Cited by 1,095Advanced Glycation End Products researchPotato Plant ResearchChronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes

Advanced Glycation End Products and Oxidative Stress in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

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Nowotny, Kerstin, Jung, Tobias, Höhn, Annika, Weber, Daniela, Grune, Tilman·2015·Biomolecules

Abstract

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a very complex and multifactorial metabolic disease characterized by insulin resistance and β cell failure leading to elevated blood glucose levels. Hyperglycemia is suggested to be the main cause of diabetic complications, which not only decrease life quality and expectancy, but are also becoming a problem regarding the financial burden for health care systems. Therefore, and to counteract the continually increasing prevalence of diabetes, understanding the pathogenesis, the main risk factors, and the underlying molecular mechanisms may establish a basis for prevention and therapy. In this regard, research was performed revealing further evidence that oxidative stress has an important role in hyperglycemia-induced tissue injury as well as in early events relevant for the development of T2DM. The formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), a group of modified proteins and/or lipids with damaging potential, is one contributing factor. On the one hand it has been reported that AGEs increase reactive oxygen species formation and impair antioxidant systems, on the other hand the formation of some AGEs is induced per se under oxidative conditions. Thus, AGEs contribute at least partly to chronic stress conditions in diabetes. As AGEs are not only formed endogenously, but also derive from exogenous sources, i.e., food, they have been assumed as risk factors for T2DM. However, the role of AGEs in the pathogenesis of T2DM and diabetic complications—if they are causal or simply an effect—is only partly understood. This review will highlight the involvement of AGEs in the development and progression of T2DM and their role in diabetic complications.

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Crossref · 10.3390/biom5010194

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  • Glycoxidation products form and accumulate during normal conditions and especially under hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and oxidative stress.

    “The formation and accumulation of glycoxidation products occurs during normal, but especially under certain physiological conditions, such as hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and oxidative stress.”

    From Protein oxidation - Formation mechanisms, detection and relevance as biomarkers in human diseases (2021) · cites this paper as [152]

    Section 2, “AGEs in Diabetes: An Overview” (page not specified), says AGE formation occurs as part of physiological metabolism, is accelerated in diabetes by elevated glucose and oxidative stress, and that oxidative stress triggers glycoxidation products. It identifies lipid peroxidation as a pathway to AGE formation, but does not establish that hyperlipidemia itself especially increases their formation or accumulation. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Glycoxidation products are relevant in the progression of metabolic diseases, including neurodegenerative disease, CKD, CVD, and cancer, particularly T2D and related complications.

    “This indicates their relevance in the progression of metabolic diseases, including neurodegenerative disease, chronic kidney disease (CDK), CVD, and cancer, but in particular, T2D and related complications as reviewed elsewhere [152].”

    From Protein oxidation - Formation mechanisms, detection and relevance as biomarkers in human diseases (2021) · cites this paper as [152]

    The Introduction and Section 5 link advanced glycation end products (AGEs) to T2D and diabetic complications, including nephropathy and cardiovascular disease (page numbers unavailable). The copy does not establish their relevance to neurodegenerative disease or cancer, and its kidney-disease discussion focuses on diabetic nephropathy rather than CKD generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Levels of glycoxidation products increase as a function of age in several tissues, dependent on dietary intake and hyperglycemic conditions.

    “a growing body of evidence reveals that levels of glycoxidation products increase as a function of age in several tissues, dependent on the dietary intake and the presence of hyperglycemic conditions [152,153]”

    From Protein oxidation - Formation mechanisms, detection and relevance as biomarkers in human diseases (2021) · cites this paper as [152]

    Section 2 (page unavailable) reports increased AGE formation and tissue levels in diabetes, and says dietary AGE intake correlates with serum AGE levels. It does not report that glycoxidation products increase with age across several tissues; the age-related part of the claim is therefore unsupported by this paper's text. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Dicarbonyls can also be generated from glucose autoxidation, lipid peroxidation, and the polyol pathway.

    “These molecules can also be generated from glucose autoxidation, lipid peroxidation, and the polyol pathway.[18]”
  • AGEs can contribute to both pathogenetic features of T2DM by promoting inflammation and oxidative stress in humans.

    “AGEs can contribute to both pathogenetic features of T2DM by promoting inflammation and oxidative stress in humans. [18]”

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Authors
Nowotny, K., Jung, T., Höhn, A., Weber, D., & Grune, T.
Affiliations
German Institute of Human Nutrition (DE)
Corresponding author
Grune, Tilman
Venue
Biomolecules
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2015-03-16
Volume
5
Issue
1
Pages
194-222
ISSN
2218-273X (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W1986014108
Cited by
1,095
References
172
Citations by year
2026: 59 · 2025: 93 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 138 · 2022: 132 · 2021: 118 · 2020: 106 · 2019: 99 · 2018: 99 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 61 · 2015: 14
FWCI
8.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Biomolecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Informationszentrum Lebenswissenschaften (ZB MED) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Advanced Glycation End Products research
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Potato Plant Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
Keywords
advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress, type 2 diabetes, hyperglycemia, reactive oxygen species, antioxidant defense, diabetes complications, insulin resistance, beta-cell failure
MeSH terms
Animals, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Cell Death, Glycation End Products, Advanced, Oxidative Stress, Insulin-Secreting Cells

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