Anti-inflammatory effects of omega-3 fatty acids in the brain: physiological mechanisms and relevance to pharmacology
Abstract
Classically, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were largely thought to be relatively inert structural components of brain, largely important for the formation of cellular membranes. Over the past 10 years, a host of bioactive lipid mediators that are enzymatically derived from arachidonic acid, the main n-6 PUFA, and docosahexaenoic acid, the main n-3 PUFA in the brain, known to regulate peripheral immune function, have been detected in the brain and shown to regulate microglia activation. Recent advances have focused on how PUFA regulate the molecular signaling of microglia, especially in the context of neuroinflammation and behavior. Several active drugs regulate brain lipid signaling and provide proof of concept for targeting the brain. Because brain lipid metabolism relies on a complex integration of diet, peripheral metabolism, including the liver and blood, which supply the brain with PUFAs that can be altered by genetics, sex, and aging, there are many pathways that can be disrupted, leading to altered brain lipid homeostasis. Brain lipid signaling pathways are altered in neurologic disorders and may be viable targets for the development of novel therapeutics. In this study, we discuss in particular how n-3 PUFAs and their metabolites regulate microglia phenotype and function to exert their anti-inflammatory and proresolving activities in the brain.
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Low levels of blood n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids correlate with heightened inflammatory status and depression risk in humans.
“In contrast, low levels of blood n-3 PUFA correlate with heightened inflammatory status and depression risk in humans, whereas imposed dietary n-3 deficiency in rodents diminishes brain n-3 levels and stimulates neuroinflammation and anxiety-and depressive-like behaviors [47].”
From The menace of obesity to depression and anxiety prevalence (2022) · cites this paper as [47]
Imposed dietary n-3 deficiency in rodents diminishes brain n-3 levels and stimulates neuroinflammation and anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors.
“In contrast, low levels of blood n-3 PUFA correlate with heightened inflammatory status and depression risk in humans, whereas imposed dietary n-3 deficiency in rodents diminishes brain n-3 levels and stimulates neuroinflammation and anxiety-and depressive-like behaviors [47].”
From The menace of obesity to depression and anxiety prevalence (2022) · cites this paper as [47]
N-3 supplementation dampens neuroinflammation and attenuates behavioral indices of mood deficits in rodents.
“Several reports link higher n-3 consumption with lower prevalence and severity of mood disturbances in humans [45] and demonstrate that n-3 supplementation dampens neuroinflammation and attenuates behavioral indices of mood deficits in rodents [46,47].”
From The menace of obesity to depression and anxiety prevalence (2022) · cites this paper as [47]
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Self-citationFredman, G., & Serhan, C. N. (2011) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20110327 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Surprising origins of sex differences in the brain
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Resolvin D1 and E1 promote resolution of inflammation in microglial cells in vitro
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The menace of obesity to depression and anxiety prevalence
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“In contrast, low levels of blood n-3 PUFA correlate with heightened inflammatory status and depression risk in humans, whereas imposed dietary n-3 deficiency in rodents diminishes brain n-3 levels and stimulates neuroinflammation and anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors [47].”
BackgroundHealth benefits of dietary marine DHA/EPA-enriched glycerophospholipids
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Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism in Microglia
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Microglia reprogram metabolic profiles for phenotype and function changes in central nervous system
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Desale, S. E., & Chinnathambi, S. (2021) · Cell Communication and Signaling · doi:10.1186/s12964-021-00715-0 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Immunological Dysfunction in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Potential Target for Therapy
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Direct and indirect effects of lipids on microglia function
Leyrolle, Q., Layé, S., & Nadjar, A. (2019) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134348 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
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Targeting neuroinflammation: The therapeutic potential of ω-3 PUFAs in substance abuse
Peng, S., Peng, Z., Qin, M., Huang, L., Zhao, B., Wei, L., Ning, J., Tuo, Q.-H., Yuan, T.-F., Shi, Z., et al. (2021) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2020.111058 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
- Authors
- Layé, S., Nadjar, A., Joffre, C., & Bazinet, R. P.
- Affiliations
- Université de Bordeaux (FR)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Venue
- Pharmacological Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2018-01
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 12-38
- ISSN
- 0031-6997 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2775574923
- Cited by
- 420
- References
- 425
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 43 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 64 · 2020: 66 · 2019: 43 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 3.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Oskar-Bordeaux (Universite de Bordeaux) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Inflammatory mediators and NSAID effects
- Keywords
- omega-3 fatty acids, docosahexaenoic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids, microglial activation, neuroinflammation, eicosanoids, arachidonic acid metabolites, specialized pro-resolving mediators, neurological disorders, anti-inflammatory activity, microglial phenotype
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Brain, Humans, Fatty Acids, Omega-3, Microglia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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