999).”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chapman, 2019a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Singer, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Varieties of this framing, which has been argued for in detail in the existing literature (see, e.g., Chapman, 2019bChapman, , 2020;;Robertson, 2010), allows us to see such divergences as”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 2 | THE CHALLENGE FROM NEURODIVERSITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chapman, 2019b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chapman, 2020 source
- Not matchedcites Robertson, 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“This follows a typical set of stereotypes widely held about disabled persons, whereby disability is assumed to be incompatible with living good or happy lives (Barnes, 2016).”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 3 | AUTISTIC HAPPINESS AND TESTIMONIAL INJUSTICE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Barnes, 2016 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although this theory has been shown to be untenable (Chapman, 2019b) and rooted in prejudice (Yergeau & Huebner, 2017), it is still systematically used to dismiss the validity of autistic voices (Yergeau, 2018).”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 3 | AUTISTIC HAPPINESS AND TESTIMONIAL INJUSTICE
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Chapman, 2019b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yergeau & Huebner, 2017 source
- Not matchedcites Yergeau, 2018
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the medical deficit view autism is also widely taken to be at odds (to varying extents depending on the specifics of the diagnosis) with living a good human life.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 2 | THE CHALLENGE FROM NEURODIVERSITY
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As we discuss below, autism is widely taken to be at odds-to varying extents-with both wellbeing and flourishing, and hence incompatible with both objective and subjective conceptions of the good life.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On what we call the medical deficit view, autism is classified as a neurodevelopmental disorder, indicating that it is a harmful developmental trajectory that stems from underlying neurological dysfunction.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 2 | THE CHALLENGE FROM NEURODIVERSITY
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“On the face of it, this may seem supported by the empirical literature, in which autism is associated with poor outcomes (Howlin, 2000) and low wellbeing (Renty & Roeyers, 2006).”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 2 | THE CHALLENGE FROM NEURODIVERSITY
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This relates specifically to the stereotype that autism and happiness are inherently at odds.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 3 | AUTISTIC HAPPINESS AND TESTIMONIAL INJUSTICE
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This can be broadly characterized as pathocentric testimonial injustice (Kidd & Carel, 2018) that operates broadly and pervasively, in tandem with the relevant tracker prejudices.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 3 | AUTISTIC HAPPINESS AND TESTIMONIAL INJUSTICE
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kidd & Carel, 2018 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our argument will serve the further purpose of showing that neurodiversity also challenges us to radically broaden our conceptions of the good human life.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“On the medicalized framing, there's a relatively restricted species-standard norm in terms of mental functioning (Boorse, 1975): if an individual falls outside of this norm and is also distressed or disabled to a”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 2 | THE CHALLENGE FROM NEURODIVERSITY
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Boorse, 1975
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites APA, 2013
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While this will mean that autistic voices are more likely to be dismissed when they offer a variety of kinds of testimonies, here we want to focus on testimonies about autistic wellbeing or happiness.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 3 | AUTISTIC HAPPINESS AND TESTIMONIAL INJUSTICE
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Underlying these empirical findings, moral philosophers have often taken autism to be inherently at odds with living a good life (Barnbaum, 2008;Furman & Tuminello, 2015).”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 2 | THE CHALLENGE FROM NEURODIVERSITY
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These reframe neurodivergent disablement and distress as, at least in significant part, the product of social exclusion, marginalization, and oppression.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 2 | THE CHALLENGE FROM NEURODIVERSITY
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“By contrast, the neurodiversity paradigm takes neuro-cognitive diversity itself to be the norm and posits such diversity as desirable and valuable for humanity (or any human group) as such (Chapman, 2021;Singer, 1999).”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 2 | THE CHALLENGE FROM NEURODIVERSITY
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Chapman, 2021 source
- Not matchedcites Singer, 1999
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neurodiversity proponents aim to de-pathologize autism and instead politicize neurodivergent disablement and distress, and in doing so mount a challenge to the notion that at least some forms of neurodivergence are inherently harmful and dysfunctional.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 2 | THE CHALLENGE FROM NEURODIVERSITY
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This coheres with the neo-Aristotelian notion that what is good for us will depend on what we are like, but also acknowledges that autistic people are different from non-autistic people-and hence that autistic thriving will not look like non-autistic thriving even if both are members of the same species.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 4 | AUTISTIC FLOURISHING AND HERMENEUTICAL INJUSTICE
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the latter interpretation, if that person is happy and articulating clearly their happiness, then the eloquence and rich use of language and their happiness mean that that speaker is not “really autistic.””
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 5 | AUTISM'S CATCH-22
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For although it is true that wellbeing is currently low among the autistic population, evidence points toward this being a result of stigma and societal disablement rather than inherent to being autistic.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 3 | AUTISTIC HAPPINESS AND TESTIMONIAL INJUSTICE
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus it not only prevents the expression of wellness but also impacts upon that wellness itself.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 4 | AUTISTIC FLOURISHING AND HERMENEUTICAL INJUSTICE
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our aim here has been to identify and clarify how this catch-22 bifurcation emerges from interlocking biases that go all the way from everyday assumptions, through psychiatric theory and practice, reaching into ancient conceptions of the good human life.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Interlocking epistemic injustices mean that autistic accounts are taken to mean either that the person is not happy or that they are not autistic.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 5 | AUTISM'S CATCH-22
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the former interpretation, “I am autistic and I am flourishing” is not intelligible; it is not possible to be both.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 5 | AUTISM'S CATCH-22
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Importantly, both components of this dynamic are reflected not just in everyday responses to autism; they are also embedded in clinical practice.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 5 | AUTISM'S CATCH-22
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“More specifically, it constructs autism so that the very concept is at odds with thriving: you can only be recognized as autistic if your life is not going well.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 5 | AUTISM'S CATCH-22
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In saying this, we do not mean to deny that some manifestations of autism can make life inherently harder in important respects; only that life being hard is not the same as it is at odds with happiness as such (Booth, 2016, Chapman, 2020;Carel, 2016).”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 3 | AUTISTIC HAPPINESS AND TESTIMONIAL INJUSTICE
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If the neurodiversity perspective is seriously entertained or is convincing to an extent, then, given the diversity of preferences that comes with a neurologically diverse species, we should expect there to be a plurality of ways of flourishing within the human species, many of which diverge from species-standard thriving, and some of which may be rendered invisible due to overly restricted concep”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 4 | AUTISTIC FLOURISHING AND HERMENEUTICAL INJUSTICE
Tests✓ Asserted: passes? Checkable: unclear✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: There are many different, yet equally legitimate, ways of functioning within humanity.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We've suggested that autistic individuals encounter testimonial injustice, when they claim to be happy or living good lives, and hermeneutical injustice, seen in the exclusion of neurodivergent modes of flourishing.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 5 | AUTISM'S CATCH-22
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This allows us to understand virtues as shared but importantly relative to the individual rather than the species.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carel, 2017 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, if they are autistic and not happy or flourishing, then not only is the autism recognized, but the suffering is automatically taken to stem from the autism.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 5 | AUTISM'S CATCH-22
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This time, however, the issue arises from a hermeneutical lacuna, not testimonial injustice, for it stops us from being able to envision minority modes of flourishing, despite, as we have seen, there being reason to think that such modes of flourishing exist.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 4 | AUTISTIC FLOURISHING AND HERMENEUTICAL INJUSTICE
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the development of new post-medicalized vocabularies will be necessary for further articulating an accurate and nuanced understanding of autistic forms of flourishing.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Merriam (2009) has proposed turning away from Aristotle and toward stoic philosophy, to shift the focus onto how well individuals do give their specific limitations instead of measuring them against the species-standard norm.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Merriam, 2009 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given this, it is also feasible that similar dynamics may also emerge for other neuro-cognitive disabilities.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our analysis does give good reason to ask whether similar dynamics are also at play in other cases.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Carel (2012) developed a phenomenological toolkit meant for use in a healthcare context, to support patients to cultivate new existential relationships to and understandings of their condition, which are bracketed off from purely medical meanings.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carel, 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For Baron-Cohen, the issue is one of autism “causing [them] to suffer” (2008, p. 11).”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 5 | AUTISM'S CATCH-22
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Baron-Cohen, 2008 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Milton (2014b) draws on phenomenology to critique the normalization of autistic “dispositional diversity.””
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Milton, 2014b
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For other neuro-cognitive disabilities are also routinely framed via the species-norm.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Updating our theories of the good life to reflect the neurodiversity paradigm may therefore be as important as neurodiversity proponents take updating models of disability is, in light of such a paradigm shift.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the concept itself is not supposed to be autism-specific”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Armstrong, 2010
- Not matchedcites Chapman, 2019a
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If autistic distress is extraneous and the result of social conditions under which autistic persons live, it may be that instead of adapting to their condition, autistic persons need to adapt to the barriers, prejudices, and stigma they face throughout their lives as “tracker obstacles,” that track them in education, health, employment, housing, and so on.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Pantazakos (2019) develops the concept of the autistic “life-world” as expressing a different structure to the neurotypical life-world in order to critique medicalized, behavioral understandings”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pantazakos, 2019 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Disabled people also face similar forms of discrimination and epistemic injustice.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Anita Ho (2011) uses the term “catch 22” to describe a different situation, in which disabled people put themselves at risk if they do not trust their physician, but equally so if they do, since physicians can be epistemically overconfident and hence make harmful decisions.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Ho, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Wardrope's (2015) claim that impaired or ill persons do “acknowledge the utility of medical framings and find a certain instrumental value in the treatments consequently made available, but resist in varying fashions the idea that the biomedical model says all that there is to say about their conditions and identities””
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wardrope, 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Carel (2017), who in discussion of the neurodevelopmental disorder fetal alcohol spectrum disorder has stressed the need to relativize our understanding of the virtues in light of individual cognitive limitations.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Carel, 2017 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If so, neurodivergent people must adapt to an environment not built for them rather than having to adapt to diminished health.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In closing, we suggest that our analysis may bear significance more widely, beyond the case of autism.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“cultivating epistemic humility among the broader neurotypical public would help establish epistemic justice too.”
§ Neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, and the good human life > 6 | IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS FOR AMELIORATION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The neurodiversity framing can be applied to the autism spectrum to some extent at least.
“For the purposes of this article, we will suppose that the neurodiversity framing can be applied to the autism spectrum to some extent at least, as even critics of the broader application of the neurodiversity framing admit (e.g., Jaarsma & Welin, 2012;Wakefield et al., 2020).”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are many different, yet equally legitimate, ways of functioning within humanity.
“and that there are many different, yet equally legitimate, ways of functioning”
The paper relies on this without support.
Autistic individuals can live good lives and flourish.
“if a person who identifies as autistic and who fulfills the diagnostic criteria is living a good life”
The paper relies on this without support.
Autistic individuals' declarations about their own quality of life should not be overridden by the presumption that autism causes their low quality of life.
“even if they declare otherwise”
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Epistemic Injustice: Power and the Ethics of Knowing
Fricker, M. (2007) · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198237907.001.0001 · Cited by 9,198
Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach
Nussbaum, M. C. (2011) · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674061200 · Cited by 5,664 · cited 1×
“For her, core capabilities include having senses, imagination, thought, and emotions in a “truly human” (Nussbaum, 2011, p. 33) way.”
BackgroundOliver, M. (1990) · doi:10.1007/978-1-349-20895-1 · Cited by 4,227
Frontiers of justice: disability, nationality, species membership
Lamey, A. (2006) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.44-2056 · Cited by 3,796
Lottery winners and accident victims: is happiness relative?
Brickman, P., Coates, D., & Janoff-Bulman, R. (1978) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.36.8.917 · Cited by 2,225
Tracking Epistemic Violence, Tracking Practices of Silencing
Dotson, K. (2011) · Hypatia · doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.2011.01177.x · Cited by 2,150
On the ontological status of autism: the ‘double empathy problem’
Milton, D. E. M. (2012) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2012.710008 · Cited by 2,082
Nussbaum, M. C. (2007) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1c7zftw · Cited by 1,814
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 12
- Gilbert D., 2006, Stumbling on Happiness
- Gross Z., 2012, Loud Hands: Autistic People, Speaking
- Heller J., 2011, Catch 22
- Higashida N., 2017, Fall Down Seven Times: Get Up Eight. A Young Man’s Voice From the Silence of Autism
- McCafferty K. R., 2018, My Son With Autism's Joyous Moments Help Us Get Through the Tougher Ones
- Mitchell D., 2017, Almost Everything I'd Been Told About My Son's Autism Was Wrong, Newstatesman (July 5)
- Montgomery C., 2012, Critic of the Dawn. Loud Hands: Autistic People, Speaking
- Singer J., 1999, Disability Discourse
- Solomon M., 2017, Philosophical Issues in Psychiatry IV: Classification of Psychiatric Illness
- Sontag S., 1978, Illness as Metaphor
- Walker N., 2012, Throw Away the Master's Tools: Liberating Ourselves from the Pathology Paradigm
- Walker N., 2015, The Real Experts: Readings for Parents of Autistic Children, 1
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–229 of 229
Resisting the Margins: Disabled People's experiences of social exclusion, resistance and AgencyPreprint
Bakhsh, I., & Dayo, B. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10101007/v1
From policy to relational practice: organizational climates and neuro-inclusion in the Netherlands
Muftugil-Yalcin, S., & Kiers, K. (2026) · Journal of Organizational Effectiveness People and Performance · doi:10.1108/joepp-07-2025-0620
Neuroqueering Curriculum: Mapping Methods and Possibilities
Unwin, S. (2026) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-83708-268-120261021
Saruwatari, K., & Imamura, A. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-11375-7_172
Fuths, S., Daubert, R., & Walter-Klose, C. (2026) · Child Care Health and Development · doi:10.1111/cch.70318
CONSTRUCTING WHAT CAN BE SAID: CONCOURSE DEVELOPMENT IN Q-METHODOLOGICAL AUTISM RESEARCH
Ahmetovic, M., & Schuwerk, T. (2026) · Research in Education and Rehabilitation · doi:10.51558/2744-1555.2026.9.1.129
Diversity is a fact; inclusion is an act: a BWM study on neurodiversity barriers
Bharti, T., & Wankhede, V. A. (2026) · Journal of Organizational Effectiveness People and Performance · doi:10.1108/joepp-10-2025-0980
Aligning Counseling Psychology with Neurodiversity Scholarship: A Call to Action
Sivathasan, S., Moravvej, M., Botha, M., & Bottema‐Beutel, K. (2026) · The Counseling Psychologist · doi:10.1177/00110000261458822
“…people are routinely dismissed or pathologized in ways that undermine their capacity to be recognized as credible and competent narrators of their own experiences (Nicolaidis et al., 2015; see Chapman & Carel, 2022 for a discussion of epistemic justice and working with autistic individuals).”
Grillo, V. D., Tanini, G., Rana, F. C., & Venuti, P. (2026) · Frontiers in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/frcha.2026.1770399
“Multifaceted challenges — including diagnostic complexity with co-occurring diagnoses (36), to stigma (37), polyvictimization [e.g., (38)], and pervasive epistemic injustice (39, 40) — converge on outcomes of isolation and loneliness.”
Kleszczewska-Albińska, A. (2026) · Psychiatria i Psychologia Kliniczna · doi:10.15557/pipk.2026.0022
Stimming and support assemblages: autistic improvisation, sensory worlds and wellbeing
Rose, M. C., & Lupton, D. (2026) · Disability & Society · doi:10.1080/09687599.2026.2715012
“These perspectives align closely with critical autism studies’ calls for research that centres autistic wellbeing and joy (Chapman and Carel 2022; Conn 2015; Quinn 2024; Sunderland, Catalano, and Kendall 2009; Wassell 2026).”
Gibbs, A., & Foster, B. (2026) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330261472719
Byrne, E. A., Carel, H., Cooper, F., Degerman, D., Monypenny, A., & Broome, M. R. (2026) · Medicine Health Care and Philosophy · doi:10.1007/s11019-026-10392-w
“…to distinguish between epistemic limitations that are the result of illness (e.g. being uncon - scious as the most extreme example) and epistemic limitations presumed by hearers due to stigma (‘all mentally ill people suffer from reduced capacity for reality testing’) (e.g. Chapman and Carel 2021).”
Self-citationHoffman, A., O’Brien, K., Eisenhower, A., Hamsho, N. F., & Blacher, J. (2026) · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs · doi:10.1111/1471-3802.70162
Courcy, I., Koniou, I., & Gervais, M. (2026) · Qualitative Research · doi:10.1177/14687941261480521
Ahmetovic, M., Schuwerk, T., & Platte, A. (2026) · Belonging. · doi:10.1177/30290805261487074
“Expertise can no longer rest on diagnostic mastery or behavioural control, but on epistemic humility and dia-logical presence: the ability to learn with rather than about others (Botha et al., 2024; Chapman & Carel, 2022; Fletcher-Watson et al., 2019).”
From conceptual lacuna to conceptual distortion
Delgado-Verges, L. (2026) · European journal of analytic philosophy · doi:10.31820/ejap.22.2.3
Niederlohmann, E. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1862968
“…masking, healthcare accessibility, and quality of life; interpersonal, psychody-namic, and ethical work on empathy, relational safety, countertrans-ference, and epistemic injustice; and debates on trustworthy AI, clinical documentation, and health-care annotation (1, 5, 9, 13, 15, 19, 21 – 26).”
Ética e neurodiversidade: problemas morais no contexto do autismo
Froehlich, A. R. F., & Williges, F. (2025) · Revista Digital de Ensino de Filosofia - REFilo · doi:10.5902/2448065794272
‘You Feel Like You Failed Your Child’: Parental Experiences of Autism Diagnostic Report Language
Kerr, S., Robertson, A., Davies, J., & Lang, J. (2026) · Neurodiversity · doi:10.1177/27546330261483779
“…contingent upon demonstrating de fi cit and impairment, potentially encouraging families to adopt de fi cit-based narratives in order to secure recognition and resources, even where these framings sit uneasily alongside their own understandings of their child (Chapman & Carel, 2022; Goodley, 2014).”
Neurodivergent Needs from the Outside, Social Work with Neurodivergent Populations from a Distance
Rosqvist, H. B., Deacon, L., & Guthrie, J. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-18034-6_3
Creating an Inclusive and Relationally Attuned Research Space for Neurodivergent Participants
Dark, J. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-18034-6_23
Mental Health of Caregivers of Adults With Neurodevelopmental Disabilities
Tafolla, M., Sterrett, K., & Lord, C. (2026) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.70309
Merahn, S. (2026) · Philosophy of Medicine · doi:10.5195/pom.2026.313
Minority Stress and Resilience Among Autistic-trans Adolescents
Rubin, A. (2026) · Digital Commons - DU (University of Denver) · doi:10.56902/etdcrp.2026.188
Holloway, B. T., Scott, D., Tatman, A., & Buzruk, J. J. (2026) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2026.2742521
Towards a neurodiverse planning theory and practice
Sarraf, M., Girdler, S. J., & Bölte, S. (2026) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/00420980261494812
Commentary: A Neurodiversity-Affirming Framework for Evaluating Autism Support Research
Jordan, P., Tupou, J., Hammond, M. D., Uljarević, M., Patrick, L., & Waddington, H. L. (2026) · Autism · doi:10.1177/13623613261489842
Metadata
- Authors
- Chapman, R., & Carel, H.
- Affiliations
- Sheffield Hallam University (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Chapman, Robert
- Venue
- Journal of Social Philosophy
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2022-03
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 614-631
- ISSN
- 0047-2786 (ISSN-L)
- 1467-9833
- OpenAlex
- W4214900417
- Semantic Scholar
- e632ea793a644afc30913a0fa516afad48c48ca9
- Cited by
- 231
- References
- 82
- Citations by year
- 2026: 65 · 2025: 80 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 8
- FWCI
- 58.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Social Philosophy (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Explore Bristol Research (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- SHURA (Sheffield Hallam University Research Archive) (Sheffield Hallam University) (acceptedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Feminist Epistemology and Gender Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Disability Rights and Representation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Epistemology, Ethics, and Metaphysics
- Keywords
- neurodiversity, epistemic injustice, testimonial injustice, hermeneutical injustice, disability, good human life, epistemic agency
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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