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Towards a molecular understanding of endosomal trafficking by Retromer and Retriever
Abstract
Endosomes are dynamic intracellular compartments that control the sorting of a constant stream of different transmembrane cargos either for ESCRT‐mediated degradation or for egress and recycling to compartments such as the Golgi and the plasma membrane. The recycling of cargos occurs within tubulovesicular membrane domains and is facilitated by peripheral membrane protein machineries that control both membrane remodelling and selection of specific transmembrane cargos. One of the primary sorting machineries is the Retromer complex, which controls the recycling of a large array of different cargo molecules in cooperation with various sorting nexin (SNX) adaptor proteins. Recently a Retromer‐like complex was also identified that controls plasma membrane recycling of cargos including integrins and lipoprotein receptors. Termed “Retriever,” this complex uses a different SNX family member SNX17 for cargo recognition, and cooperates with the COMMD/CCDC93/CCDC22 (CCC) complex to form a larger assembly called “Commander” to mediate endosomal trafficking. In this review we focus on recent advances that have begun to provide a molecular understanding of these two distantly related transport machineries.
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SNX17-dependent recycling requires the Retriever complex, the CCC complex, and the actin-regulatory WASH complex.
“SNX17-dependent recycling requires the Retriever complex (VPS35L, VPS26C, and VPS29), the CCC complex (COMMD/CCDC22/CCDC93), and the actin-regulatory WASH complex”
From PI(3)P coordinates SNX17- and SNX27-dependent protein recycling for long-term synaptic plasticity (2025) · cites this paper as Chen et al., 2019
SNX17-dependent recycling requires the WASH complex and the CCC complex.
“In addition, SNX17-dependent recycling requires the WASH complex and the CCC complex, which includes coiled-coil domain containing 22 (CCDC22), coiled-coil domain containing 93 (CCDC93), and 10 copper metabolism MURR1 domain (COMMD)-containing proteins (Chen et al., 2019; McNally and Cullen, 2018; Simonetti and Cullen, 2019; Wang et al., 2018a).”
From Recruitment of the SNX17-Retriever recycling pathway regulates synaptic function and plasticity (2023) · cites this paper as Chen et al., 2019
Retriever is a VPS26C:VPS35L:VPS29 trimer.
“Retriever, a VPS26C:VPS35L:VPS29 trimer, shares distant homology to Retromer, itself a trimer of VPS29, VPS35, and either VPS26A or VPS26B (paralogues with VPS26C).2,15”
From Structure of the endosomal Commander complex linked to Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome (2023) · cites this paper as [15]
Retriever shares distant homology to Retromer.
“Retriever, a VPS26C:VPS35L:VPS29 trimer, shares distant homology to Retromer, itself a trimer of VPS29, VPS35, and either VPS26A or VPS26B (paralogues with VPS26C).2,15”
From Structure of the endosomal Commander complex linked to Ritscher-Schinzel syndrome (2023) · cites this paper as [15]
Recycling of internalized membrane proteins back to the cell surface is achieved by at least two distinct pathways, the SNX27-Retromer and SNX17-Retriever pathways.
“In recent years, it has become clear that recycling of internalized membrane proteins back to the cell surface is achieved by at least 2 distinct pathways – the SNX27-Retromer and SNX17-Retriever pathways (McNally et al., 2017; Chen et al., 2019; McDonald, 2020).”
From Dual endomembrane recycling pathways function in parallel to support synapse maintenance and plasticity (2025) · cites this paper as Chen et al., 2019
In non-neuronal cells, SNX17 regulates the surface levels of numerous adhesion molecules and transporters.
“In non-neuronal cells, SNX17 regulates the surface levels of numerous adhesion molecules and transporters”
From Dual endomembrane recycling pathways function in parallel to support synapse maintenance and plasticity (2025) · cites this paper as Chen et al., 2019
SNX17-Retriever and SNX27-Retromer function in the same cellular compartment and likely reside in the same endosomes.
“Together, this data suggests that both SNX17-Retriever and SNX27-Retromer function in the same cellular compartment and likely reside in the same endosomes, consistent with studies in non-neuronal cells (Chen et al., 2019; McDonald, 2021).”
From Dual endomembrane recycling pathways function in parallel to support synapse maintenance and plasticity (2025) · cites this paper as Chen et al., 2019
TBC1D5, a GTPase-activating protein for Rab7, is a sub-stoichiometric component of the Retromer, linking endosomal recruitment of the Retromer with the maturation of the endosomes.
“TBC1D5, a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Rab7, is a sub-stoichiometric component of the Retromer, linking endosomal recruitment of the Retromer with the maturation of the endosomes.29”
From Endosomal protein DENND10 promotes developmental competence of neurite extension (2025) · cites this paper as [29]
Citations
Cites
Architecture of the human interactome defines protein communities and disease networks
Huttlin, E. L., Bruckner, R. J., Paulo, J. A., Cannon, J. R., Ting, L., Baltier, K., Colby, G., Gebreab, F., Gygi, M. P., Parzen, H., et al. (2017) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature22366 · Cited by 1,437
Retriever is a multiprotein complex for retromer-independent endosomal cargo recycling
McNally, K. E., Faulkner, R., Steinberg, F., Gallon, M., Ghai, R., Pim, D., Langton, P., Pearson, N., Danson, C. M., Nägele, H., et al. (2017) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/ncb3610 · Cited by 346
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Wen, L., Tang, F.-L., Hong, Y., Luo, S.-W., Wang, C.-L., He, W., Shen, C., Jung, J.-U., Xiong, F., Lee, D.-H., et al. (2011) · Journal of Cell Biology · doi:10.1083/jcb.201105109 · Cited by 270
CCC- and WASH-mediated endosomal sorting of LDLR is required for normal clearance of circulating LDL
Bartuzi, P., Billadeau, D. D., Favier, R., Rong, S., Dekker, D., Fedoseienko, A., Fieten, H., Wijers, M., Levels, J. H., Huijkman, N., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms10961 · Cited by 205
Endosomal retrieval of cargo: Retromer is not alone
McNally, K. E., & Cullen, P. J. (2018) · Trends in Cell Biology · doi:10.1016/j.tcb.2018.06.005 · Cited by 169
Lee, J., Retamal, C., Cuitiño, L., Caruano-Yzermans, A., Shin, J.-E., van Kerkhof, P., Marzolo, M.-P., & Bu, G. (2008) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m800642200 · Cited by 162
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Self-citationRecruitment of the SNX17-Retriever recycling pathway regulates synaptic function and plasticity
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Self-citationRitscher-Schinzel syndrome can be characterized as an endosomal recyclinopathy
Kato, K., Nishio, Y., McMillan, K. J., Al-Maraghi, A., Kroes, H. Y., Abdel-Hamid, M. S., Jones, E., Shaw, S., Yoshida, A., Otsuji, S., et al. (2025) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.adt2426 · Cited by 7
PI(3)P coordinates SNX17- and SNX27-dependent protein recycling for long-term synaptic plasticity
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Endosomal protein DENND10 promotes developmental competence of neurite extension
Li, A., Zhang, J., Ma, C., Qi, L., Hu, Q., Li, Q., Fang, Y., Song, J., Liu, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2025.112385
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, K., Healy, M. D., & Collins, B. M.
- Affiliations
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience University of Queensland St. Lucia Queensland Australia
- Venue
- Traffic
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-06-20
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 465-478
- ISSN
- 1398-9219
- 1600-0854
- Cited by
- 193
- References
- 8
- Language
- en
- Licence
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (DP160101743, APP1136021, A2018627S)
- National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1136021)
- Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering
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