Cited by 158Circadian rhythm and melatoninDietary Effects on HealthSleep and Work-Related Fatigue

Physiological responses to food intake throughout the day

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Johnston, Jonathan D.·2014·Nutrition Research Reviews

Abstract

Circadian rhythms act to optimise many aspects of our biology and thereby ensure that physiological processes are occurring at the most appropriate time. The importance of this temporal control is demonstrated by the strong associations between circadian disruption, morbidity and disease pathology. There is now a wealth of evidence linking the circadian timing system to metabolic physiology and nutrition. Relationships between these processes are often reciprocal, such that the circadian system drives temporal changes in metabolic pathways and changes in metabolic/nutritional status alter core molecular components of circadian rhythms. Examples of metabolic rhythms include daily changes in glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity and postprandial response. Time of day alters lipid and glucose profiles following individual meals whereas, over a longer time scale, meal timing regulates adiposity and body weight; these changes may occur via the ability of timed feeding to synchronise local circadian rhythms in metabolically active tissues. Much of the work in this research field has utilised animal and cellular model systems. Although these studies are highly informative and persuasive, there is a largely unmet need to translate basic biological data to humans. The results of such translational studies may open up possibilities for using timed dietary manipulations to help restore circadian synchrony and downstream physiology. Given the large number of individuals with disrupted rhythms due to, for example, shift work, jet-lag, sleep disorders and blindness, such dietary manipulations could provide widespread improvements in health and also economic performance.

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  • Timed feeding regulates clock gene rhythms in most peripheral tissues and may also regulate SCN rhythmicity when combined with hypocaloric feeding paradigms.

    “As reviewed elsewhere, it is now known that timed feeding regulates clock gene rhythms in most peripheral tissues and may also regulate SCN rhythmicity when combined with hypocaloric feeding paradigms (81,82).”
  • Chrononutrition may be an important tool to enhance the metabolic health of the general population and to benefit the health of particular population groups (e.g., shift workers) and treatment of certain metabolic diseases.

    “In conclusion, evidence to date suggests that chrononutrition may be an important tool, not only to enhance the metabolic health of the general population but also to benefit the health of particular population groups (e.g., shift workers) and treatment of certain metabolic diseases.”
  • Circadian organization is a clinically significant factor in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases and in potential targeted strategies for treating them.

    “Given the growing body of evidence linking the circadian clock system to energy regulation and metabolic physiology, circadian organization emerges as a clinically significant factor that should be considered in the understanding of the pathophysiology of these diseases and in potential targeted strategies for treating them (49,63,81).”
  • Shift work involving circadian disruption could be considered probably carcinogenic to human subjects.

    “In 2007, the World Health Organisation/ International Agency for Research on Cancer published a brief report based on an expert meeting and concluded that shift work involving circadian disruption could be considered probably carcinogenic to human subjects (13) .”

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Authors
Johnston, J. D.
Affiliations
University of Surrey (GB)
Corresponding author
Johnston, Jonathan D.
Venue
Nutrition Research Reviews
Published
2014-03-25
Volume
27
Issue
1
Pages
107-118
ISSN
  • 0954-4224 (ISSN-L)
  • 1475-2700
OpenAlex
W2112302611
Cited by
158
References
158
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2
FWCI
1.31
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Nutrition Research Reviews (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Diabetes UK
  • Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BB/I008470/1)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
Keywords
circadian rhythm, meal timing, dietary intake, glucose homeostasis, insulin sensitivity, postprandial response, lipid metabolism, adiposity, body weight, circadian rhythm disruption, shift work, jet lag, sleep disorders, blindness, metabolic rhythms
MeSH terms
Animals, Biological Clocks, Blood Glucose, Circadian Rhythm, Diet, Eating, Homeostasis, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Lipids, Nutritional Status, Postprandial Period, Meals

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