The DOI matches its Crossref record; 161 of the 172 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 137 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences
Open accessAbstract
This review seeks to present a comprehensive picture of recent discussions in the social sciences of the anticipated impact of AI on the world of work. Issues covered include: technological unemployment, algorithmic management, platform work and the politics of AI work. The review identifies the major disciplinary and methodological perspectives on AI’s impact on work, and the obstacles they face in making predictions. Two parameters influencing the development and deployment of AI in the economy are highlighted: the capitalist imperative and nationalistic pressures.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This critical review synthesises recent social-science research on AI's impact on work across four areas: technological unemployment, algorithmic management, platform work, and the politics of AI work. It argues that AI's effects are not technologically determined but shaped by two background imperatives—a capitalist profit imperative and nationalistic/geopolitical pressures.
Key findings
- Predictions of technological unemployment vary enormously by method: Frey and Osborne estimate 47% of US jobs at risk within two decades, Bowles 54% in the EU and USA, while Arntz et al. (using an alternative task-linking method) find around 9% across the OECD (12% in Austria, 6% in South Korea), and Nedelkoska and Quintini estimate 14% of jobs highly automatable and 32% at 50–70% risk.
- Optimistic accounts report productivity and job gains: Accenture estimates AI could raise labour productivity by up to 40% by 2035; PwC estimates global GDP up 14% by 2030 (up to $15.7 trillion); the World Economic Forum predicts a net increase of 58 million jobs (133 million new roles, 75 million displaced); McKinsey values AI in banking at $1 trillion annually (15.4% of sales).
- The review identifies methodological weaknesses in forecasting: models rely on existing job/task descriptions, treat "skill" and "routine work" as unproblematic, and cannot anticipate new tasks and jobs; Clifton et al. are cited that technology's employment impact "is not deterministic."
- Marxist and historical critiques argue capitalist property relations and profit criteria, weakened labour power, cheap labour, shareholder-value priorities, and sectoral overcapacity all disincentivise job-replacing automation, so absence of mass unemployment coincides instead with precariousness and exploitation.
Methods
- Design: a critical, non-disciplinary literature review, one output of an Australian Research Council–funded project (DP190103116) on the centrality of work; "critical" is defined via the "Macbeth question" about the social-political context of knowledge claims.
- Scope: work is restricted to formal economic activity (production of goods and services for profit or wage); AI is defined as computational methods using data to replicate activities in labour processes.
- Analysis: thematic synthesis across four areas—technological unemployment (Sect. 3), algorithmic management (Sect. 4), platform work (Sect. 5), and the politics of AI work (Sect. 6)—organised around the capitalist and nationalistic imperatives.
Limitations
- Stated by the authors: the lack of a specific disciplinary perspective and the broad thematic scope carry drawbacks, including the risk of missing important details and important references in each disciplinary field; they also note their restricted definition of work excludes social reproduction activities.
- Evident from the text: no systematic search or inclusion protocol is described, and the review relies on secondary literature and cited estimates rather than primary data collection; the authors themselves note that case-study methods inform only a particular job at a particular time and place, and that generalising across national contexts is difficult.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
89 Not checked yet · 53 Own interpretation · 8 No basis given · 1 Couldn’t confirm · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources that could be checked couldn’t confirm or dispute this claim.
In the paper
“A study by Acemoglu, Autor, Hazell, and Restrepo (2020) concludes no significant effect yet in the last decade at the occupation or industry level in the US.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Could not verifycites Acemoglu et al. 2020 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited paper is by Acemoglu and Restrepo, not the four authors named in the citing sentence. Its “Implications of technology for work and labour” section discusses employment declines associated with industrial robots, but our copy does not report a last-decade test finding no significant US occupation- or industry-level effect. Searches for that finding and its specified levels of analysis found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.78)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Two parameters influencing the development and deployment of AI in the economy are highlighted: the capitalist imperative and nationalistic pressures.”
- Also stated in: § 1 Introduction · plain
“AI processes are deployed in a context characterised by two fairly uncontroversial features: a capitalistic imperative and nationalistic pressures.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > Abstract
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In the paper
“The geopolitical factor is directly tied to the economic one.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hwang 2018
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In the paper
“yet it is not sufficient to refer to advances in theoretical knowledge and technical improvements alone to explain the actual paths it travels and the forms it takes.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 1 Introduction
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In the paper
“In more recent years, the battle for geopolitical hegemony has meant that other major powers, notably China, have also invested significantly in AI research (Barton et al. 2017;Allen 2019;Savage 2020;Roberts et al. 2021).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barton et al. 2017
- Not checked yetcites Allen 2019
- Not checked yetcites Savage 2020 source
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In the paper
“A major driver of AI innovation and development since the 1980s in the US has been the military (Berman 1992;Morgan et al. 2020 on US investment in AI for intel-ligence and surveilance systems).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Berman 1992 source
- Not checked yetcites Morgan et al. 2020
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In the paper
“Whatever the reasons, a key condition of its success therefore is that it can replicate the outcomes achieved by human workers.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.1 What types of jobs are affected?
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In the paper
“Predictions about technological unemployment rely on assumptions about the ways in which human workers achieve the outcomes expected in their jobs.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.1 What types of jobs are affected?
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In the paper
“In much of the literature in the social sciences, notably in labour economics, management and the sociology of work, these terms are taken for granted.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.1 What types of jobs are affected?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Autor et al. 2003 source
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In the paper
“The social context plays a direct part in the lines of technological development, both regarding the concrete features that artefacts and processes take, which objects and artefacts are produced and deployed in the first place, and the ways in which objects, processes and networks are put to use.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stamper 1988 source
- Not checked yetcites Feenberg 1991
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 61
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In the paper
“or crowdwork and app-work become widespread employment models (so far they are not)”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 6 Conclusion: the politics of AI work
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In the paper
“AI works by processing large amounts of data to identify patterns (Van Rijmenam 2019).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.1 What types of jobs are affected?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Van Rijmenam 2019 source
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In the paper
“AI development is stoked by an alliance of corporate and military interests: economic competition is one aspect of the battle for geopolitical hegemony, and military supremacy serves to ensure economic prosperity in competition with other nations (Hwang 2018 for the geopolitics of controlling semiconductors manufacturing and AI patents).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hwang 2018
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In the paper
“It is well established that previous waves of automation propelled by advances in information and communication technology were biased in favor of workers with higher skills, replacing lower skill workers and assisting workers with pre-existing complex skill sets (Acemoglu and Autor 2011, Göranzon and Josefson 2012, Buera et al. 2015, Mellacher and Scheuer 2020).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.1 What types of jobs are affected?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Acemoglu and Autor 2011 source
- Not checked yetcites Göranzon and Josefson 2012
- Not checked yetcites Buera et al. 2015
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In the paper
“AI is introduced in workplaces for increased efficiency in some technical aspect of the work process, or it is introduced explicitly with the aim of replacing human workers and thereby reduce labour costs.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.1 What types of jobs are affected?
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In the paper
“AI has benefited from investment by companies that hope to find in it a new avenue for cutting costs, notably labour (Bessen et al. 2018) and transaction costs (Gurkaynak 2019; Lobel 2018), increasing outputs through rationalization of the production process (Acemoglu and Restrepo 2019), raising productivity (Brynjolfsson et al. 2019), managing the workforce in more efficient ways (Eubanks 2022),”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 1 Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bessen et al. 2018
- Not checked yetcites Gurkaynak 2019
- Not checked yetcites Acemoglu and Restrepo 2019 source
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In the paper
“Digital innovation, like all modern technology, certainly has its own momentum, yet it is not sufficient to refer to advances in theoretical knowledge and technical improvements alone to explain the actual paths it travels and the forms it takes.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 1 Introduction
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In the paper
“This means that AI did not emerge and is not being deployed in an economic or a political void.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 1 Introduction
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In the paper
“A 2020 McKinsey reports evaluates the annual value increase of AI in the banking industry at $1 trillion, or 15.4% of sales.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
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In the paper
“The history of automation to date demonstrates that new technologies so far have consistently created new jobs, both directly and indirectly (David 1990).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites David 1990
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In the paper
“The creation of new tasks is a key component of the labour economists' arguments against universal technological unemployment.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
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In the paper
“Comparable innovation effects are expected in other industries where the innovation process is inseparable from the research process (Cockburn et al. 2019).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cockburn et al. 2019
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In the paper
“The two business scholars famously predict that 47% of all jobs within the U.S. are at risk of technological replacement within two decades.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.1 Pessimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Frey and Osborne 2017 source
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In the paper
“In an important review of the literature, which combines a historical approach with a task-focused one, Ernst et al. (2019) conclude that AI in fact is likely to play out in ways different from previous waves, by increasing productivity and potentially creating more inclusive growth, provided correct educational measures are taken in countries that are part of globalised labour chains.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ernst et al. 2019 source
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In the paper
“A 2018 study by the World Economic Forum (2018) predicts that automation will result in a net increase of 58 million jobs, with a total 133 million new roles created and 75 million current workers displaced.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites World Economic Forum 2018
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In the paper
“AI is viewed by many business experts as a technology that can spur innovation and provide competitive advantage (Davenport 2018; Polak et al. 2020 for the finance sector).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davenport 2018
- Not checked yetcites Polak et al. 2020 source
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In the paper
“Using this approach, Frey and Osborne's earth-shaking predictions on the impact of AI was refuted by Arntz et al. (2016).”
- Also stated in: § 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios · plain
“With this new method, they found evidence for much lower outcomes, around 9% across the OECD (a high of 12% in Austria) and as low as 6% in South Korea.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arntz et al. 2016
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In the paper
“Beside displacement, another trend widely anticipated is the polarisation of labour markets (Brito 2020;Korinek and Stiglitz 2019), similar to what occurred in the previous wave of automation”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.1 Pessimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brito 2020
- Not checked yetcites Korinek and Stiglitz 2019
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“Using a similar approach, Bowles arrived at an even higher figure, claiming that 54% of jobs in the EU and USA were under threat in the same time span (Bowles 2014).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.1 Pessimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bowles 2014
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In the paper
“A key Manpower survey in 2017 (ManpowerGroup 2017) provided interesting figures, with managers in some countries expecting to substitute workers for machines, whilst others expected AI to increase hiring.Overall, the survey demonstrated optimism (also ServiceNow 2017).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites ManpowerGroup 2017
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In the paper
“Gillham et al. (2018) in a PWC report estimate that global GDP would increase by 14% by 2030, an equivalent of up to $15.7 trillion.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gillham et al. 2018
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In the paper
“In another noteworthy approach, Princeton computer expert Edward Felten and his colleagues developed a model for how computerisation and specific AI functions can affect the activities making up particular occupations.They also land on more measured conclusions (Felten et al. 2018(Felten et al. , 2019(Felten et al. , 2021)).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Felten et al. 2018
- Not checked yetcites Felten et al. 2019
- Not checked yetcites Felten et al. 2021
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In the paper
“Finally, human skills can be complemented rather than copied by automated processes, with machines taking charge of the routine aspects of the job (Autor 2014;Brooks et al. 2020;Alarie et al. 2018;Ekbia and Nardi 2017).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.1 What types of jobs are affected?
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Many economists and technology experts contend that AI will substitute for human work at such a scale that socialeconomic organisations will be shaken to the ground as a result.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.1 Pessimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Danaher 2019
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In the paper
“Purdy and Daugherty in a 2016 Accenture report (Accenture 2016) estimate that AI has the potential to increase labor productivity across the board by up to 40% in 2035.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Accenture 2016
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In the paper
“Many economists, historians, business scholars and executives reject such pessimistic visions of massive technological unemployment (Moghaddam et al. 2020).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Moghaddam et al. 2020
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In the paper
“Another macro-economic argument highlighted by Autor (2015) is captured in the image of the O-ring.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Autor 2015
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In the paper
“Via a questionnaire targeting 3000 companies, Bughin (2020) concludes that labor redistribution will occur.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bughin 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“The ILO has published many reports on the future of work, which tend to be cautiously optimistic (for instance ILO 2018).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites ILO 2018
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the pharmaceutical industry, AI is already used to spur innovation in a number of ways: for instance, to cite just three platforms, by mapping rare diseases (BERG platform); predicting the pharmaceutical properties of small-molecule candidates for drug development (XtalPi's ID4 platform); or identifying new therapeutic uses for already validated products (BioXel).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a multi-country approach covering 32 nations, Nedelkoska and Quintini (2018) estimate that 14% of jobs are highly automatable (probability of automation over 70%), 32% have a risk of between 50 and 70%.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.1 Pessimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nedelkoska and Quintini 2018
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In their contribution to The Economics of Artificial Intelligence (2017) Acemoglu and Restrepo summarise in plain terms the complex logics associated with the productivity effect.First, as noted, there is a rise in the demand for labor that follows automatically from economic growth triggered by innovation.In theory the demand for labour can be witnessed even in sectors where automation occurred.”
- Also stated in: § 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios · plain
“Second, demand for labour can increase because automation triggers increased demand for capital.Third, automation can deepen existing automation, which increases productivity without substituting labour (since it is machines that are improved).And fourthly, and most importantly, AI automation creates new tasks.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Acemoglu and Restrepo 2017
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios · plain
In the paper
“It is a well-known fact that productivity has been stagnant in developed economies over the past seventy years, with growth per decade decreasing from 2.3% in the 1950s, to 1.8% in the 2010s (Gries and Naudé 2018).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gries and Naudé 2018
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“New technology creates entirely new jobs (Wilson et al. 2017).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wilson et al. 2017
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A major use of technology is to bypass labour forces when they are well organized and push back effectively against capital imperatives (Mueller 2021).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mueller 2021
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the macro-level, the factors involved in economic reality across different context are so numerous and variable, one would assume significant unpredictability in how AI might complement rather than replace human work.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“On some accounts, this effect might even be felt in manufacturing industries servicing automated factories (Goos et al. 2015).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goos et al. 2015
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Strict property rules mean that technological innovation is exclusively owned, put to use, and the outcomes of its productivity-raising potentials captured, by private owners.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nieswandt 2021
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, in a world prone to climate crisis, the environmental impact of AI (Corbett 2018;Dhar 2020;Lucivero 2020;Strubell et al. 2020; van Wynsberghe 2021) might well constrain its deployment, at least if sustainability becomes a serious parameter in economic activity (Nishant et al. 2020 for a contrary optimistic view).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similarly, methods that rely on case studies only inform on a particular job or occupation at a particular time and place, and there are methodological risks in generalising from particular cases.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The capitalist imperative means that the deployment of technologies in a capitalist context is guided exclusively by the search for profit.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nieswandt 2021
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The absence of technological unemployment is in itself nothing to celebrate though, as it coincides with higher levels of precariousness, underemployment and exploitation.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Even in the last decade, productivity growth slowed significantly (Brynjolfsson et al. 2019).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brynjolfsson et al. 2019
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Surplus value can be extracted just as well from human workers (Dinerstein 2021).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dinerstein 2021 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Drawing on Cohen's classical reconstruction of historical materialism (2000), Barbara Nieswandt (2021) shows that private property in the means of production and the profit motive make it unlikely that AI-based automation will lead to massive job losses.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nieswandt 2021
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is true not only for technical reasons, because many jobs are actually more difficult to perform than is often assumed, but also for economic ones: as De Stefano makes the case (2020), assuming that automation necessarily increases productivity might in some cases be based on an overly narrow view of the tasks automated and on erroneous measures of efficiency.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The models appear to describe mathematically consistent worlds, but it is less clear that they describe our messy one, let alone what it might be in the future.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Overcapacity in manufacturing and agriculture leads to an exodus of workers towards service and care sectors, where productivity is achieved through wage suppression and depreciation of working conditions.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Benanav 2020
- Not checked yetcites Smith 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“an important review by Clifton et al. (2020, 11) highlights that, “the impact of technology on employment is not deterministic-the deployment of these new technologies is contingent upon a multitude of factors, including public policy, firm strategy and geography, among others.””
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clifton et al. 2020
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the external observer, these methods seem to deliver substantial lessons for understanding past trends, but are far less convincing when it comes to future ones.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The frequency with which the mathematical models are revised, with new parameters and axiomatic hypotheses being introduced in each new paper, gives the non-spe-cialist the sense that there is a gap between the assurance with which conclusions are stated in plain English and the ability of the models to capture reality, notably given the number of idealizing assumptions underpinning the analyses.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Labour's current deficiency in power compared to capital's means that automation is “bounded”.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fleming 2019 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AI needs data regarding workers' skill, time use, and behavior, which in turn makes worker monitoring a necessity.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 4 Algorithmic management
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These new occupations come with low wages, precarious working conditions and tenure and uncertain hours.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the other tools capitalists possess to ensure the exploitation of workers, the search for profit is better served by increasing output than job churn, which means that there is no incentive to shed jobs.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When human labour is relatively cheap, there is no incentive for capital to invest and deploy expensive technologies.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This triggers employment in new service sectors, even a return to older forms of dependent labour.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the O-ring model, failure of any one step in the chain of production leads the entire production process to fail.Conversely, improvements in the reliability of any given link increase the value of improvements in all of the others.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2.2 Optimistic scenarios
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kremer 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“By definition, the lay reader is tempted to say, if needs, tasks and jobs will be new, it seems difficult to guess what they might be, let alone capture them in models premised on existing job profiles, and on the descriptions of the tasks entailed in currently existing occupations (see the 2018 ILO literature review for precisely this point; also Arntz et al. 2019).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites ILO 2018
- Not checked yetcites Arntz et al. 2019
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These Marx-inspired analyses of technological unemployment are supported by the analyses of historians who directly contradict optimistic readings like Mokyr's, and emphasise the slowing down of innovation under financial capitalism, where profit maximisation occurs through speculation rather than changes in industrial paradigms (Gordon 2014(Gordon , 2015)).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > a. Methodological doubts
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gordon 2014
- Not checked yetcites Gordon 2015 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Surveillance and control: algorithmic management raises obvious issues of privacy (Bhave et al. 2020;Ebert et al. 2021;Fukumura et al. 2021;Tsamados et al. 2022), not just at the workplace, but also at home, notably following the pandemic-induced shift to home-based working (Collins 2020).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 4 Algorithmic management
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bhave et al. 2020
- Not checked yetcites Ebert et al. 2021 source
- Not checked yetcites Collins 2020
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“AI also gathers and processes data in ways that are often hidden from workers, leading to decisions made in ways which humans cannot, or at least cannot quickly or efficiently, process.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 4 Algorithmic management
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The power of AI for gathering and processing vast amounts of data can be harnessed in traditional work settings where employees are hired under work arrangements and labour contracts predating AI automation.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 5 Platform work
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“But what can in some conditions amount to an increase in autonomy can also mean a lack of training, notably around OHS issues.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 5 Platform work
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the computational power of AI allows it to function not just as a new industrial tool within pre-existing work processes.It also becomes the centerpiece of a new business model that radically alters modes of working, as well as the conditions of employment and the interactions of workers with management and customers.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 5 Platform work
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other battles are about the right to privacy of workers (De Stefano 2020 for Europe) and the development of regulatory frameworks to give an ethical frame to AI development (Salento 2018).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 6 Conclusion: the politics of AI work
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Stefano 2020
- Not checked yetcites Salento 2018 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Vallas and Schor reference a large number of studies on working conditions for appworkers (see the more recent Moore and Woodstock 2021), and conclude that power asymmetry rather than horizontal democracy has so far been the experience of workers.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 5 Platform work
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Workers are managed and directed through reasons they are not provided with, preventing collaborative or even consultative leadership styles, substituting a directive or even coercive one in its place (Dunphy and Stace 1993).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 4 Algorithmic management
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dunphy and Stace 1993 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Vallas and Schor reject an assumed view of platform workers that is overly homogeneous.Many platform workers in fact use the work to complement income, precarisation through platform is far from a universal trend.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 5 Platform work
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vallas and Schor 2020 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Surveillance can lead to increased pressure on workers to perform, taking away moments of respite, as is well documented in warehouse (Hanley and Hubbard 2020) and platform work (Newlands 2021a, b).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 4 Algorithmic management
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hanley and Hubbard 2020
- Not checked yetcites Newlands 2021a, b
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A lot of crowdwork and gigwork is highly flexible, has non-regular hours, which can have a negative impact on work-life balance and affect physical and mental health and personal relations as a result (Muntaner 2018;Allan et al. 2021).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 5 Platform work
What the sources say
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ideal-scenario policy recommendations might have their usefulness, but the immense gap between the propositions and economic and political reality points to the need for another kind of approach, one that focuses precisely on what makes these developments of AI doubtful, at least in the short term.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 6 Conclusion: the politics of AI work
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Privacy infringements can occur at all stages of the data cycle: at the time of collection, in the analysis of the data, in the use of the data, and when data ought to be erased.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 4 Algorithmic management
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Management by AI is by definition about removing the human element from the decision-making process.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 4 Algorithmic management
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Service work for an Uber driver for instance is far less scripted than service work in more traditional settings.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 5 Platform work
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The company appears to be absolved of its responsibilities, removing existing avenues through which workers understand and demand these responsibilities are met.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 4 Algorithmic management
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As a blueprint, Susskind's proposal is detailed and seems consistent, but it is utterly unrealistic in current ideological and geopolitical conditions, particularly in the few countries spearheading AI innovation.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 6 Conclusion: the politics of AI work
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Flexible hours might also be viewed as increased autonomy.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 5 Platform work
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“If, as a result of AI deployment in work, technological unemployment does occur at a significant scale, or wealth polarisation, or crowdwork and app-work become widespread employment models (so far they are not), bringing further precariousness in employment conditions, then the impact on current social organisations will be significant (Acemoglu and Restrepo 2020b).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 6 Conclusion: the politics of AI work
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Acemoglu and Restrepo 2020b
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Breaches of privacy touch on a fundamental human right, but they also represent a strong leverage tool for managers, with which they can exert control and undermine autonomy (Shapiro 2018).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 4 Algorithmic management
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shapiro 2018 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Different types of workers operate under different conditions and have vastly different experiences.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 5 Platform work
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is because current social systems continue to be organised on the basis of full-time employment in jobs attracting good wages as the condition for the complete enjoyment of social and economic rights, including full health and pension coverage.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 6 Conclusion: the politics of AI work
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, this view of platforms underestimates the capacity of platform workers to evade control, resist and organise.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 5 Platform work
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What is at stake is the clash between the two imperatives noted at the outset and the plausibility of a “good AI”, or “AI for good”.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 6 Conclusion: the politics of AI work
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The heterogeneity of the workforce exists also in the locations of the workers, who are scattered around regions, and even around the world.This creates isolation and again prevents organisation for collective action.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 5 Platform work
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One aspect of crowdwork that is worth highlighting is micro-tasking crowdwork that goes to the heart of AI.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 5 Platform work
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A key lesson from the sociology of work perspective is that it is impossible to make overly general statements about platform work (Schor et al. 2020).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 5 Platform work
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schor et al. 2020 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One feature of this relaxation of management control, is the heterogeneity of the workforce this produces, which acts against organisation.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 5 Platform work
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One major battle concerns the legal status of gig workers, whether platforms can divest themselves of all responsibilities regarding the people they employ.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 6 Conclusion: the politics of AI work
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“By the same token, however, AI can also complement work in some professions, notably by taking away the routine aspects of the job.Workers then focus on the more creative, or rewarding parts of the work.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 5 Platform work
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the rhetoric used by the main actors, it is difficult to see ethical considerations having much sway for some of the possible extensions of AI.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 6 Conclusion: the politics of AI work
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regarding the nationalist imperative, one might be skeptical of the willingness of states to enforce principles of “good AI” when they are engaged in high stakes contests over geopolitical hegemony.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 6 Conclusion: the politics of AI work
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What these extraneous, economic and political, parameters indicate is that AI does not by itself determine 'good' nor 'bad' outcomes for the world of work.Rather, what matters is the kind of world in which AI will be developed and deployed.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 6 Conclusion: the politics of AI work
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Scientific inquiries are inextricably tied to the historical context in which they occur.
“The core assumption this question captures is that scientific inquiries are inextricably tied to the historical context in which they occur.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Knowledge claims reflect social and political fault lines, whether researchers are aware of it or not.
“Whether they are aware of it or not, knowledge claims reflect social and political fault lines.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“They share this expectation with researchers in the field of AI and work, who in their optimistic scenarios expect a shift in tasks, the creation of new tasks and an emergence of new work profiles rather than the replacement of workers (Deranty and Corbin 2022).”
From Friend or foe? Exploring the implications of large language models on the science system (2025) · cites this paper as Deranty and Corbin 2022
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 1 Introduction
“In Sect.2, we focus on issues of technological unemployment.Section 3 is about algorithmic management.Section 4 is dedicated to platform work.”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3 Technological unemployment
“## 3 Technological unemployment”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3 Technological unemployment
“Debates about the impact of AI on employment revolve around its predicted quantitative impact, how much AI is likely to lead to machines replacing humans in work (2.2).This issue, however, depends on an understanding of the types of work activities AI is likely to perform, which in turn relies on assumptions about the skills involved in the tasks making up different types of jobs (2.1).”
§ Artificial intelligence and work: a critical review of recent research from the social sciences > 3.2 Substituting, complementing, or creating human work
“## 3.2 Substituting, complementing, or creating human work”
Citations
Cites
The future of employment: How susceptible are jobs to computerisation?
Frey, C. B., & Osborne, M. A. (2017) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2016.08.019 · Cited by 8,727
Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations
Obermeyer, Z., Powers, B., Vogeli, C., & Mullainathan, S. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aax2342 · Cited by 7,137
The Skill Content of Recent Technological Change: An Empirical Exploration
Autor, D. H., Levy, F., & Murnane, R. J. (2003) · The Quarterly Journal of Economics · doi:10.1162/003355303322552801 · Cited by 6,205
Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace Automation
Autor, D. H. (2015) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.29.3.3 · Cited by 3,917 · cited 6×
“…are supported by the analyses of historians who directly contradict optimistic readings like Mokyr’s, and emphasise the slowing down of innovation under financial capitalism, where profit maximisation occurs through speculation rather than changes in industrial paradigms (Gordon 2014, 2015).”
InfluentialThe growth of low-skill service jobs and the polarization of the US labor market
Autor, D. H., & Dorn, D. (2013) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.103.5.1553 · Cited by 3,824 · cited 1×
“…(Brito 2020; Korinek and Stiglitz 2019), similar to what occurred in the previous wave of automation (Autor et al. 2008; Goos and Manning 2007; Autor and Dorn 2013; Michaels et al. 2014; Goos et al. 2014; Graetz and Michaels 2018; Frey 2019; Autor et al. 2015; Scarpetta 2018; Bordot and…”
Skills, Tasks and Technologies: Implications for Employment and Earnings
Acemoglu, D., & Autor, D. (2011) · Handbook of Labor Economics · doi:10.1016/s0169-7218(11)02410-5 · Cited by 3,799
The Black Box Society: The Secret Algorithms That Control Money and Information
Pasquale, F. (2015) · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674736061 · Cited by 3,796
Energy and Policy Considerations for Deep Learning in NLP
Strubell, E., Ganesh, A., & McCallum, A. (2019) · Proceedings of the 57th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.18653/v1/p19-1355 · Cited by 3,684
Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2018) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.20160696 · Cited by 3,121 · cited 1×
“As a result, labour economists, notably Acemoglu, Autor and Restrepo, highlight AI’s relationship to “high skill automa-tion” (Acemoglu and Restrepo 2018a, b), which compounds the exposure to automation of “higher skill” jobs.”
Algorithms at Work: The New Contested Terrain of Control
Kellogg, K. C., Valentine, M. A., & Christin, A. (2020) · Academy of Management Annals · doi:10.5465/annals.2018.0174 · Cited by 2,732 · cited 2×
“…biases and reproduce discriminatory practices at work, whether the discrimination is built into the algorithms, or management’s use of the algorithm, or as a result of customer’s rating of workers (Noble 2018; Benjamin 2019; Kellogg et al. 2020; Akter et al. 2021; Zajko 2021; Heinrichs 2022).”
Automation and New Tasks: How Technology Displaces and Reinstates Labor
Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2019) · Journal of Economic Perspectives · doi:10.1257/jep.33.2.3 · Cited by 2,612
Trends in U.S. Wage Inequality: Revising the Revisionists
Autor, D., Katz, L. F., & Kearney, M. S. (2008) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest.90.2.300 · Cited by 2,381 · cited 1×
“…is the polarisation of labour markets (Brito 2020; Korinek and Stiglitz 2019), similar to what occurred in the previous wave of automation (Autor et al. 2008; Goos and Manning 2007; Autor and Dorn 2013; Michaels et al. 2014; Goos et al. 2014; Graetz and Michaels 2018; Frey 2019; Autor et…”
Lousy and Lovely Jobs: The Rising Polarization of Work in Britain
Goos, M., & Manning, A. (2007) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest.89.1.118 · Cited by 2,287
Explaining Job Polarization: Routine-Biased Technological Change and Offshoring
Goos, M., Manning, A., & Salomons, A. (2014) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.104.8.2509 · Cited by 2,111 · cited 2×
“…2020; Korinek and Stiglitz 2019), similar to what occurred in the previous wave of automation (Autor et al. 2008; Goos and Manning 2007; Autor and Dorn 2013; Michaels et al. 2014; Goos et al. 2014; Graetz and Michaels 2018; Frey 2019; Autor et al. 2015; Scarpetta 2018; Bordot and Lorentz 2021).”
Graetz, G., & Michaels, G. (2018) · The Review of Economics and Statistics · doi:10.1162/rest_a_00754 · Cited by 2,002 · cited 1×
“…2020; Korinek and Stiglitz 2019), similar to what occurred in the previous wave of automation (Autor et al. 2008; Goos and Manning 2007; Autor and Dorn 2013; Michaels et al. 2014; Goos et al. 2014; Graetz and Michaels 2018; Frey 2019; Autor et al. 2015; Scarpetta 2018; Bordot and Lorentz 2021).”
The forthcoming artificial intelligence (AI) revolution: Its impact on society and firms
Makridakis, S. (2017) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2017.03.006 · Cited by 1,866 · cited 1×
“…relates to the kind of jobs that AI might make possible, with the claim that it might make many jobs, either existing ones or new ones, more satisfying (Paschke-witz and Patt 2020), as they might involve higher skills or more creativity from the workers (Makridakis 2017; Eglash et al. 2020).”
What Do Platforms Do? Understanding the Gig Economy
Vallas, S., & Schor, J. B. (2020) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-121919-054857 · Cited by 1,354 · cited 3×
“To find some bearings in the large literature dedicated to platform work, one of the most useful resources to consult is the review by leading sociologists of work Vallas and Schor (2020).”
InfluentialFeenberg, A. (2012) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203022313 · Cited by 1,217
Artificial intelligence for sustainability: Challenges, opportunities, and a research agenda
Nishant, R., Kennedy, M., & Corbett, J. (2020) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102104 · Cited by 1,203 · cited 1×
“…climate crisis, the environmental impact of AI (Corbett 2018; Dhar 2020; Lucivero 2020; Strubell et al. 2020; van Wynsberghe 2021) might well constrain its deployment, at least if sustainability becomes a serious parameter in economic activity (Nishant et al. 2020 for a contrary optimistic view).”
The Problem with Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries
Weeks, K. (2011) · doi:10.1215/9780822394723 · Cited by 1,166 · cited 1×
“…threat into an opportunity for a radical transformation of social and economic organisation (Caruso 2018), through some version of a basic income (Susskind 2020), leaving behind the modern work ethic (Weeks 2011), indeed harnessing full automation for a leap into “luxury communism” (Bastani 2018).”
Feenberg, A. (2002) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195146158.001.0001 · Cited by 1,150
Duggan, J., Sherman, U., Carbery, R., & McDonnell, A. (2020) · Human Resource Management Journal · doi:10.1111/1748-8583.12258 · Cited by 1,050 · cited 2×
“…logistics), evaluation of workers (through rating systems), automated scheduling of shifts, coordinating customer demand with service providers, monitoring of workers behaviour, algorithmic incen-tivisation (through algorithm-based “nudges” and penalties) (Duggan et al. 2020 for a thorough review).”
In AI we trust? Perceptions about automated decision-making by artificial intelligence
Araujo, T., Helberger, N., Kruikemeier, S., & de Vreese, C. H. (2020) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-019-00931-w · Cited by 1,038 · cited 1×
“From this point of view, AI-based algorithmic management offers organisations the chance to delegate decision-making power to more efficient and effective managers (Von Krogh 2018; Araujo et al. 2020).”
Labour process theory and the gig economy
Gandini, A. (2019) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/0018726718790002 · Cited by 946 · cited 1×
“A key study of algorithmic management, emphasising the contestation between management and employee around the new tools of control and coercion offered by AI, is Kellogg (2020), which uses labour process theory as its framework 2019 for gig work).”
Sustainable AI: AI for sustainability and the sustainability of AI
van Wynsberghe, A. (2021) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-021-00043-6 · Cited by 939 · cited 1×
“Similarly, in a world prone to climate crisis, the environmental impact of AI (Corbett 2018; Dhar 2020; Lucivero 2020; Strubell et al. 2020; van Wynsberghe 2021) might well constrain its deployment, at least if sustainability becomes a serious parameter in economic activity (Nishant et al. 2020 for…”
The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts
Susskind, R., & Susskind, D. (2015) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198713395.001.0001 · Cited by 936
Lambrecht, A., & Tucker, C. (2019) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2018.3093 · Cited by 854 · cited 1×
“Increasing amounts of empirical evidence confirm this risk (Ober-meyer et al. 2019; Datta et al. 2015; Lambrecht and Tucker 2019).”
Energy and Policy Considerations for Modern Deep Learning Research
Strubell, E., Ganesh, A., & McCallum, A. (2020) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v34i09.7123 · Cited by 774 · cited 1×
“Similarly, in a world prone to climate crisis, the environmental impact of AI (Corbett 2018; Dhar 2020; Lucivero 2020; Strubell et al. 2020; van Wynsberghe 2021) might well constrain its deployment, at least if sustainability becomes a serious parameter in economic activity (Nishant et al. 2020 for…”
On Defining Artificial Intelligence
Wang, P. (2019) · Journal of Artificial General Intelligence · doi:10.2478/jagi-2019-0002 · Cited by 740 · cited 1×
“For the purposes of this study, we do not engage with the thorny issue of defining “intelligence” in Artificial Intelligence (see Wang 2019 for a thorough discussion).”
Toward understanding the impact of artificial intelligence on labor
Frank, M. R., Autor, D., Bessen, J. E., Brynjolfsson, E., Cebrian, M., Deming, D. J., Feldman, M., Groh, M., Lobo, J., Moro, E., et al. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1900949116 · Cited by 713 · cited 4×
“Even in the last decade, productivity growth slowed significantly (Brynjolfsson et al. 2019).”
InfluentialVeen, A., Barratt, T., & Goods, C. (2020) · Work, Employment and Society · doi:10.1177/0950017019836911 · Cited by 657 · cited 1×
“Workers are put at the mercy of processes they have little control or recourse over (Loi et al. 2020, Veen et al., 2020; Purcell and Brook 2020; Joyce and Stuart 2021).”
Critical Theory of Technology.
Liu, A. Y., & Feenberg, A. (1992) · MLN · doi:10.2307/2904830 · Cited by 652
Artificial intelligence in organizations: New opportunities for phenomenon-based theorizing
von Krogh, G. (2018) · Academy of Management Discoveries · doi:10.5465/amd.2018.0084 · Cited by 641 · cited 1×
“From this point of view, AI-based algorithmic management offers organisations the chance to delegate decision-making power to more efficient and effective managers (Von Krogh 2018; Araujo et al. 2020).”
The wrong kind of AI? Artificial intelligence and the future of labour demand
Acemoglu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2020) · Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsz022 · Cited by 634
Untangling Trade and Technology: Evidence from Local Labour Markets
Autor, D., Dorn, D., & Hanson, G. (2015) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/ecoj.12245 · Cited by 630 · cited 3×
“…work of the early 2010s, in which he cautioned against overly pessimistic conclusions about technological unemployment (Autor and Handel 2013; Autor et al. 2015) The standard approach to discuss the likelihood of technological unemployment is by labour economists who devise methods to…”
Felten, E., Raj, M., & Seamans, R. (2021) · Strategic Management Journal · doi:10.1002/smj.3286 · Cited by 574 · cited 1×
“They also land on more measured conclusions (Felten et al. 2018, 2019, 2021).”
The Chinese approach to artificial intelligence: an analysis of policy, ethics, and regulation
Roberts, H., Cowls, J., Morley, J., Taddeo, M., Wang, V., & Floridi, L. (2021) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-020-00992-2 · Cited by 573 · cited 1×
“In more recent years, the battle for geopolitical hegemony has meant that other major powers, notably China, have also invested significantly in AI research (Barton et al. 2017; Allen 2019; Savage 2020; Roberts et al. 2021).”
Revisiting the risk of automation
Arntz, M., Gregory, T., & Zierahn, U. (2017) · Economics Letters · doi:10.1016/j.econlet.2017.07.001 · Cited by 570
Dependence and precarity in the platform economy
Schor, J. B., Attwood-Charles, W., Cansoy, M., Ladegaard, I., & Wengronowitz, R. (2020) · Theory and Society · doi:10.1007/s11186-020-09408-y · Cited by 550 · cited 1×
“A key lesson from the sociology of work perspective is that it is impossible to make overly general statements about platform work (Schor et al. 2020).”
Algorithmic management in a work context
Jarrahi, M. H., Newlands, G., Lee, M. K., Wolf, C. T., Kinder, E., & Sutherland, W. (2021) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517211020332 · Cited by 532 · cited 1×
“Business scholars highlight the technology’s ability to improve workflows, for instance for optimal job allocation (Jarrahi et al. 2021), to cut costs, say in hiring, and to improve predictive power in all dimension of the business activity.”
Davenport, T. H. (2018) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/11781.001.0001 · Cited by 528 · cited 2×
“AI is viewed by many business experts as a technology that can spur innovation and provide competitive advantage (Davenport 2018; Polak et al. 2020 for the finance sector).”
The carbon impact of artificial intelligence
Dhar, P. (2020) · Nature Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s42256-020-0219-9 · Cited by 509 · cited 1×
“Similarly, in a world prone to climate crisis, the environmental impact of AI (Corbett 2018; Dhar 2020; Lucivero 2020; Strubell et al. 2020; van Wynsberghe 2021) might well constrain its deployment, at least if sustainability becomes a serious parameter in economic activity (Nishant et al. 2020 for…”
Adams‐Prassl, J. (2018) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198797012.001.0001 · Cited by 441 · cited 1×
“Recent research in political science and labour law focuses on these aspects (Prassl 2018).”
Algorithmic bias in data-driven innovation in the age of AI
Akter, S., McCarthy, G., Sajib, S., Michael, K., Dwivedi, Y. K., D’Ambra, J., & Shen, K. N. (2021) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2021.102387 · Cited by 440
Newlands, G. (2021) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840620937900 · Cited by 439 · cited 1×
“Surveillance can lead to increased pressure on workers to perform, taking away moments of respite, as is well documented in warehouse (Hanley and Hubbard 2020) and platform work (Newlands 2021a, b).”
Economics of Artificial Intelligence: Implications for the Future of Work
Ernst, E., Merola, R., & Samaan, D. (2019) · IZA Journal of Labor Policy · doi:10.2478/izajolp-2019-0004 · Cited by 405 · cited 1×
“In an important review of the literature, which combines a historical approach with a task-focused one, Ernst et al. (2019) conclude that AI in fact is likely to play out in ways different from previous waves, by increasing productivity and potentially creating more inclusive growth, provided…”
Artificial Intelligence and the Modern Productivity Paradox
Brynjolfsson, E., Rock, D., & Syverson, C. (2019) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226613475.003.0001 · Cited by 387
The ethics of algorithms: key problems and solutions
Tsamados, A., Aggarwal, N., Cowls, J., Morley, J., Roberts, H., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2022) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8 · Cited by 384
Assessing risk, automating racism
Benjamin, R. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aaz3873 · Cited by 378 · cited 1×
“…biases and reproduce discriminatory practices at work, whether the discrimination is built into the algorithms, or management’s use of the algorithm, or as a result of customer’s rating of workers (Noble 2018; Benjamin 2019; Kellogg et al. 2020; Akter et al. 2021; Zajko 2021; Heinrichs 2022).”
The Invisible Cage: Workers’ Reactivity to Opaque Algorithmic Evaluations
Rahman, H. A. (2021) · Administrative Science Quarterly · doi:10.1177/00018392211010118 · Cited by 375 · cited 2×
“• Rahman, H. A. (2021). The invisible cage: Workers’ reactivity to opaque algorithmic evaluations.”
Secular Stagnation: A Supply-Side View
Gordon, R. J. (2015) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.p20151102 · Cited by 374 · cited 1×
“…are supported by the analyses of historians who directly contradict optimistic readings like Mokyr’s, and emphasise the slowing down of innovation under financial capitalism, where profit maximisation occurs through speculation rather than changes in industrial paradigms (Gordon 2014, 2015).”
Between autonomy and control: Strategies of arbitrage in the “on-demand” economy
Shapiro, A. (2018) · New Media & Society · doi:10.1177/1461444817738236 · Cited by 374 · cited 1×
“Breaches of privacy touch on a fundamental human right, but they also represent a strong leverage tool for managers, with which they can exert control and undermine autonomy (Shapiro 2018).”
The Strategic Management of Corporate Change
Dunphy, D., & Stace, D. (1993) · Human Relations · doi:10.1177/001872679304600801 · Cited by 371 · cited 1×
“Workers are managed and directed through reasons they are not provided with, preventing collaborative or even consultative leadership styles, substituting a directive or even coercive one in its place (Dunphy and Stace 1993).”
The Challenges of Algorithm-Based HR Decision-Making for Personal Integrity
Leicht-Deobald, U., Busch, T., Schank, C., Weibel, A., Schafheitle, S., Wildhaber, I., & Kasper, G. (2019) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-019-04204-w · Cited by 347 · cited 2×
“Algorithmic management, therefore, makes a unique demand for the “blind trust” of workers (Leicht-Deobald et al. 2019).”
Breaking the vicious cycle of algorithmic management: A virtue ethics approach to people analytics
Gal, U., Jensen, T. B., & Stein, M.-K. (2020) · Information and Organization · doi:10.1016/j.infoandorg.2020.100301 · Cited by 342 · cited 1×
“The more data are fed into AI processes, the more effective its use (Gal et al. 2020; Ebert et al. 2021).”
Low-Skill and High-Skill Automation
Acemoğlu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2018) · Journal of Human Capital · doi:10.1086/697242 · Cited by 327 · cited 1×
“As a result, labour economists, notably Acemoglu, Autor and Restrepo, highlight AI’s relationship to “high skill automa-tion” (Acemoglu and Restrepo 2018a, b), which compounds the exposure to automation of “higher skill” jobs.”
Polanyi's Paradox and the Shape of Employment Growth
Autor, D. (2014) · doi:10.3386/w20485 · Cited by 323 · cited 1×
“Finally, human skills can be complemented rather than copied by automated processes, with machines taking charge of the routine aspects of the job (Autor 2014; Brooks et al. 2020; Alarie et al. 2018; Ekbia and Nardi 2017).”
Attewell, P. A. (1990) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/0730888490017004003 · Cited by 321 · cited 1×
“Attewell (1990) and Spen-ner (1990) show well the range of possible meanings, and how the intuitive appeal of a notion like “unskilled” work in fact is anything but evident, how evaluation of “skillful-ness” can shift depending on the perspective taken.”
Robots and organization studies: Why robots might not want to steal your job
Fleming, P. (2019) · Organization Studies · doi:10.1177/0170840618765568 · Cited by 297 · cited 1×
“This argument is confirmed by Fleming through his focus on power in organisations (Fleming 2019).”
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Innovation
Cockburn, I., Henderson, R. M., & Stern, S. (2019) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226613475.003.0004 · Cited by 287
Heteromation, and Other Stories of Computing and Capitalism
Ekbia, H. R., & Nardi, B. A. (2017) · doi:10.7551/mitpress/10767.001.0001 · Cited by 285 · cited 1×
“Finally, human skills can be complemented rather than copied by automated processes, with machines taking charge of the routine aspects of the job (Autor 2014; Brooks et al. 2020; Alarie et al. 2018; Ekbia and Nardi 2017).”
Digital innovation and the fourth industrial revolution: epochal social changes?
Caruso, L. (2017) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-017-0736-1 · Cited by 283 · cited 1×
“…many progressive thinkers advocate turning this threat into an opportunity for a radical transformation of social and economic organisation (Caruso 2018), through some version of a basic income (Susskind 2020), leaving behind the modern work ethic (Weeks 2011), indeed harnessing full…”
Regulating Uber: The Politics of the Platform Economy in Europe and the United States
Thelen, K. (2018) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592718001081 · Cited by 264 · cited 1×
“…intervening in formal legislative processes through lobbying, challenging legal decisions, mobilising their customer base (Schor and Vallas 2020; Thelen 2018; Collier et al. 2017, 2018), or even directly flexing their digital muscle against cities, regions and even nation states (such as…”
Tubaro, P., Casilli, A. A., & Coville, M. (2020) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/2053951720919776 · Cited by 262 · cited 2×
“Empirical research about platform work (Tubaro et al. 2020; Casilli 2019; Tubaro and Casilli 2019) illustrates how difficult it is to keep in view all aspects of it at once.”
Automation and the Future of Work—2
Benanav, A. (2019) · New Left Review · doi:10.64590/unr · Cited by 262
Huang, A., Chao, Y., Velasco, E. D. L. M., Bilgihan, A., & Wei, W. (2021) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights · doi:10.1108/jhti-01-2021-0021 · Cited by 253 · cited 2×
“Algorithmic control of the work process takes away the dimensions of personal intervention, choice and even of creativity (Huang 2021).”
A Method to Link Advances in Artificial Intelligence to Occupational Abilities
Felten, E. W., Raj, M., & Seamans, R. (2018) · AEA Papers and Proceedings · doi:10.1257/pandp.20181021 · Cited by 252 · cited 1×
“They also land on more measured conclusions (Felten et al. 2018, 2019, 2021).”
Robots, Industry 4.0 and Humans, or Why Assembly Work Is More than Routine Work
Pfeiffer, S. (2016) · Societies · doi:10.3390/soc6020016 · Cited by 241 · cited 1×
“Indus-trial sociologists demonstrate through grounded case studies that intuitive assumptions about “routine work” can be deceptive (Pfeiffer 2016).”
The Demise of U.S. Economic Growth: Restatement, Rebuttal, and Reflections
Gordon, R. J. (2014) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w19895 · Cited by 237 · cited 1×
“…are supported by the analyses of historians who directly contradict optimistic readings like Mokyr’s, and emphasise the slowing down of innovation under financial capitalism, where profit maximisation occurs through speculation rather than changes in industrial paradigms (Gordon 2014, 2015).”
Precarious work in the 21st century: A psychological perspective
Allan, B. A., Autin, K. L., & Wilkins-Yel, K. G. (2021) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2020.103491 · Cited by 231 · cited 1×
“A lot of crowdwork and gigwork is highly flexible, has non-regular hours, which can have a negative impact on work–life balance and affect physical and mental health and personal relations as a result (Muntaner 2018; Allan et al. 2021).”
Zhang, D., Pee, L. G., & Cui, L. (2021) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102304 · Cited by 228 · cited 1×
“Zhang et al. (2021, 4) observed that “human workers’ ability to avoid errors was greatly augmented by AI applications, while the capabilities of AI applications were constantly strengthened based on feedback from human workers.””
Organisational responses to the ethical issues of artificial intelligence
Stahl, B. C., Antoniou, J., Ryan, M., Macnish, K., & Jiya, T. (2021) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01148-6 · Cited by 222
Automation: is it really different this time?
Wajcman, J. (2017) · The British Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1111/1468-4446.12239 · Cited by 220 · cited 1×
“It has been validated and explored at length in the philosophy of technology (Feenberg 1991, Feenberg 2002, Feenberg 2012 for instance; Wajcman 2017 from a sociology perspective).”
The rise of robots and the fall of routine jobs
de Vries, G. J., Gentile, E., Miroudot, S., & Wacker, K. M. (2020) · Labour Economics · doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2020.101885 · Cited by 219 · cited 1×
“…efficient in task-oriented, routine environments where large amounts of data can be analysed to identify patterns, make decisions based on those pattens, and produce solutions or efficiency dividends, for instance within banking and finance industries (Neufeind et al. 2018; De Vries et al. 2020).”
Fear and hope in an age of mass automation: debating the future of work
Spencer, D. A. (2018) · New Technology Work and Employment · doi:10.1111/ntwe.12105 · Cited by 215 · cited 1×
“A number of authors consider AI specifically as a form of capitalistic innovation, and show that the logic of capitalism dictates that work is a long way from becoming obsolete (Spencer 2018).”
SUBSTITUTION OF GRADUATE BY OTHER LABOUR
Tinbergen, J. (1974) · Kyklos · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6435.1974.tb01903.x · Cited by 210
Spenner, K. I. (1990) · Work and Occupations · doi:10.1177/0730888490017004002 · Cited by 210
How artificial intelligence will affect the practice of law
Alarie, B., Niblett, A., & Yoon, A. H. (2018) · University of Toronto Law Journal · doi:10.3138/utlj.2017-0052 · Cited by 207
When food‐delivery platform workers consent to algorithmic management: a Foucauldian perspective
Galière, S. (2020) · New Technology, Work and Employment · doi:10.1111/ntwe.12177 · Cited by 198 · cited 1×
“Here, the emphasis is on the different forms of control platforms enjoy in comparison with traditional workplaces, notably through surveillance, monitoring, but also the gamification of work, symbolic rewards and inducements (Galiere 2020; Perrig in Moore and Woodstock 2021).”
Algorithmic management in food‐delivery platform economy in China
Huang, H. (2022) · New Technology Work and Employment · doi:10.1111/ntwe.12228 · Cited by 190
A Unified Framework of Five Principles for AI in SocietyPreprint
Floridi, L., & Cowls, J. (2021) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3831321 · Cited by 183
Disrupting Regulation, Regulating Disruption: The Politics of Uber in the United States
Collier, R. B., Dubal, V. B., & Carter, C. (2018) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592718001093 · Cited by 171 · cited 1×
“…in formal legislative processes through lobbying, challenging legal decisions, mobilising their customer base (Schor and Vallas 2020; Thelen 2018; Collier et al. 2017, 2018), or even directly flexing their digital muscle against cities, regions and even nation states (such as Australia in 2021,…”
Frey, C. B. (2019) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691191959 · Cited by 171
Payne, J. (2000) · Journal of Education Policy · doi:10.1080/02680930050030473 · Cited by 161 · cited 2×
“…(Clarke and Winch 2006), particularly after it expanded with the shift from industrial to post-fordist frameworks where a whole array of communicative, social and emotional abilities, as well as personal attributes such as work commitment, were added to traditional craft knowledge (Payne 2000).”
Xie, M., Ding, L., Xia, Y., Guo, J., Pan, J., & Wang, H. (2021) · Economic Modelling · doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2021.01.009 · Cited by 153 · cited 1×
“…via a method that uses disaggregated job descriptions in a key survey conducted by the European Union (the European Skills and Jobs Survey, covering 49,000 EU adult workers), a method that allows him to factor in information on skill requirements (for China, Zhou et al. 2020; Xie et al. 2021).”
Park, H., Ahn, D., Hosanagar, K., & Lee, J. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445304 · Cited by 152 · cited 1×
“Algorithms are widely used, by companies such as Airbnb (Cheng and Foley 2019), Uber (Möhlmann and Henfridsson 2019; Muller 2019; Amorim and Moda 2020), and Amazon (Park et al. 2021; Chesta 2021) in precisely these ways, to manage, direct, recruit, evaluate, and even terminate workers.”
Artificial Intelligence and Its Implications for Income Distribution and Unemployment
Korinek, A., & Stiglitz, J. E. (2019) · The Economics of Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226613475.003.0014 · Cited by 149 · cited 1×
“Beside displacement, another trend widely anticipated is the polarisation of labour markets (Brito 2020; Korinek and Stiglitz 2019), similar to what occurred in the previous wave of automation (Autor et al. 2008; Goos and Manning 2007; Autor and Dorn 2013; Michaels et al. 2014; Goos et al. 2014;…”
Budd, J. W. (2011) · doi:10.7591/9780801462658 · Cited by 142 · cited 1×
“Work is a similarly difficult term to define (Budd 2011).”
Discrimination in the age of artificial intelligence
Heinrichs, B. (2021) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01192-2 · Cited by 140 · cited 1×
“…biases and reproduce discriminatory practices at work, whether the discrimination is built into the algorithms, or management’s use of the algorithm, or as a result of customer’s rating of workers (Noble 2018; Benjamin 2019; Kellogg et al. 2020; Akter et al. 2021; Zajko 2021; Heinrichs 2022).”
Humanly Extended Automation or the Future of Work Seen through Amazon Patents
Delfanti, A., & Frey, B. (2020) · Science Technology & Human Values · doi:10.1177/0162243920943665 · Cited by 139 · cited 1×
“And human work can complement machine work, through “humanly extended automation” (Delfanti and Frey 2021).”
Some financial regulatory implications of artificial intelligence
Wall, L. D. (2018) · Journal of Economics and Business · doi:10.1016/j.jeconbus.2018.05.003 · Cited by 138 · cited 1×
“For instance, in the context of legal work, JP Morgan Chase uses an AI program called COIN which interprets commercial loan agreements and saves an estimated 360,000 work hours per year (Wall 2018).”
AI and Jobs: Evidence from Online Vacancies
Acemoğlu, D., Autor, D., Hazell, J., & Restrepo, P. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w28257 · Cited by 137 · cited 1×
“…first make lists of skills and abilities associated to particular occupations, which they gather from the datasets of national labour offices and other organisations (typically the Burning Glass Labor Insight or the O*Net in the US), or from online job vacancy listings (Acemoglu et al. 2020).”
Digital Platforms, Gig Economy, Precarious Employment, and the Invisible Hand of Social Class
Muntaner, C. (2018) · International Journal of Health Services · doi:10.1177/0020731418801413 · Cited by 136 · cited 1×
“A lot of crowdwork and gigwork is highly flexible, has non-regular hours, which can have a negative impact on work–life balance and affect physical and mental health and personal relations as a result (Muntaner 2018; Allan et al. 2021).”
Big Data, Big Waste? A Reflection on the Environmental Sustainability of Big Data Initiatives
Lucivero, F. (2020) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-019-00171-7 · Cited by 136 · cited 1×
“Similarly, in a world prone to climate crisis, the environmental impact of AI (Corbett 2018; Dhar 2020; Lucivero 2020; Strubell et al. 2020; van Wynsberghe 2021) might well constrain its deployment, at least if sustainability becomes a serious parameter in economic activity (Nishant et al. 2020 for…”
The effect of artificial intelligence on China’s labor market
Zhou, G., Chu, G., Li, L., & Meng, L. (2019) · China Economic Journal · doi:10.1080/17538963.2019.1681201 · Cited by 135 · cited 3×
“…via a method that uses disaggregated job descriptions in a key survey conducted by the European Union (the European Skills and Jobs Survey, covering 49,000 EU adult workers), a method that allows him to factor in information on skill requirements (for China, Zhou et al. 2020; Xie et al. 2021).”
Robots Are Us: Some Economics of Human Replacement
Benzell, S. G., Kotlikoff, L. J., Lagarda, G., & Sachs, J. (2015) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w20941 · Cited by 129
Corbett, C. J. (2018) · Production and Operations Management · doi:10.1111/poms.12837 · Cited by 128 · cited 1×
“Similarly, in a world prone to climate crisis, the environmental impact of AI (Corbett 2018; Dhar 2020; Lucivero 2020; Strubell et al. 2020; van Wynsberghe 2021) might well constrain its deployment, at least if sustainability becomes a serious parameter in economic activity (Nishant et al. 2020 for…”
Artificial Intelligence, Jobs and the Future of Work: Racing with the Machines
Bruun, E. P. G., & Duka, A. (2018) · Basic Income Studies · doi:10.1515/bis-2018-0018 · Cited by 125 · cited 1×
“Since then, many studies, using a variety of methods have added to these anticipations (Benzel et al. 2015; Bruun and Duka 2018; Halal et al. 2017; Schwab 2017; Chessell 2018; Gruetzemacher et al. 2020; Gruetzem-acher et al. 2021).”
A Short Review on the Economics of Artificial Intelligence
Lu, Y., & Zhou, Y. (2019) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/joes.12422 · Cited by 125 · cited 1×
“Behind these fancy terms are mundane economic mechanisms (Lu and Zhou 2021 for a recent review).”
A European skills framework?—but what are skills? Anglo‐Saxon versus German concepts
Clarke, L., & Winch, C. A. (2006) · Journal of Education and Work · doi:10.1080/13639080600776870 · Cited by 124 · cited 1×
“Researchers in education question the conceptual validity of the concept (Clarke and Winch 2006), particularly after it expanded with the shift from industrial to post-fordist frameworks where a whole array of communicative, social and emotional abilities, as well as personal attributes such as…”
Micro-work, artificial intelligence and the automotive industry
Tubaro, P., & Casilli, A. A. (2019) · Journal of Industrial and Business Economics · doi:10.1007/s40812-019-00121-1 · Cited by 122 · cited 2×
“Empirical research about platform work (Tubaro et al. 2020; Casilli 2019; Tubaro and Casilli 2019) illustrates how difficult it is to keep in view all aspects of it at once.”
Computational Power and the Social Impact of Artificial IntelligencePreprint
Hwang, T. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3147971 · Cited by 107 · cited 3×
“As Hwang shows in a landmark study (2018), even though they are taken for granted in most reports, computational power supported by adequate hardware (notably quality microconductors), and energy availability, are basic material conditions of AI systems.”
InfluentialForecasting extreme labor displacement: A survey of AI practitioners
Gruetzemacher, R., Paradice, D., & Lee, K. B. (2020) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120323 · Cited by 105 · cited 1×
“Since then, many studies, using a variety of methods have added to these anticipations (Benzel et al. 2015; Bruun and Duka 2018; Halal et al. 2017; Schwab 2017; Chessell 2018; Gruetzemacher et al. 2020; Gruetzem-acher et al. 2021).”
Guest Editorial: Business Ethics in the Era of Artificial Intelligence
Haenlein, M., Huang, M., & Kaplan, A. (2022) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-022-05060-x · Cited by 105 · cited 1×
“Haenlein et al. (2022) give the example of a technology such as Status Today , which “can scrutinize staff behavior on a minute-to-minute basis by collecting data on who sends emails to whom at what time, who accesses and edits files, and who meets whom and allows firms to compare such activity…”
Labor Platforms and Gig Work: The Failure to RegulatePreprint
Collier, R. B., Dubal, V. B., & Carter, C. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3039742 · Cited by 103 · cited 1×
“…in formal legislative processes through lobbying, challenging legal decisions, mobilising their customer base (Schor and Vallas 2020; Thelen 2018; Collier et al. 2017, 2018), or even directly flexing their digital muscle against cities, regions and even nation states (such as Australia in 2021,…”
Algorithmic management: The case of Airbnb
Cheng, M., & Foley, C. (2019) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2019.04.009 · Cited by 94 · cited 3×
“Algorithms are widely used, by companies such as Airbnb (Cheng and Foley 2019), Uber (Möhlmann and Henfridsson 2019; Muller 2019; Amorim and Moda 2020), and Amazon (Park et al. 2021; Chesta 2021) in precisely these ways, to manage, direct, recruit, evaluate, and even terminate workers.”
“Intelligent” finance and treasury management: what we can expect
Polak, P., Nelischer, C., Guo, H., & Robertson, D. C. (2020) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-019-00919-6 · Cited by 91 · cited 1×
“AI is viewed by many business experts as a technology that can spur innovation and provide competitive advantage (Davenport 2018; Polak et al. 2020 for the finance sector).”
Military Applications of Artificial Intelligence: Ethical Concerns in an Uncertain World
Morgan, F., Boudreaux, B., Lohn, A. J., et al. (2020) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr3139-1 · Cited by 91
Artificial intelligence in the legal sector: pressures and challenges of transformation
Brooks, C., Gherhes, C., & Vorley, T. (2020) · Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsz026 · Cited by 87 · cited 1×
“Finally, human skills can be complemented rather than copied by automated processes, with machines taking charge of the routine aspects of the job (Autor 2014; Brooks et al. 2020; Alarie et al. 2018; Ekbia and Nardi 2017).”
The race to the top among the world’s leaders in artificial intelligence
Savage, N. (2020) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-020-03409-8 · Cited by 87 · cited 1×
“In more recent years, the battle for geopolitical hegemony has meant that other major powers, notably China, have also invested significantly in AI research (Barton et al. 2017; Allen 2019; Savage 2020; Roberts et al. 2021).”
(2019) · doi:10.4159/9780674242203 · Cited by 84
Conservative AI and social inequality: conceptualizing alternatives to bias through social theory
Zajko, M. (2021) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01153-9 · Cited by 83 · cited 1×
“…biases and reproduce discriminatory practices at work, whether the discrimination is built into the algorithms, or management’s use of the algorithm, or as a result of customer’s rating of workers (Noble 2018; Benjamin 2019; Kellogg et al. 2020; Akter et al. 2021; Zajko 2021; Heinrichs 2022).”
Vallas, S., & Kalleberg, A. L. (2017) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s0277-2833201731 · Cited by 81
Post-work society as an oxymoron: Why we cannot, and should not, wish work away
Deranty, J. (2021) · European Journal of Social Theory · doi:10.1177/13684310211012169 · Cited by 80 · cited 2×
“It is one outcome of a grant-funded project whose aim is to map out the arguments for and against the idea that work is “central” for individuals and communities (see Deranty 2021, and the online repository: onwork.edu.au for other outputs).”
Self-citationFukumura, Y. E., Gray, J. M., Lucas, G., Becerik-Gerber, B., & Roll, S. C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041690 · Cited by 76 · cited 1×
“Surveillance and control: algorithmic management raises obvious issues of privacy (Bhave et al. 2020; Ebert et al. 2021; Fukumura et al. 2021; Tsamados et al. 2022), not just at the workplace, but also at home, notably following the pandemic-induced shift to home-based working (Collins 2020).”
The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Skills at Work in DenmarkPreprint
Holm, J., & Lorenz, E. N. (2021) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3876347 · Cited by 75 · cited 1×
“The reinstatement effect (see next section) might favour only workers with specialised skills (Frank et al. 2019; Holm and Lorenz 2021), whilst new jobs might be created in occupations that are “technologically lagging”, where automation cannot enter for price reasons, but lower skill attract lower…”
The past and the future of innovation: Some lessons from economic history
Mokyr, J. (2018) · Explorations in economic history (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.eeh.2018.03.003 · Cited by 73 · cited 1×
“Leading economic historian Joel Mokyr agrees (Mokyr 2018) and is resolutely optimistic about AI’s potential to restart growth.”
Algorithms as fetish: Faith and possibility in algorithmic work
Thomas, S. L., Nafus, D., & Sherman, J. (2018) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/2053951717751552 · Cited by 72 · cited 1×
“Algorithm-based decisions emerge as from a “black box” (Pasquale 2015) or “magic box” (Thomas et al. 2018).”
Forecasting AI progress: A research agenda
Gruetzemacher, R., Dorner, F. E., Bernaola, N., Giattino, C., & Manheim, D. (2021) · Technological Forecasting and Social Change · doi:10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120909 · Cited by 71
Lifting the curtain: Strategic visibility of human labour in AI-as-a-Service
Newlands, G. (2021) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517211016026 · Cited by 66 · cited 2×
“This human labour is often obscured as “corporate communication highlights the role of technology, not human contribution, especially in the AI industry” (Tubaro 2021, 939; along similar lines, Newlands 2021a, b).”
Eglash, R., Robert, L., Bennett, A., Robinson, K. P., Lachney, M., & Babbitt, W. (2019) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-019-00915-w · Cited by 65 · cited 1×
“…relates to the kind of jobs that AI might make possible, with the claim that it might make many jobs, either existing ones or new ones, more satisfying (Paschke-witz and Patt 2020), as they might involve higher skills or more creativity from the workers (Makridakis 2017; Eglash et al. 2020).”
Determinants of Automation Risk in the EU Labour Market: A Skills-Needs ApproachPreprint
Pouliakas, K. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3253487 · Cited by 64 · cited 1×
“The figures are confirmed by Pouliakas (2018) via a method that uses disaggregated job descriptions in a key survey conducted by the European Union (the European Skills and Jobs Survey, covering 49,000 EU adult workers), a method that allows him to factor in information on skill requirements (for…”
THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ON EMPLOYMENT
Tripathi, M. (2024) · International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management · doi:10.55041/isjem01393 · Cited by 63
Algorithmic and human decision making: for a double standard of transparency
Günther, M., & Kasirzadeh, A. (2021) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-021-01200-5 · Cited by 62
Disembedded or Deeply Embedded? A Multi-Level Network Analysis of Online Labour Platforms
Tubaro, P. (2021) · Sociology · doi:10.1177/0038038520986082 · Cited by 61 · cited 1×
“This human labour is often obscured as “corporate communication highlights the role of technology, not human contribution, especially in the AI industry” (Tubaro 2021, 939; along similar lines, Newlands 2021a, b).”
Mellacher, P., & Scheuer, T. (2020) · Computational Economics · doi:10.1007/s10614-020-10026-0 · Cited by 57 · cited 1×
“…by advances in information and communication technology were biased in favor of workers with higher skills, replacing lower skill workers and assisting workers with pre-existing complex skill sets (Acemoglu and Autor 2011, Göranzon and Josefson 2012, Buera et al. 2015, Mellacher and Scheuer 2020).”
Will productivity growth return in the new digital era
Saniee, I., Kamat, S., Prakash, S., et al. (2017) · Bell Labs Technical Journal · doi:10.15325/bltj.2017.2714819 · Cited by 56 · cited 1×
“Global accounting firms, banks and business consultancy groups are often adamant regarding the potential for AI to increase productivity overall (Saniee et al. 2017).”
Ebert, I., Wildhaber, I., & Adams-Prassl, J. (2021) · Big Data & Society · doi:10.1177/20539517211013051 · Cited by 56 · cited 2×
“Surveillance and control: algorithmic management raises obvious issues of privacy (Bhave et al. 2020; Ebert et al. 2021; Fukumura et al. 2021; Tsamados et al. 2022), not just at the workplace, but also at home, notably following the pandemic-induced shift to home-based working (Collins 2020).”
Skill Biased Structural Change
Buera, F., Kaboski, J. P., & Rogerson, R. D. (2015) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w21165 · Cited by 53
Power, Politics, and Organizational Change
Buchanan, D., & Badham, R. J. (2020) · Cited by 50
The Business of AI StartupsPreprint
Bessen, J., Impink, S. M., Seamans, R., & Reichensperger, L. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3293275 · Cited by 49 · cited 1×
“AI has benefited from investment by companies that hope to find in it a new avenue for cutting costs, notably labour (Bessen et al. 2018) and transaction costs (Gurkaynak 2019; Lobel 2018), increasing outputs through ration-alization of the production process (Acemoglu and Restrepo 2019), raising…”
Automation and Autonomy: Labour, Capital and Machines in the Artificial Intelligence Industry
Steinhoff, J. (2021) · Marx, Engels, and Marxisms · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-71689-9 · Cited by 49 · cited 1×
“…innovation has been driven to a significant extent by the attempts at winning the economic competition and increasing profit through the usual methods that are used in capitalistic economics (Brynjolfsson and McAfee 2014 for a candid version; Steinhoff 2021 for a critical, Marx-inspired take).”
Digitalised management, control and resistance in platform work: a labour process analysis
Joyce, S., & Stuart, M. (2021) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781802205138.00017 · Cited by 47 · cited 1×
“Workers are put at the mercy of processes they have little control or recourse over (Loi et al. 2020, Veen et al., 2020; Purcell and Brook 2020; Joyce and Stuart 2021).”
Big tech and societal sustainability: an ethical framework
Arogyaswamy, B. (2020) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-020-00956-6 · Cited by 39 · cited 3×
“A significant portion of professional work in fact involves routine activities (Ford 2015, 2021; Susskind and Susskind 2015, 2020) such that, even if some “higher” cognitive components are involved (memorisation, or complex judgement, or evaluation), “higher skill” jobs are themselves open to…”
Testing the Employment and Skill Impact of New Technologies
Barbieri, L., Mussida, C., Piva, M., & Vivarelli, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57365-6_1-1 · Cited by 39 · cited 1×
“Third, many entry level and manual jobs are in fact not routine and, therefore, not easily codifiable (Goos et al. 2014; Autor et al. 2015, Barbieri et al. 2020).”
Artificial Intelligence, Its Corporate Use and How It Will Affect the Future of Work
Bughin, J. (2020) · Springer proceedings in business and economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-46143-0_14 · Cited by 35 · cited 1×
“Via a questionnaire targeting 3000 companies, Bughin (2020) concludes that labor redistribution will occur.”
Digitalisation and the regulation of work: theoretical issues and normative challenges
Salento, A. (2018) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-017-0738-z · Cited by 34 · cited 1×
“Other battles are about the right to privacy of workers (De Stefano 2020 for Europe) and the development of regulatory frameworks to give an ethical frame to AI development (Salento 2018).”
Employment Growth in Europe: The Roles of Innovation, Local Job Multipliers and InstitutionsPreprint
Goos, M., Konings, J., & Vandeweyer, M. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2671765 · Cited by 34 · cited 1×
“On some accounts, this effect might even be felt in manufacturing industries servicing automated factories (Goos et al. 2015).”
THE JOBLESS ECONOMY IN A POST-WORK SOCIETY: HOW AUTOMATION WILL TRANSFORM THE LABOR MARKET
(2018) · Psychosociological Issues in Human Resource Management · doi:10.22381/pihrm6220187 · Cited by 33 · cited 3×
“Since then, many studies, using a variety of methods have added to these anticipations (Benzel et al. 2015; Bruun and Duka 2018; Halal et al. 2017; Schwab 2017; Chessell 2018; Gruetzemacher et al. 2020; Gruetzem-acher et al. 2021).”
STEFANO, V. D. (2020) · Studies in systems, decision and control · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-45340-4_7 · Cited by 28 · cited 2×
“Other battles are about the right to privacy of workers (De Stefano 2020 for Europe) and the development of regulatory frameworks to give an ethical frame to AI development (Salento 2018).”
Artificial intelligence and the ideology of capitalist reconstruction
Berman, B. J. (1992) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/bf02472776 · Cited by 26 · cited 1×
“A major driver of AI innovation and development since the 1980s in the US has been the military (Berman 1992; Morgan et al. 2020 on US investment in AI for intelligence and surveilance systems).”
No automation please, we’re British: technology and the prospects for work
Spencer, D., & Slater, G. (2020) · Cambridge Journal of Regions, Economy and Society · doi:10.1093/cjres/rsaa003 · Cited by 26 · cited 1×
“Many researchers highlight the difficulty of generalising from one national context to another, as different structures of the economy, the education system, and so on, mean that AI impacts work differently in different economies (Luk-sha et al. 2015; Spencer and Slater 2020).”
A World Beyond Work?: Labour, Money and the Capitalist State between Crisis and Utopia
Dinerstein, A. C., & Pitts, F. H. (2021) · doi:10.1108/9781787691438 · Cited by 24
Automation, basic income, and merit
Nieswandt, K. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429243394-8 · Cited by 23 · cited 2×
“• Nieswandt, K. (2021). Automation, basic income, and merit.”
Augmented Exploitation: Artificial Intelligence, Automation and Work
(2021) · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1h0nv3d · Cited by 23 · cited 2×
“Vallas and Schor reference a large number of studies on working conditions for app-workers (see the more recent Moore and Woodstock 2021), and conclude that power asymmetry rather than horizontal democracy has so far been the experience of workers.”
Pathologies of AI: Responsible use of artificial intelligence in professional work
Stamper, R. (1988) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/bf01891439 · Cited by 22 · cited 1×
“This insight is well established of course (Stamper 1988).”
Ebben, M. (2020) · Advances in human and social aspects of technology book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-2509-8.ch001 · Cited by 22
Technological Unemployment, Leisure Occupation, and the Human Project
Floridi, L. (2014) · Philosophy & Technology · doi:10.1007/s13347-014-0166-7 · Cited by 21 · cited 1×
“At one end are philosophical studies of the “ethics” of AI, which tend to overlook macro-economic and social contexts and focus instead on the ethical norms embedded in particular AI processes and machines (Floridi 2014 as an informative exception).”
Eyes Everywhere: Amazon's Surveillance Infrastructure and Revitalizing Worker PowerPreprint
Hanley, D., & Hubbard, S. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4089862 · Cited by 19
van Rijmenam, D. M. (2019) · doi:10.4324/9780429279973 · Cited by 17 · cited 1×
“AI works by processing large amounts of data to identify patterns (Van Rijmenam 2019).”
Digital economy and the future of social security
Konkolewsky, H.-H. (2017) · Administration · doi:10.1515/admin-2017-0031 · Cited by 15 · cited 5×
“One of the consequences of the deployment of AI could be further stress being put on already ailing systems of social protection (Konkolewsky 2017).”
InfluentialThe Nexus between Artificial Intelligence and Economics
van de Gevel, A. J. W., & NOUSSAIR, C. N. (2013) · SpringerBriefs in economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-33648-5 · Cited by 14
Coase and the Platform Economy
Lobel, O. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108255882.006 · Cited by 12
Chesta, R. E. (2021) · Lecture notes in logistics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-58430-6_10 · Cited by 12 · cited 3×
“Algorithms are widely used, by companies such as Airbnb (Cheng and Foley 2019), Uber (Möhlmann and Henfridsson 2019; Muller 2019; Amorim and Moda 2020), and Amazon (Park et al. 2021; Chesta 2021) in precisely these ways, to manage, direct, recruit, evaluate, and even terminate workers.”
Unpacking Skill Bias: Automation and New Tasks
Acemoğlu, D., & Restrepo, P. (2020) · National Bureau of Economic Research · doi:10.3386/w26681 · Cited by 10 · cited 2×
“…of innovation (Tin-bergen 1974) has led to sophisticated econometric models to formalize “skill-biased technological change” (Autor et al. 2003; Acemoglu and Restrepo 2020a), which provide economic descriptions of the premium that technological innovation gives workers with higher skill, in…”
Transparency As Design Publicity: Explaining and Justifying Inscrutable AlgorithmsPreprint
Loi, M., Ferrario, A., & Viganò, E. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3404040 · Cited by 9
Who's My Manager? Surveillance by AI Leads to Perceived Privacy Invasion and Resistance Practices
Schlund, R., & Zitek, E. M. (2021) · Academy of Management Proceedings · doi:10.5465/ambpp.2021.11451abstract · Cited by 9 · cited 1×
“However, many critical management and organizational theorists, labour lawyers and sociologists of work, as well as scholars studying human–machine interactions, highlight concerns with the spread of algorithmic management (Schlund and Zitek 2021).”
Manufacturing Consent in the Gig Economy
Perrig, L. (2021) · Pluto Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv1h0nv3d.12 · Cited by 4
Algorithms and artificial intelligence: an optimist approach to efficiencies
Pezzoli, A., & Tonazzi, A. (2019) · Competition Law & Policy Debate · doi:10.4337/clpd.2019.03.04 · Cited by 3 · cited 1×
“…from investment by companies that hope to find in it a new avenue for cutting costs, notably labour (Bessen et al. 2018) and transaction costs (Gurkaynak 2019; Lobel 2018), increasing outputs through ration-alization of the production process (Acemoglu and Restrepo 2019), raising productivity…”
Rikap, C. (2021) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780429341489-1 · Cited by 1
Artificial Intelligence, Jobs, Inequality and Productivity: Does Aggregate Demand Matter?Preprint
Gries, T., & Naudé, W. (2018) · Social Science Research Network · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3301777
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Shah, I. A., & Mishra, S. (2024) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1093/joccuh/uiad017 · Cited by 156
“56 To safe-guard their workforce,employers can adopt various strategies recommended by the US National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).”
BackgroundJo, H. (2023) · Information Development · doi:10.1177/02666669231202764 · Cited by 106
“Alternatively, AI could automate routine tasks, allowing employees to focus on more complex, strategic initiatives (Deranty and Corbin, 2022).”
Friend or foe? Exploring the implications of large language models on the science system
Fecher, B., Hebing, M., Laufer, M., Pohle, J., & Sofsky, F. (2025) · AI & SOCIETY · doi:10.1007/s00146-023-01791-1 · Cited by 78
“They share this expectation with researchers in the field of AI and work, who in their optimistic scenarios expect a shift in tasks, the creation of new tasks and an emergence of new work profiles rather than the replacement of workers (Deranty and Corbin 2022).”
Ghosh, A., Saini, A., & Barad, H. (2025) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02312-y · Cited by 100
AI-Powered E-Learning for Lifelong Learners: Impact on Performance and Knowledge Application
Ahn, H. Y. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16209066 · Cited by 56
Metadata
- Authors
- Deranty, J.-P., & Corbin, T.
- Affiliations
- Macquarie University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Deranty, Jean-Philippe
- Corbin, Thomas
- Venue
- AI & SOCIETY
- Published
- 2022-06-28
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 675-691
- ISSN
- 0951-5666 (ISSN-L)
- 1435-5655
- OpenAlex
- W4283645384
- Semantic Scholar
- 899e19049050282ede00825eb2f965fd4e50b097
- Cited by
- 118
- References
- 172
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 39 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 1
- FWCI
- 30.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- AI & Society (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (DP190103116)
- Macquarie University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Digital Economy and Work Transformation
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Industrial relations › Legal and Labor Studies
- Keywords
- artificial intelligence, future of work, technological unemployment, algorithmic management, platform work, politics of work, capitalism, nationalism
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