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Transforming Experience: The Potential of Augmented Reality and Virtual Reality for Enhancing Personal and Clinical Change
Open accessAbstract
During life, many personal changes occur. These include changing house, school, work, and even friends and partners. However, the daily experience shows clearly that, in some situations, subjects are unable to change even if they want to. The recent advances in psychology and neuroscience are now providing a better view of personal change, the change affecting our assumptive world: (a) the focus of personal change is reducing the distance between self and reality (conflict); (b) this reduction is achieved through (1) an intense focus on the particular experience creating the conflict or (2) an internal or external reorganization of this experience; (c) personal change requires a progression through a series of different stages that however happen in discontinuous and non-linear ways; and (d) clinical psychology is often used to facilitate personal change when subjects are unable to move forward. Starting from these premises, the aim of this paper is to review the potential of virtuality for enhancing the processes of personal and clinical change. First, the paper focuses on the two leading virtual technologies - augmented reality (AR) and virtual reality (VR) - exploring their current uses in behavioral health and the outcomes of the 28 available systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Then the paper discusses the added value provided by VR and AR in transforming our external experience by focusing on the high level of personal efficacy and self-reflectiveness generated by their sense of presence and emotional engagement. Finally, it outlines the potential future use of virtuality for transforming our inner experience by structuring, altering, and/or replacing our bodily self-consciousness. The final outcome may be a new generation of transformative experiences that provide knowledge that is epistemically inaccessible to the individual until he or she has that experience, while at the same time transforming the individual's worldview.
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![Figure 1 The reality–virtuality continuum [adapted from Milgram and Kishino (30)].](/paper-figures/4a3dcf6051804633bde390581ee7d1e2/transforming-experience-the-potential-of-augmented-reality-and-virtual-reality-figure-1.jpg)
![Figure 2 The role of AR in the experiential cycle [adapted from Kolb (40)].](/paper-figures/8ecd2d28a5e24bcfbf33ad79efec407e/transforming-experience-the-potential-of-augmented-reality-and-virtual-reality-figure-2.jpg)
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“Augmented reality and virtual reality (VR) have been found to be an effective tool for reducing pain sensations in patients with acute pain [56,57,124].”
From Best-evidence for the rehabilitation of chronic pain part 1: Pediatric pain (2019) · cites this paper as [124]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Fortunately, some recent work [84•] stresses the importance of using VR to enhance children's lives by creating compelling experiences [84•, 85].”
From Recent Progress in Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Phobias: A Systematic Review (2017) · cites this paper as [85]
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Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Riva, G., Baños, R. M., Botella, C., Mantovani, F., & Gaggioli, A.
- Affiliations
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (IT)
- Universitat de València (ES)
- Universitat Jaume I (ES)
- University of Milano-Bicocca (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Riva, Giuseppe
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-09-30
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 164-164
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5043228
- OpenAlex
- W2525627827
- Cited by
- 425
- References
- 166
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 43 · 2024: 53 · 2023: 54 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 51 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 4
- FWCI
- 5.50
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- BOA (University of Milano-Bicocca) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- PubliCatt (Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Repositori UJI (Universitat Jaume I) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore (D3.2 2014)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Augmented Reality Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- augmented reality, virtual reality, personal transformation, clinical change, behavioral health, presence, self-consciousness, self-reflection, transformative experience
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