Fluid Biomarkers for Synaptic Dysfunction and Loss
Open accessAbstract
Synapses are the site for brain communication where information is transmitted between neurons and stored for memory formation. Synaptic degeneration is a global and early pathogenic event in neurodegenerative disorders with reduced levels of pre- and postsynaptic proteins being recognized as a core feature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. Together with AD, other neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders show altered synaptic homeostasis as an important pathogenic event, and due to that, they are commonly referred to as synaptopathies. The exact mechanisms of synapse dysfunction in the different diseases are not well understood and their study would help understanding the pathogenic role of synaptic degeneration, as well as differences and commonalities among them and highlight candidate synaptic biomarkers for specific disorders. The assessment of synaptic proteins in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), which can reflect synaptic dysfunction in patients with cognitive disorders, is a keen area of interest. Substantial research efforts are now directed toward the investigation of CSF synaptic pathology to improve the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders at an early stage as well as to monitor clinical progression. In this review, we will first summarize the pathological events that lead to synapse loss and then discuss the available data on established (eg, neurogranin, SNAP-25, synaptotagmin-1, GAP-43, and α-syn) and emerging (eg, synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A and neuronal pentraxins) CSF biomarkers for synapse dysfunction, while highlighting possible utilities, disease specificity, and technical challenges for their detection.
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Synapses may promote the spread of aberrant proteins via prion-like mechanisms, enhancing neurodegeneration.
“Furthermore, synapses may promote the spread of aberrant proteins via prion-like mechanisms, thus enhancing neurodegeneration (Camporesi et al. 2020; Gong and Lippa 2010; Swanson et al. 2018).”
From Neuronal pentraxins as biomarkers of synaptic activity: from physiological functions to pathological changes in neurodegeneration (2022) · cites this paper as Camporesi et al. 2020
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- Authors
- Camporesi, E., Nilsson, J., Brinkmalm, A., Becker, B., Ashton, N. J., Blennow, K., & Zetterberg, H.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital (SE)
- King's College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Camporesi, Elena
- ORCID
- Venue
- Biomarker Insights
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2020-01
- Volume
- 15
- Pages
- 117727192095031
- ISSN
- 1177-2719 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7444114
- OpenAlex
- W3080191672
- Cited by
- 165
- References
- 303
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 2.64
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Biomarker Insights (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- synaptic dysfunction, synaptic loss, cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers, synaptopathy, neurodegenerative diseases, Alzheimer's disease, neurogranin, SNAP-25, synaptotagmin-1, GAP-43, alpha-synuclein, SV2A, synaptic proteins, early diagnosis
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