The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Gut Microbial Endocrine Organ: Bacterially Derived Signals Driving Cardiometabolic Diseases
Open accessAbstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is home to trillions of bacteria, which vastly outnumber host cells in the body. Although generally overlooked in the field of endocrinology, gut microbial symbionts organize to form a key endocrine organ that converts nutritional cues from the environment into hormone-like signals that impact both normal physiology and chronic disease in the human host. Recent evidence suggests that several gut microbial-derived products are sensed by dedicated host receptor systems to alter cardiovascular disease (CVD) progression. In fact, gut microbial metabolism of dietary components results in the production of proatherogenic circulating factors that act through a meta-organismal endocrine axis to impact CVD risk. Whether pharmacological interventions at the level of the gut microbial endocrine organ will reduce CVD risk is a key new question in the field of cardiovascular medicine. Here we discuss the opportunities and challenges that lie ahead in targeting meta-organismal endocrinology for CVD prevention.
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TMAO may worsen several chronic diseases, including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease.
“it may exacerbate several chronic diseases including atherosclerosis, diabetes, and chronic kidney diseases (20).”
From Trimethylamine N -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [20]
TMAO influences both lipid and glucose homeostasis.
“TMAO modulates both lipid and glucose homeostasis”
From Trimethylamine N -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [20]
Antibiotic treatment suppresses both good and bad bacteria, making a desired impact difficult.
“Antibiotic treatment also suppresses both good and bad bacteria, making it difficult to produce a desired impact (20).”
From Trimethylamine N -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [20]
Long-term antibiotic use can promote antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains and repopulation of microbes after withdrawal.
“However, long-term usage of antibiotics can promote the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains and repopulation of microbes after its withdrawal.”
From Trimethylamine N -Oxide, the Microbiome, and Heart and Kidney Disease (2017) · cites this paper as [20]
Distinct changes in the microbial community structure and function are associated with multiple disease states, including cardiovascular disease.
“In particular, distinct changes in the microbial community structure and function are associated with multiple disease states, including cardiovascular disease (CVD)1.”
From Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease. (2020) · cites this paper as [1]
Animal model studies suggest that inhibition of gut microbial participants involved in metabolic production of TMAO could be an approach for high TMAO ACS patients.
“Animal model studies suggest another approach to the high TMAO ACS patient could involve inhibition of the gut microbial participants involved in metabolic production of TMAO.49”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Brown, J. M., & Hazen, S. L.
- Affiliations
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Medicine
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 2015-01-14
- Volume
- 66
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 343-359
- ISSN
- 0066-4219 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-326X
- PMC
- PMC4456003
- OpenAlex
- W2124507080
- Cited by
- 438
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 74 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 47 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 13
- FWCI
- 3.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Annual Review of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Office of Dietary Supplements (HL113452, R01 HL103866, HL103866, P20 HL113452)
- Cleveland Clinic
- Fondation Leducq
- National Institutes of Health
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R00HL096166, HL113452, P20HL113452, R01HL103866, R01HL122283)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular disease, host cell receptors, cardiovascular disease prevention, pharmacological targeting
- MeSH terms
- Bacteria, Cardiovascular Diseases, Diet, Endocrine System, Humans, Intestines, Methylamines, Phosphatidylcholines, Microbiota
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