Role of the anterior insula in task-level control and focal attention
Open accessAbstract
In humans, the anterior insula (aI) has been the topic of considerable research and ascribed a vast number of functional properties by way of neuroimaging and lesion studies. Here, we argue that the aI, at least in part, plays a role in domain-general attentional control and highlight studies (Dosenbach et al. 2006; Dosenbach et al. 2007) supporting this view. Additionally, we discuss a study (Ploran et al. 2007) that implicates aI in processes related to the capture of focal attention. Task-level control and focal attention may or may not reflect information processing supported by a single functional area (within the aI). Therefore, we apply a novel technique (Cohen et al. 2008) that utilizes resting state functional connectivity MRI (rs-fcMRI) to determine whether separable regions exist within the aI. rs-fcMRI mapping suggests that the ventral portion of the aI is distinguishable from more dorsal/anterior regions, which are themselves distinct from more posterior parts of the aI. When these regions are applied to functional MRI (fMRI) data, the ventral and dorsal/anterior regions support processes potentially related to both task-level control and focal attention, whereas the more posterior aI regions did not. These findings suggest that there exists some functional heterogeneity within aI that may subserve related but distinct types of higher-order cognitive processing.
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The aMCC is among the most frequently reported areas of activation in functional MRI research, with activations in pain, emotion, reward, conflict monitoring, error detection, memory, and social cognition.
“Indeed, meta-analyses indicate that it is among the most frequently reported areas of activation in functional MRI research (Clark-Polner et al., 2016; Nelson et al., 2010; Yarkoni et al., 2011), with reported activations in processes including pain, emotion, reward, conflict monitoring, error detection, memory, and social cognition (Beckmann et al., 2009; Wager et al., 2016).”
From Motivation in the Service of Allostasis: The Role of Anterior Mid-Cingulate Cortex (2019) · cites this paper as Nelson et al., 2010
The Introduction (page not available) reports that the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex was among the most commonly activated regions in a meta-analysis of 10 task-control tasks. That supports frequent activation within those tasks, but not the broader claim that the aMCC is among the most frequently reported activation areas across fMRI research. The list of processes is attached to different citations in the citing sentence, so it is not assessed against Nelson et al. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe anterior insula is one of the most commonly activated areas in human neuroimaging studies.
“The aIns is a central hub in the brain and is one of the most commonly activated areas in human neuroimaging studies (Nelson et al., 2010).”
From Cognitive flexibility in adolescence: Neural and behavioral mechanisms of reward prediction error processing in adaptive decision making during development (2015) · cites this paper as Nelson et al., 2010
The anterior insula is involved when a feedback is processed consciously.
“This is also in line with the assumption that the aIns is involved when a feedback is processed consciously (Nelson et al., 2010; Wheeler et al., 2008).”
From Cognitive flexibility in adolescence: Neural and behavioral mechanisms of reward prediction error processing in adaptive decision making during development (2015) · cites this paper as Nelson et al., 2010
Anterior insula activity often coincides with activation in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex.
“It is well known that aIns activity often coincides with activation in the dmPFC (cf. Hauser et al., 2014a, 2014b; Nelson et al., 2010; Seymour et al., 2004).”
From Cognitive flexibility in adolescence: Neural and behavioral mechanisms of reward prediction error processing in adaptive decision making during development (2015) · cites this paper as Nelson et al., 2010
The anterior insula has been ascribed a wide variety of functions from processing visceral and emotional information to controlling attention and task demands.
“Unsurprisingly, the aIns has been ascribed to a wide variety of functions from processing visceral and emotional information (Critchley, 2005) to controlling attention and task demands (Dosenbach et al., 2006, 2007; Nelson et al., 2010).”
From Cognitive flexibility in adolescence: Neural and behavioral mechanisms of reward prediction error processing in adaptive decision making during development (2015) · cites this paper as Nelson et al., 2010
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Nelson, S. M., Dosenbach, N. U. F., Cohen, A. L., Wheeler, M. E., Schlaggar, B. L., & Petersen, S. E.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nelson, Steven M.
- Venue
- Brain Structure and Function
- Published
- 2010-05-29
- Volume
- 214
- Issue
- 5-6
- Pages
- 669-680
- ISSN
- 1863-2653 (ISSN-L)
- 1863-2661
- PMC
- PMC2886908
- OpenAlex
- W1973254033
- Cited by
- 435
- References
- 65
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 48 · 2012: 28
- FWCI
- 2.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Brain Structure and Function (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS046424, K02NS053425, F30NS062489, NS46424, NS61144, NS62489, NS 41255, R21NS041255, NS53425, R21NS061144)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01HD057076, HD57076)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- anterior insula, task-level control, focal attention, resting-state functional connectivity, functional heterogeneity, cognitive control, attentional capture
- MeSH terms
- Attention, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Cognition, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Executive Function
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