Delay-dependent contributions of medial temporal lobe regions to episodic memory retrieval
Open accessAbstract
The medial temporal lobes play an important role in episodic memory, but over time, hippocampal contributions to retrieval may be diminished. However, it is unclear whether such changes are related to the ability to retrieve contextual information, and whether they are common across all medial temporal regions. Here, we used functional neuroimaging to compare neural responses during immediate and delayed recognition. Results showed that recollection-related activity in the posterior hippocampus declined after a 1-day delay. In contrast, activity was relatively stable in the anterior hippocampus and in neocortical areas. Multi-voxel pattern similarity analyses also revealed that anterior hippocampal patterns contained information about context during item recognition, and after a delay, context coding in this region was related to successful retention of context information. Together, these findings suggest that the anterior and posterior hippocampus have different contributions to memory over time and that neurobiological models of memory must account for these differences.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Using fMRI, this study compared immediate and 1-day-delayed item recollection and found that posterior hippocampal recollection-related activity declined over the delay, whereas anterior hippocampal and neocortical recollection activity was relatively stable. Anterior hippocampal multi-voxel patterns also carried context information that, after the delay, was related to successful retention of context associations.
Key findings
- Recollection-related activity in posterior hippocampus declined after a 1-day delay (left: F(1,18) = 5.68, p = 0.028; right: F(1,18) = 3.93, p = 0.063), with greater activity for immediate than delayed recollection (left: F(18) = 5.61, p = 0.029; right: F(18) = 5.75, p = 0.028), and no delay-dependent change in familiarity trials.
- Anterior hippocampus, perirhinal cortex, and parahippocampal cortex showed stable recollection effects over time; anterior and posterior hippocampus were dissociable by an ROI × delay interaction, F(1,18) = 5.80, p = 0.027.
- During immediate recollection, left anterior hippocampal patterns showed greater similarity for same-room than different-room pairs, t(18) = 2.34, p = 0.015, with a similar trend in left perirhinal cortex, t(18) = 1.73, p = 0.051; no other MTL regions showed significant context similarity.
- After the delay, left anterior hippocampal context similarity correlated with associative recognition accuracy, r = 0.53, t(16) = 2.53, p = 0.022; the PRC correlation was not significant, r = 0.25, t(16) = 1.02, p = 0.32. Behaviorally, item recognition d′ was 1.79 ± 0.43 immediately vs 1.14 ± 0.32 after delay, and associative recognition d′ was 1.34 ± 0.59 immediately vs 0.59 ± 0.38 after delay.
Methods
- Thirty young adults (15 female; ages 18–31) were scanned; after exclusions, 28 contributed behavioral data and 19 contributed fMRI data (9 female).
- Across two consecutive days, participants encoded sentences pairing objects with one of eight rooms; Day 1 items formed the delayed list and Day 2 items formed the immediate list. Item recognition was scanned approximately 20 min after Day 2 encoding, followed by an associative recognition test.
- fMRI analyses used manually segmented ROIs for anterior hippocampus, posterior hippocampus, perirhinal cortex, and parahippocampal cortex, with univariate repeated-measures ANOVAs and multi-voxel pattern similarity analyses of single-trial beta images.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: because memory was tested after a 1-day delay, the study cannot disentangle changes attributable to active sleep-dependent processes from more passive time-dependent changes.
- Stated in the paper: the authors could not directly measure trial-specific information in posterior hippocampus, and future work is needed with longer intervals and other context manipulations.
- Evident from the text: the final fMRI sample was 19 participants after excluding 9 for insufficient variability in memory performance, which limits power; context similarity effects were small, and the perirhinal cortex effect was only marginal.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 32 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
The response time difference between immediate and delayed item recognition did not interact with memory status.
“this difference did not interact with memory status, F(1, 26) = 0.06, p = 0.80”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The immediate-over-delayed item recognition accuracy difference was observed for both recollection and familiarity contributions.
“This difference was observed for both recollection, t(27) = 9.51, p < 0.001, and familiarity, t(27) = 5.06, p < 0.001, contributions to item recognition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
During associative recognition, participants were faster to correctly recognize intact sentences from the immediate list than from the delayed list.
“During the associative recognition test, participants were also faster to correctly recognize intact sentences from the immediate list (2.01 + 0.37 s) than from the delayed list (2.24 + 0.51 s), t(26) = 3.59, p = 0.001.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
During item recognition, participants were faster to correctly recognize items from the immediate list than from the delayed list.
“During the item recognition test, participants were faster to correctly recognize items from the immediate list than from the delayed list, F(1, 26) = 13.87, p = 001.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Associative recognition accuracy was higher for recognized items associated with a remember response than for recognized items not associated with a remember response.
“associative recognition accuracy was higher for recognized items that were associated with a ‘remember’ response than for recognized items that were not, F(1, 26) = 14.20, p < 0.001.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
Item recognition accuracy was higher for items tested immediately than after a delay.
“accuracy was higher for items tested immediately than after a delay, t(27) = 8.54, p < 0.001.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The difference in source accuracy did not interact with delay.
“The difference in source accuracy did not interact with delay, F(1, 26) = 0.27, p = 0.61.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Participants successfully discriminated intact from recombined sentences in associative recognition for both immediate and delayed tests.
“Participants successfully discriminated between intact and recombined sentences for both immediate, t(26) = 8.22, p < 0.001, and delayed test, t(26) = 8.17, p < 0.001”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Associative recognition accuracy was higher for sentences tested immediately than after a delay.
“associative recognition accuracy was higher for sentences tested immediately than after a delay, t(26) = 5.13, p < 0.001.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
Recollection effects in right precuneus and posterior cingulate were weaker in general.
“However, recollection effects in these regions were weaker in general, consistent with previous findings that cortical activity associated with recollection of verbal materials tends to be strongest in the left hemisphere (Yonelinas et al., 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Yonelinas et al., 2005 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Findingown data
The relationship between associative recognition and left anterior HF context similarity during delayed recollection was significant even after controlling for individual differences in the number of recollection trials.
“This relationship was significant even after controlling for individual differences in the number of recollection trials, t(15) = 2.81, p = 0.013.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The associative recognition test relied on the same kind of room information measured by the pattern similarity analysis.
- Findingown data
Participants who performed best on the associative recognition test also showed the largest context similarity effect in left anterior HF during delayed recollection.
“Indeed, participants who performed best on the associative recognition test also showed the largest context similarity effect in the left anterior HF during delayed recollection, r = 0.53, t(16) = 2.53, p = 0.022 (Figure 4C).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The associative recognition test relied on the same kind of room information measured by the pattern similarity analysis.
- Findingown data
In left anterior HF, pattern similarity was significantly greater among same-room pairs than different-room pairs during immediate recollection.
“In the left anterior HF, pattern similarity was significantly greater among same-room pairs than different-room pairs, t(18) = 2.34, p = 0.015 (Figure 4B)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In posterior HF, the recollection effect interacted with delay, such that posterior HF was more active for immediate than delayed recollection trials.
“However, in the posterior HF, the recollection effect interacted with delay (left: F(1, 18) = 5.68, p = 0.028; right: F(1, 18) = 3.93, p = 0.063), such that the posterior HF was more active for immediate than delayed recollection trials (left: F(18) = 5.61, p = 0.029; right: F(18) = 5.75, p = 0.028)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Context similarity effects were absent from cortical regions outside the MTL, either immediately or after a delay.
“Context similarity effects were also absent from cortical regions outside of the MTL, either immediately or after a delay, ts < 1.8, ps > 0.05, suggesting that these effects were selective to the left anterior MTL.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Within each MTL ROI examined, activity was greater for recollection than familiarity trials.
“Within each of these ROIs, activity was greater for recollection than familiarity trials (all Fs > 4.6, all ps < 0.046; Figure 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Left PRC showed a significant main effect of context similarity across both delays.
“The left PRC showed a significant main effect of context similarity across both delays, F(1, 18) = 5.78, p = 0.027, and context similarity did not interact with delay, F(1, 18) = 0.54, p = 0.47.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There were no significant context similarity effects for other MTL regions during immediate recollection.
“There were no significant effects for any of the other MTL regions, ts < 1, ps > 0.18 (Figure 4—figure supplement 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
When the same analysis was run with familiarity trials instead of recollection trials, no differences were observed between same and different context trial pairs.
“Additionally, when the same analysis was run with familiarity trials instead of recollection trials, no differences were observed between same and different context trial pairs, ts < 1, ps > 0.2 (Figure 4—figure supplement 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Left PRC showed a marginal context similarity effect for the delayed list.
“In fact, the PRC showed a marginal context similarity effect for the delayed list as well, t(18) = 1.54, p = 0.07, suggesting that the sensitivity of this region to context information was stable over time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No MTL region showed delay-dependent changes in familiarity estimates.
“No region showed delay-dependent changes in familiarity estimates (Supplementary file 1).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
In left PRC, there was a similar trend for greater pattern similarity among same-room pairs than different-room pairs during immediate recollection.
“and a similar trend was observed in the left PRC, t(18) = 1.73, p = 0.051.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Context similarity in left PRC did not interact with delay.
“The left PRC showed a significant main effect of context similarity across both delays, F(1, 18) = 5.78, p = 0.027, and context similarity did not interact with delay, F(1, 18) = 0.54, p = 0.47.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The difference in delay effects between anterior and posterior HF was supported by an ROI by delay interaction.
“The apparent difference in delay effects between the anterior and posterior HF was borne out as an ROI by delay interaction, F(1, 18) = 5.80, p = 0.027, indicating that these areas are dissociable on the basis of their contributions in recollection over time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In the right hemisphere, recollection-related activity in right precuneus and posterior cingulate declined across the delay.
“In the right hemisphere, recollection-related activity in the right precuneus and posterior cingulate declined across the delay (Figure 3—figure supplement 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The recollection effect was stable over time in bilateral PRC, PHC, and anterior HF.
“This recollection effect was stable over time in bilateral PRC, PHC, and anterior HF (all interaction Fs < 1.67, ps > 0.21).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
All neocortical regions within the recollection network contained clusters conjointly involved in immediate and delayed recollection while excluding voxels showing even small delay differences.
“All neocortical regions within the recollection network contained clusters that survived this approach (Figure 3—figure supplement 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There was no concomitant change in familiarity trials in posterior HF.
“with no concomitant change in familiarity trials, Fs < 1.26, ps > 0.27.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
There was no significant relationship between anterior HF context similarity and associative recognition for the immediate list.
“Finally, there was no significant relationship between anterior HF context similarity and associative recognition for the immediate list, r = −0.17, t(16) = 0.71, p = 0.49; however, there was little variability in the similarity estimates for these trials.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Context-related pattern similarity was predictive of associative recognition performance.
“The finding that context-related pattern similarity was predictive of associative recognition performance, however, provides converging evidence that hippocampal voxel patterns carry behaviorally relevant context information.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Across both delays, recollection-related activity was also observed in a network of regions including the retrosplenial cortex, posterior cingulate, precuneus, angular gyrus, and medial prefrontal cortex.
“across both delays, recollection-related activity was also observed in a network of regions including the retrosplenial cortex, posterior cingulate, precuneus, angular gyrus, and medial prefrontal cortex.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The anterior HF continued to show evidence for context coding in participants who retained context information in memory.
“the anterior HF continued to show evidence for context coding in participants who retained context information in memory”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
During recollection, left anterior HF patterns carried information about the context associated with an item during encoding, even when context was not explicitly cued or re-presented.
“during recollection, left anterior HF patterns carried information about the context associated with an item during encoding, even when context was not explicitly cued or re-presented”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Recollection-related activity in the anterior HF was relatively stable over the delay.
“recollection-related activity in the anterior HF was relatively stable over the delay”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Multi-voxel patterns carried information about incidentally reactivated context associations during item recollection.
“multi-voxel patterns carried information about incidentally reactivated context associations during item recollection”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The PRC tended to show context similarity effects that persisted across the delay.
“It also tended to show context similarity effects that persisted across the delay.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The PRC was stable in its recollection-related activity over time.
“The PRC had a similar response profile to the anterior HF, in that it was stable in its recollection-related activity over time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
For the most part, recollection-related responses in the neocortical recollection network were maintained across the delay.
“These results suggest that, for the most part, recollection-related responses in the neocortical recollection network were maintained across the delay.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Even when memories at both delays were endorsed with recollection, there were changes in posterior HF involvement in memory recognition.
“Thus, even when memories at both delays were endorsed with recollection, there were changes in posterior HF involvement in memory recognition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Anterior and posterior HF are dissociable on the basis of their contributions to recollection over time.
“indicating that these areas are dissociable on the basis of their contributions in recollection over time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The sensitivity of left PRC to context information was stable over time.
“suggesting that the sensitivity of this region to context information was stable over time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
Reanalysis with matched numbers of recollection and familiarity trials across delays replicated the MTL ROI findings.
“These analyses replicated the MTL ROI findings described above (Figure 2—figure supplement 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
During item recollection, the involvement of cortical MTL areas was stable over time.
“During item recollection, the involvement of cortical MTL areas was stable over time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Anterior HF involvement in context coding over time was contingent on the retention of context information in memory.
“Moreover, they are consistent with the memory transformation account, in that anterior HF involvement in context coding over time was contingent on the retention of context information in memory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The associative recognition test relied on the same kind of room information measured by the pattern similarity analysis.
- Premisecitation
Previous fMRI studies using paradigms comparable to the present one have yielded mixed HF results.
“In previous fMRI studies that used paradigms comparable to the one used here, HF results have been somewhat mixed”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Takashima et al., 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Stark and Squire, 2000
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Bosshardt et al., 2005b
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
Within HF, there were different effects for anterior and posterior regions.
“Within the HF, however, there were different effects for anterior and posterior regions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Differences in brain activity associated with immediate and delayed recollection varied across MTL subregions.
“Results from these univariate analyses indicate that differences in brain activity associated with immediate and delayed recollection varied across MTL subregions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Anterior HF activity patterns carried information about contexts associated with the items at study.
“Furthermore, anterior HF activity patterns carried information about contexts associated with the items at study”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Context similarity effects were selective to the left anterior MTL.
“suggesting that these effects were selective to the left anterior MTL.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
This pattern information was maintained over time in participants who successfully retained context associations.
“and this pattern information was maintained over time in participants who successfully retained context associations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The associative recognition test relied on the same kind of room information measured by the pattern similarity analysis.
- Interpretationown data
After a delay, the context similarity analysis was picking up on meaningful associative information during the item recollection period.
“These findings provide strong evidence that, after a delay, the context similarity analysis was picking up on meaningful associative information during the item recollection period.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The associative recognition test relied on the same kind of room information measured by the pattern similarity analysis.
- Interpretationown data
The current study provided novel evidence that HF and parahippocampal areas play different roles in supporting memory over time.
“The current study provided novel evidence that HF and parahippocampal areas play different roles in supporting memory over time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Prior imaging studies have not systematically investigated time-dependent differences in recruitment of the anterior and posterior HF, PRC, and PHC during retrieval.
- Study design and conductcitation
Because memory was tested after a 1-day delay, the study cannot disentangle changes attributable to active sleep-dependent processes from more passive time-dependent changes.
“because memory was tested after a 1-day delay, we cannot disentangle changes attributable to active sleep-dependent processes (Ellenbogen et al., 2006) from more passive time-dependent changes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Ellenbogen et al., 2006 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Neurobiological models of memory must go beyond simple dichotomies between the MTL and neocortex to address the role of specific HF and parahippocampal areas.
“these findings clearly demonstrate that neurobiological models of memory must go beyond simple dichotomies between the MTL and neocortex to address the role of specific HF and parahippocampal areas.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The anterior HF contains cells with larger place fields than the posterior HF.
“the anterior HF contains cells with larger place fields than the posterior HF”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kjelstrup et al., 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationown data
This study provided novel evidence that regions within the MTL play different roles in supporting item recollection over time.
“this study provided novel evidence that regions within the MTL play different roles in supporting item recollection over time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
These findings are compatible with the memory transformation account.
“These findings are compatible with the memory transformation account, which models posit that the HF should be involved in retrieval so long as its preferred form of mnemonic information is maintained.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Studies that isolated activity for high-confidence, recollection-based or associative hits have often reported delay-dependence.
“studies that isolated activity for high-confidence, recollection-based or associative hits have often reported delay-dependence”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationown data
The roles of the HF and parahippocampal areas are dissociable in terms of their involvement in recognition memory over time.
“Here, we provide novel evidence that the roles of the HF and parahippocampal areas are dissociable in terms of their involvement in recognition memory over time.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Differences in the posterior HF have been commonly observed for studies using associative memory tasks.
“differences in the posterior HF have been commonly observed for studies using associative memory tasks”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationown data
The type of information carried by the anterior HF can be long lasting.
“suggesting that the type of information carried by the anterior HF can be long lasting.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Most areas involved in recollection, whether within the MTL or not, maintain their involvement across a 1-day delay.
“these findings suggest that most areas involved in recollection, whether they are within the MTL or not, maintain their involvement across a 1-day delay.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The difference between same-room and different-room pattern similarity was taken as evidence for context similarity.
“Because room information was not present during the item recognition phase and must be attributed to memory processes, the difference between same-room and different-room similarity was taken as evidence for context similarity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductcitation
Temporal autocorrelation was unlikely to produce spurious pattern similarity effects at the group level.
“however, because trial sequences were randomly determined for each participant, temporal autocorrelation was unlikely to produce spurious pattern similarity effects at the group level (Mumford et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mumford et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
- May combine two claims. 17
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 16
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataItem memory was above chance for both immediate and delayed item recognition tests.
“Item memory was above chance for both immediate, t(27) = 22.16, p < 0.001, and delayed test, t(27) = 18.85, p < 0.001”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFor PRC, the correlation between associative recognition and context similarity was in the same direction but not significant.
“For the PRC, the correlation was in the same direction but not significant, r = 0.25, t(16) = 1.02, p = 0.32.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn left-hemisphere neocortical recollection-network ROIs, all regions showed a main effect of memory with no significant interactions with delay.
“In the left hemisphere, all of these regions showed a main effect of memory, all Fs > 9.5, ps < 0.007, with no significant interactions with delay, Fs < 2.21, ps > 0.15 (Figure 3A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataExploratory whole-brain voxel-wise comparisons revealed that both immediate and delayed recollection were associated with activity in the recollection network, with no significant delay-dependent differences.
“Exploratory whole-brain, voxel-wise comparisons revealed that both immediate and delayed recollection were associated with activity in the recollection network (corrected p < 0.05; Figure 3B), with no significant delay-dependent differences in recollection-related activity (corrected p < 0.05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAnterior HF showed neither a significant main effect nor an interaction for context similarity.
“The anterior HF, on the other hand, showed neither a significant main effect, F(1, 18) = 2.99, p = 0.10, nor interaction, F(1, 18) = 1.13, p = 0.30.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe PHC was involved in memory recollection after a 1-day delay, whereas the posterior HF was not.
“the PHC was involved in memory recollection after a 1-day delay, whereas the posterior HF was not.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningThe posterior HF was neither stable in its contributions to recollection over time nor did it show enhanced pattern similarity during retrieval of objects that shared the same contextual associations.
“the posterior HF was neither stable in its contributions to recollection over time nor did it show enhanced pattern similarity during retrieval of objects that shared the same contextual associations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataRecollection-related activity in the posterior HF declined from immediate to delayed retrieval, while activity in the PRC and PHC remained stable.
“Whereas recollection-related activity in the posterior HF declined from immediate to delayed retrieval, activity in the PRC and PHC remained stable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataMulti-voxel patterns in the left anterior HF were sensitive to context similarity during immediate recollection, and after a delay this effect was strongest for participants who could accurately retrieve context associations.
“Multi-voxel patterns in the left anterior HF were sensitive to context similarity during immediate recollection, and after a delay this effect was strongest for participants who could accurately retrieve context associations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataPattern similarity differences were related to the reactivation of shared context information, which should be more evident during memory recollection.
“This distinction is consistent with the claim that pattern similarity differences were related to the reactivation of shared context information, which should be more evident during memory recollection.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBoth the standard consolidation model and memory transformation accounts predict that HF activity during retrieval should decline with increasing retention intervals, although they assign different explanations to this decline.
“Both the standard consolidation model and memory transformation accounts predict that HF activity during retrieval should decline with increasing retention intervals, although they assign different explanations to this decline.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataAnterior HF and cortical MTL areas maintained their contributions to recollection over time, whereas posterior HF effects were sensitive to delay.
“The anterior HF and cortical MTL areas maintained their contributions to recollection over time, whereas posterior HF effects were sensitive to delay.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenData from one participant was excluded due to button box issues during the scan, and data from another participant was excluded due to head motion and poor performance.
“Data from one participant was excluded due to button box issues during the scan, and data from another participant was excluded due to head motion and poor performance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe prior literature is most consistent with a role for the PRC in item processing.
“the prior literature is most consistent with a role for the PRC in item processing”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPRC lesions disrupt some forms of context memory, including object-context associations, positional changes in object arrays, and contextual fear.
“PRC lesions have been shown to disrupt some forms of context memory, including object–context associations (Norman and Eacott, 2005), positional changes in object arrays (Norman and Eacott, 2005), and contextual fear (Bucci et al., 2002)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Norman and Eacott, 2005
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Bucci et al., 2002 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe finding that changes in recollection-related activity were circumscribed to the posterior HF is consistent with the available literature, but would not have been predicted by extant models.
“Thus, the finding that changes in recollection-related activity were circumscribed to the posterior HF is consistent with the available literature, but would not have been predicted by extant models.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe network including retrosplenial cortex, posterior cingulate, precuneus, angular gyrus, and medial prefrontal cortex is thought to be important for context memory and recollection.
“This network is thought to be important for context memory and recollection”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataOf the remaining 28 participants, 9 were excluded from fMRI data analyses due to insufficient variability in memory performance.
“Of the remaining 28 participants, 9 were excluded from fMRI data analyses due to insufficient variability in memory performance (i.e., fewer than 9 recollection or familiarity trials).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe PHC has been shown to carry information about scene-specific associations.
“the PHC has also been shown to carry information about scene-specific associations”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Staresina et al., 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe anterior HF is involved in coding information about the coarse location of objects, the global position of landmarks, and the gist of memories.
“it is involved in coding information about the coarse location of objects (Evensmoen et al., 2014), the global position of landmarks (Ekstrom et al., 2011; Morgan et al., 2011), and the gist of memories (Poppenk et al., 2008; Gutchess and Schacter, 2012).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe PHC has been implicated in memory for specific context information.
“the PHC has been implicated in memory for specific context information”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataOne participant was excluded from analysis due to excess motion (>3 mm) within the functional runs.
“One participant was excluded from analysis due to excess motion (>3 mm) within the functional runs.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Study design and conductnone givenThe primary findings of the study do not depend on assumptions specific to the dual process model.
“The primary findings of the study, however, do not depend on assumptions specific to the dual process model.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningTo control for similarities among adjacent trials, only pairs at least two trials apart were included in the analysis.
“To control for similarities among adjacent trials, only pairs at least two trials apart were included in the analysis”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenMasks were filtered to exclude voxels with low signal, defined as having mean temporal SNR more than 1 standard deviation below the ROI mean.
“Masks were filtered to exclude voxels with low signal, defined as having mean temporal SNR (calculated across all functional runs) more than 1 standard deviation below the ROI mean.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningTo control for differences in pattern similarity between runs, same-room and different-room similarity were first averaged within each run, and then similarity values from the three runs were averaged together.
“To control for differences in pattern similarity between runs, same-room and different-room similarity were first averaged within each run, and then similarity values from the three runs were averaged together.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataClusters were considered significant (cluster-corrected p < 0.05) if they contained at least 36 voxels within a mask of the entire brain, based on simulations with the 3dClustSim tool in AFNI.
“Clusters were considered significant (cluster-corrected p < 0.05) if they contained at least 36 voxels within a mask of the entire brain, based on simulations with the 3dClustSim tool in AFNI (http://afni.nimh.nih.gov).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationThe anterior HF, posterior HF, PRC, and PHC were manually segmented according to previously published guidelines.
“The anterior HF (HF head), posterior HF (HF body and tail), PRC, and PHC were manually segmented on the MPRAGE coronal plane according to previously published guidelines (Insausti et al., 1998; Franko et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Insausti et al., 1998
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Franko et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataOne participant was excluded from the regression analyses due to below-chance associative recognition performance.
“One participant was excluded from the regression analyses due to below-chance associative recognition performance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
Prior imaging studies have not systematically investigated time-dependent differences in recruitment of the anterior and posterior HF, PRC, and PHC during retrieval.
“Despite this heterogeneity, prior imaging studies have not systematically investigated time-dependent differences in recruitment of the anterior and posterior HF, PRC, and PHC during retrieval.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The associative recognition test relied on the same kind of room information measured by the pattern similarity analysis.
“based on the idea that the associative recognition test relied on the same kind of room information measured by the pattern similarity analysis.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Neither the standard consolidation model nor memory transformation account makes explicit predictions about variability along the longitudinal axis of the HF.
“To our knowledge, neither account makes explicit predictions about variability along the longitudinal axis of the HF.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The present VR setup allowed projection of the same 3D virtual scenes during encoding and retrieval, providing experimental control comparable to classical word/picture-based recognition paradigms.
“Moreover, the present VR setup allowed us to project the same 3D virtual scenes during the encoding and retrieval sessions, providing us arguably with a level of experimental control that is comparable to examinations of classical word/picture-based recognition paradigms [99–102], which are typically used to study memory.”
From First-person view of one’s body in immersive virtual reality: Influence on episodic memory (2019) · cites this paper as [101]
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentt(27) = 22.16reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(27) = 22.16, p < .001”
- Consistentt(27) = 18.85reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(27) = 18.85, p < .001”
- Consistentt(27) = 8.54reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(27) = 8.54, p < .001”
- Consistentt(27) = 9.51reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(27) = 9.51, p < .001”
- Consistentt(27) = 5.06reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(27) = 5.06, p < .001”
- Consistentt(26) = 8.22reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(26) = 8.22, p < .001”
- Consistentt(26) = 8.17reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(26) = 8.17, p < .001”
- Consistentt(26) = 5.13reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“t(26) = 5.13, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 26) = 14.2reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(1, 26) = 14.20, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 26) = 0.27reported p = .61 · recomputed p = .608
“F(1, 26) = 0.27, p = .61”
- ConsistentF(1, 26) = 0.06reported p = .8 · recomputed p = .808
“F(1, 26) = 0.06, p = .80”
- Consistentt(26) = 3.59reported p = .001 · recomputed p = .001
“t(26) = 3.59, p = .001”
- ConsistentF(1, 18) = 5.68reported p = .028 · recomputed p = .028
“F(1, 18) = 5.68, p = .028”
- ConsistentF(1, 18) = 3.93reported p = .063 · recomputed p = .063
“F(1, 18) = 3.93, p = .063”
- ConsistentF(1, 18) = 5.8reported p = .027 · recomputed p = .027
“F(1, 18) = 5.80, p = .027”
- Consistentt(18) = 2.34reported p = .015 · recomputed p = .031
“t(18) = 2.34, p = .015”
The paper states a one-tailed test
- Consistentt(18) = 1.73reported p = .051 · recomputed p = .101
“t(18) = 1.73, p = .051”
The paper states a one-tailed test
- ConsistentF(1, 18) = 5.78reported p = .027 · recomputed p = .027
“F(1, 18) = 5.78, p = .027”
- ConsistentF(1, 18) = 0.54reported p = .47 · recomputed p = .472
“F(1, 18) = 0.54, p = .47”
- Consistentt(18) = 1.54reported p = .07 · recomputed p = .141
“t(18) = 1.54, p = .07”
The paper states a one-tailed test
- ConsistentF(1, 18) = 2.99reported p = .1 · recomputed p = .101
“F(1, 18) = 2.99, p = .10”
- ConsistentF(1, 18) = 1.13reported p = .3 · recomputed p = .302
“F(1, 18) = 1.13, p = .30”
- Consistentt(16) = 2.53reported p = .022 · recomputed p = .022
“t(16) = 2.53, p = .022”
- Consistentt(15) = 2.81reported p = .013 · recomputed p = .013
“t(15) = 2.81, p = .013”
- Consistentt(16) = 1.02reported p = .32 · recomputed p = .323
“t(16) = 1.02, p = .32”
- Consistentt(16) = 0.71reported p = .49 · recomputed p = .488
“t(16) = 0.71, p = .49”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Ritchey, M., Montchal, M. E., Yonelinas, A. P., & Ranganath, C.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Davis (US)
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, United States
- Corresponding author
- Ritchey, Maureen
- Venue
- eLife
- Publisher
- eLife Sciences Publications, Ltd
- Published
- 2015-01-13
- Volume
- 4
- ISSN
- 2050-084X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4337612
- OpenAlex
- W2141137228
- Cited by
- 148
- References
- 84
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 6.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- eLife (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH083734)
- John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation
- Leverhulme Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- episodic memory retrieval, medial temporal lobe, hippocampus, anterior hippocampus, posterior hippocampus, recollection, recognition memory, memory retention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Behavior, Female, Hippocampus, Humans, Male, Mental Recall, Task Performance and Analysis, Temporal Lobe, Recognition, Psychology, Young Adult, Memory, Episodic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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