Proteinopathy-induced neuronal senescence: a hypothesis for brain failure in Alzheimer’s and other neurodegenerative diseases
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Alzheimer's disease (AD) and a host of other neurodegenerative central nervous system (CNS) proteinopathies are characterized by the accumulation of misfolded protein aggregates. Simplistically, these aggregates can be divided into smaller, soluble, oligomeric and larger, less-soluble or insoluble, fibrillar forms. Perhaps the major ongoing debate in the neurodegenerative disease field is whether the smaller oligomeric or larger fibrillar aggregates are the primary neurotoxin. Herein, we propose an integrative hypothesis that provides new insights into how a variety of misfolded protein aggregates can result in neurodegeneration. RESULTS: We introduce the concept that a wide range of highly stable misfolded protein aggregates in AD and other neurodegenerative proteinopathies are recognized as non-self and chronically activate the innate immune system. This pro-inflammatory state leads to physiological senescence of CNS cells. Once CNS cells undergo physiological senescence, they secrete a variety of pro-inflammatory molecules. Thus, the senescence of cells, which was initially triggered by inflammatory stimuli, becomes a self-reinforcing stimulus for further inflammation and senescence. Ultimately, senescent CNS cells become functionally impaired and eventually die, and this neurodegeneration leads to brain organ failure. CONCLUSION: This integrative hypothesis, which we will refer to as the proteinopathy-induced senescent cell hypothesis of AD and other neurodegenerative diseases, links CNS proteinopathies to inflammation, physiological senescence, cellular dysfunction, and ultimately neurodegeneration. Future studies characterizing the senescent phenotype of CNS cells in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases will test the validity of this hypothesis. The implications of CNS senescence as a contributing factor to the neurodegenerative cascade and its implications for therapy are discussed.
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Emerging data indicate a role of senescent cells in neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction.
“There are emerging data indicating a role of senescent cells in neurodegeneration and cognitive dysfunction (69).”
From Cellular Senescence in Type 2 Diabetes: A Therapeutic Opportunity (2015) · cites this paper as [69]
Cellular senescence has been suggested as a contributing factor causing neurodegenerative pathology and has been hypothesized to be involved in AD pathogenesis.
“Indeed, cellular senescence has been suggested as a contributing factor causing neurodegenerative pathology [143], and has been hypothesized to be involved in AD pathogenesis [46].”
From DNA repair deficiency and senescence in concussed professional athletes involved in contact sports (2019) · cites this paper as [46]
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- Authors
- Golde, T. E., & Miller, V. M.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Golde, Todd E
- ORCID
- Golde, Todd E
- Venue
- Alzheimer's Research & Therapy
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 5
- ISSN
- 1758-9193 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2874257
- OpenAlex
- W2026723977
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 165
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Alzheimer s Research & Therapy (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
- Coins for Alzheimer's Research Trust
- Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- National Institute on Aging
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NS 39072)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, neurodegenerative diseases, proteinopathies, protein aggregates, neuronal senescence, senescence-associated secretory phenotype, innate immune activation, neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, brain failure
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