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The enigmatic endosome—sorting the ins and outs of endocytic trafficking
Abstract
The early endosome (EE), also known as the sorting endosome (SE) is a crucial station for the sorting of cargoes, such as receptors and lipids, through the endocytic pathways. The term endosome relates to the receptacle-like nature of this organelle, to which endocytosed cargoes are funneled upon internalization from the plasma membrane. Having been delivered by the fusion of internalized vesicles with the EE or SE, cargo molecules are then sorted to a variety of endocytic pathways, including the endo-lysosomal pathway for degradation, direct or rapid recycling to the plasma membrane, and to a slower recycling pathway that involves a specialized form of endosome known as a recycling endosome (RE), often localized to the perinuclear endocytic recycling compartment (ERC). It is striking that ‘the endosome’, which plays such essential cellular roles, has managed to avoid a precise description, and its characteristics remain ambiguous and heterogeneous. Moreover, despite the rapid advances in scientific methodologies, including breakthroughs in light microscopy, overall, the endosome remains poorly defined. This Review will attempt to collate key characteristics of the different types of endosomes and provide a platform for discussion of this unique and fascinating collection of organelles. Moreover, under-developed, poorly understood and important open questions will be discussed.
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Receptor recycling from endosomes is a complex process that involves distinct pathways involving different adaptors, protein sorting machinery, and membrane composition.
“Receptor recycling from endosomes is a complex process that involves distinct pathways involving different adaptors, protein sorting machinery, and membrane composition[23–25].”
From Genome-scale CRISPR screening for modifiers of cellular LDL uptake (2021) · cites this paper as [24]
Early endocytic vesicles are slightly acidic at pH ~6.4, facilitating ligand/receptor dissociation, while lysosomes are highly acidic at pH 4-5, required for digestion of endocytosed biomolecules.
“Early endocytic vesicles are slightly acidic (pH, ~6.4), which facilitates ligand/receptor dissociation. Lysosomes are highly acidic (pH 4–5), which is required for the digestion of endocytosed biomolecules (Figure 1A; Casey et al., 2010; Naslavsky and Caplan, 2018).”
From NHE6 depletion corrects ApoE4-mediated synaptic impairments and reduces amyloid plaque load (2021) · cites this paper as Naslavsky and Caplan, 2018
Endocytic subcompartments become progressively more acidic, and their pH is regulated by vATPase proton pumps and NHE proton leakage channels.
“Endocytic subcompartments become progressively more acidic, and the pH of these compartments is regulated by the opposing functions of vesicular ATP-dependent proton pumps (vATPase) and proton leakage channels (Na+/H+ exchangers, NHEs).”
From NHE6 depletion corrects ApoE4-mediated synaptic impairments and reduces amyloid plaque load (2021) · cites this paper as Naslavsky and Caplan, 2018
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Metadata
- Authors
- Naslavsky, N., & Caplan, S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Nebraska Medical Center 1 The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , , Omaha, NE 68198 , USA
- ORCID
- Caplan, Steve
- Venue
- Journal of Cell Science
- Publisher
- The Company of Biologists
- Published
- 2018-07-01
- Volume
- 131
- Issue
- 13
- ISSN
- 1477-9137
- 0021-9533
- Cited by
- 353
- References
- 13
- Language
- en
- Funders
- National Institutes of General Medical Sciences (1R01GM123557-01A1)
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