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The Gut-Brain Axis in Inflammatory Bowel Disease—Current and Future Perspectives
Open accessAbstract
The gut–brain axis is a bidirectional communication system driven by neural, hormonal, metabolic, immunological, and microbial signals. Signaling events from the gut can modulate brain function and recent evidence suggests that the gut–brain axis may play a pivotal role in linking gastrointestinal and neurological diseases. Accordingly, accumulating evidence has suggested a link between inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) and neurodegenerative, as well as neuroinflammatory diseases. In this context, clinical, epidemiological and experimental data have demonstrated that IBD predisposes a person to pathologies of the central nervous system (CNS). Likewise, a number of neurological disorders are associated with changes in the intestinal environment, which are indicative for disease-mediated gut–brain inter-organ communication. Although this axis was identified more than 20 years ago, the sequence of events and underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly defined. The emergence of precision medicine has uncovered the need to take into account non-intestinal symptoms in the context of IBD that could offer the opportunity to tailor therapies to individual patients. The aim of this review is to highlight recent findings supporting the clinical and biological link between the gut and brain, as well as its clinical significance for IBD as well as neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation. Finally, we focus on novel human-specific preclinical models that will help uncover disease mechanisms to better understand and modulate the function of this complex system.
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“The gut–brain axis is a complex bidirectional communication system driven by neural, hormonal, metabolic, immunological, and microbial signals [77,78].”
From Association between Childhood Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Psychiatric Comorbidities in Adulthood (2023) · cites this paper as [78]
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“Signaling events from the gut can modulate brain function, and recent evidence suggests that the gut–brain axis may play a pivotal role in linking gastrointestinal and neuropsychiatric pathologies [78,79].”
From Association between Childhood Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Psychiatric Comorbidities in Adulthood (2023) · cites this paper as [78]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Günther, C., Rothhammer, V., Karow, M., Neurath, M., & Winner, B.
- Affiliations
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Günther, Claudia
- Winner, Beate
- Venue
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-08-18
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 8870
- ISSN
- 1422-0067 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8396333
- OpenAlex
- W3196160028
- Cited by
- 123
- References
- 169
- Citations by year
- 2026: 27 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 33 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 2.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- International Journal of Molecular Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- GoeScholar The Publication Server of the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- OPUS Repository (Kooperativer Bibliotheksverbund Berlin-Brandenburg) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (WI 3567/2-1, 270949263/GRK2162, SPP1656, TRR241, FOR 2886, TRR30, GU 1431/5-15)
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) of the University Erlangen-Nuremberg (30, A75, P056, P068 Jochen-Kalden funding programme N5, N7)
- European Research Council (851693 HICI)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- gut-brain axis, inflammatory bowel disease, neurodegeneration, neuroinflammation, central nervous system, gut microbiota, two-way communication, precision medicine, preclinical models
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Central Nervous System Diseases, Humans, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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