Cited by 60Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology ResearchGenetics and Neurodevelopmental DisordersNeurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms

Dendritic Spine Initiation in Brain Development, Learning and Diseases and Impact of BAR-Domain Proteins

Open access
Khanal, Pushpa, Hotulainen, Pirta·2021·Cells

Abstract

Dendritic spines are small, bulbous protrusions along neuronal dendrites where most of the excitatory synapses are located. Dendritic spine density in normal human brain increases rapidly before and after birth achieving the highest density around 2–8 years. Density decreases during adolescence, reaching a stable level in adulthood. The changes in dendritic spines are considered structural correlates for synaptic plasticity as well as the basis of experience-dependent remodeling of neuronal circuits. Alterations in spine density correspond to aberrant brain function observed in various neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Dendritic spine initiation affects spine density. In this review, we discuss the importance of spine initiation in brain development, learning, and potential complications resulting from altered spine initiation in neurological diseases. Current literature shows that two Bin Amphiphysin Rvs (BAR) domain-containing proteins, MIM/Mtss1 and SrGAP3, are involved in spine initiation. We review existing literature and open databases to discuss whether other BAR-domain proteins could also take part in spine initiation. Finally, we discuss the potential molecular mechanisms on how BAR-domain proteins could regulate spine initiation.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/cells10092392

Cites

176 of 176 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Elderly people have reduced total plasmacytoid dendritic cell numbers at baseline and their plasmacytoid dendritic cells often show reduced TLR7 expression.

    “The elderly also display reduced total numbers of pDCs at baseline and their pDCs often show reduced TLR7 expression117”

    From SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 and the aging immune system (2021) · cites this paper as [117]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 177 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Khanal, P., & Hotulainen, P.
Affiliations
  • University of Helsinki (FI)
  • Minerva Foundation (FI)
Corresponding author
Hotulainen, Pirta
Venue
Cells
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2021-09-12
Volume
10
Issue
9
Pages
2392
ISSN
2073-4409 (ISSN-L)
OpenAlex
W3201176067
Cited by
60
References
177
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 2
FWCI
1.13
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Cells (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Työväentutkimus Vuosikirja (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Academy of Finland (SA 307735)
  • doctoral programme brain & mind (PK)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Developmental Neuroscience › Neurogenesis and neuroplasticity mechanisms
Keywords
dendritic spine density, BAR domain proteins, synaptic plasticity, brain development, learning, neurodevelopmental disorders, neuropsychiatric disorders, excitatory synapses
MeSH terms
Protein Domains, Brain, Brain Diseases, Humans, Learning, Nuclear Proteins, Tumor Suppressor Proteins, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Dendritic Spines

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review