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Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics
Open accessAbstract
Parasites and allergic diseases are linked by a complex, bidirectional relationship shaped by long-term host-parasite coevolution. This review discusses how different parasites may either promote or attenuate allergic responses through immunological, epithelial, and microbiome-mediated mechanisms. IgE-mediated immunity, mast cell activation, eosinophilia, and pruritus may have evolved as protective responses against helminths and blood-feeding ectoparasites. In contrast, modern allergies may partly reflect misdirected responses to harmless environmental antigens. The effects of parasites on allergy are not uniform and depend on parasite type, infection site, exposure intensity and chronicity, host immune status, and the degree of host-parasite adaptation. Protozoa such as Giardia intestinalis may contribute to food allergy-related manifestations by disrupting the intestinal barrier, altering gut microbiota composition, and modifying mucosal immune responses, particularly in atopic individuals. In contrast, selected helminths may attenuate allergic inflammation by inducing regulatory T and B cells, anti-inflammatory cytokines, antigen-presenting cell modulation, and IgG4-associated mechanisms that can limit IgE-mediated effector responses. Molecular similarities between parasite-derived antigens and environmental allergens, including conserved protein families and carbohydrate epitopes, may contribute to cross-reactive IgE responses and complicate allergy diagnostics. Therefore, current research is shifting from live helminth therapy toward defined parasite-derived molecules and immunomodulatory pathways that may inspire safer and more controlled therapeutic strategies. A clearer understanding of parasite-allergy interactions may improve diagnostic interpretation and support the development of new approaches to the management of allergic disease.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review synthesizes evidence that parasites and allergic disease interact bidirectionally, with effects depending on parasite type, infection site, intensity, chronicity, host immune status, and host–parasite adaptation. It argues that current research is shifting from live helminth therapy toward defined parasite-derived immunomodulatory molecules for safer, more controlled allergy therapeutics.
Key findings
- IgE-mediated immunity, mast cell activation, eosinophilia, and pruritus may have evolved as protective responses against helminths and blood-feeding ectoparasites; modern allergies may partly reflect misdirected responses to harmless environmental antigens.
- Protozoa such as *Giardia intestinalis* may contribute to food allergy-related manifestations by disrupting the intestinal barrier, altering gut microbiota, and modifying mucosal immune responses, particularly in atopic individuals; selected helminths may attenuate allergic inflammation via regulatory T and B cells, anti-inflammatory cytokines, antigen-presenting cell modulation, and IgG4-associated mechanisms.
- Molecular similarities between parasite-derived antigens and environmental allergens—including conserved protein families such as tropomyosin, paramyosin, HSP70, enolase, glutathione S-transferase, chitinase, cyclophilin, and antigen 5-like proteins, plus carbohydrate epitopes such as CCDs and α-gal—may cause cross-reactive IgE responses and complicate allergy diagnostics.
- Live helminth therapy has shown mixed results: in an open-label study, 29 patients with active Crohn’s disease ingested 2,500 *Trichuris suis* ova every three weeks for 24 weeks; 79% responded and 72% achieved remission, with no adverse events reported, but later randomized controlled trials yielded mixed results. Helminth treatment groups had significantly higher rates of moderate to severe abdominal pain compared with placebo (RR 7.67, 95% CI 1.87 to 31.57), and higher *Necator americanus* doses (>10 larvae) were associated with more frequent gastrointestinal side effects.
Methods
- Narrative review; no primary data, systematic search strategy, or meta-analysis is reported. It synthesizes evolutionary, immunological, epithelial, and microbiome-mediated mechanisms from cited literature.
- Includes comparative tables: Table 1 compares immune pathways in parasitic infections versus allergic hypersensitivity; Table 2 lists representative parasite-derived allergens and cross-reactive molecular families relevant to allergy diagnostics.
- Discusses protozoa (especially *Giardia intestinalis*), helminths, ectoparasites, molecular cross-reactivity, microbiome effects, and candidate parasite-derived therapeutic molecules such as Hp-ARI, SJMHE1, ES-62, and rAl-CPI.
Limitations
- Stated: the hygiene hypothesis, “old friends” hypothesis, and common-origin concepts have not been fully confirmed; parasite–allergy effects are context-dependent; cross-reactive IgE may be clinically irrelevant in many cases; live helminth therapy remains limited by safety, ethical, practical, and efficacy concerns; further studies are needed.
- Stated: it remains unclear whether *G. intestinalis* mechanisms directly promote allergic sensitization or mainly exacerbate symptoms in predisposed individuals.
- Evident: as a narrative review, it lacks systematic search/inclusion criteria and quantitative synthesis; many claims rely on animal models, observational studies, and selected clinical trials rather than uniform human evidence.
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Claims the paper makes
131 Check pending · 50 Own interpretation · 12 No full text of the sources · 11 Not checked yet · 7 Sources not found · 2 No basis given
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“IgE-mediated immunity, mast cell activation, eosinophilia, and pruritus may have evolved as protective responses against helminths and blood-feeding ectoparasites.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Abstract
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Early mammals experienced substantial parasitic pressure from both endoparasites and ectoparasites.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This review discusses how different parasites may either promote or attenuate allergic responses through immunological, epithelial, and microbiome-mediated mechanisms.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Abstract
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Parasites and allergic diseases are linked by a complex, bidirectional relationship shaped by long-term host–parasite coevolution.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Abstract
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Thus, persistent exposure to both endoparasites and ectoparasites may have played a crucial role in shaping and preserving IgE-mediated immune responses, mast cell activation, eosinophilic inflammation, and itch-associated protective behaviors, all of which are central to both parasite defense and allergic reactions (Farnell et al. 2015; Santiago et al. 2015; Sousa-Santos et al. 2020).”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > A common beginning?
What the sources say
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: Early mammals experienced substantial parasitic pressure from both endoparasites and ectoparasites.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the relationship between parasites and allergies is highly complex and depends on many factors, including the parasite species, infection intensity and duration, and the host's immune response.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > A common beginning? > Hygiene hypothesis, old friends hypothesis, and parasite exposure
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In this context, IgE-mediated itch and local wheal-and-flare reactions may be interpreted not only as pathological allergic manifestations but also as protective responses that promote grooming, avoidance behavior, and parasite removal (Luo et al. 2023; Moats et al. 2016; Poinar 2015).”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > A common beginning?
What the sources say
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Early mammals experienced substantial parasitic pressure from both endoparasites and ectoparasites.
In the paper
“HSP70 homologs from Schistosoma mansoni and Aspergillus fumigatus share conserved structural and functional domains, including regions involved in ATP binding and substrate interaction.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
What the sources say
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The homology between Ascaris tropomyosin and mite tropomyosins, including Der p 10 and Blo t 10, may contribute to cross-reactive IgE responses and complicate the interpretation of dust mite sensitization in parasite-exposed individuals (Cheng et al. 2022; Shafique et al. 2012; Sousa-Santos et al. 2020).”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
What the sources say
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Insect-derived allergens may share molecular similarities with allergens from mites, crustaceans, mollusks, fungi, plants, animal venoms, and parasites.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
What the sources say
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Other parasite-derived or parasite-associated allergen families may also contribute to cross-reactivity. These include paramyosins, nematode polyproteins, trypsin inhibitors, lipocalins, glutathione S-transferases, cyclophilins, chitinases, enolases, and heat shock proteins (Boumis et al. 2011; Dramburg et al. 2023; Fitzsimmons et al. 2014; Kennedy 2000; Kennedy 2011; Ortona et al. 2002; Santiago”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
What the sources say
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 58
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- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Positive IgE results may reflect genuine sensitization, cross-reactive antibody binding, or clinically irrelevant recognition of conserved molecular structures.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Malaria, a disease caused by protozoa of the Plasmodium genus, can exert multifaceted effects on immune function, possibly altering the risk of allergy development, although the specific mechanisms involved have not yet been fully elucidated (Herrant et al. 2013).”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > A common beginning? > Microparasites and macroparasites in allergy
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites Herrant et al. 2013 source
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“According to this concept, the immune system evolved to protect the host from parasitic invasion, but in modern societies, where hygiene has improved and exposure to parasites has decreased, the same immune pathways may become misdirected toward harmless environmental antigens, leading to allergy (Kay 2001; Kay et al. 1971).”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > A common beginning?
What the sources say
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, antigenic similarities between protozoan proteins and environmental allergens may contribute to cross-reactive IgE responses, although this mechanism remains less well established than in helminth-related cross-reactivity (Demoly et al. 2021).”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Protozoa
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites Demoly et al. 2021 source
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Reduced or functionally impaired sIgA responses may therefore facilitate persistent protozoan colonization and increase mucosal exposure to food antigens.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Protozoa > The role of sIgA in parasite elimination and food allergy manifestation
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, current research is shifting from live helminth therapy toward defined parasite-derived molecules and immunomodulatory pathways that may inspire safer and more controlled therapeutic strategies.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Abstract
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In children or adults with food hypersensitivity and gastrointestinal symptoms, allergic inflammation and barrier dysfunction may precede or facilitate protozoan infection, while infection itself may further aggravate mucosal injury and food antigen penetration.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Protozoa > The role of sIgA in parasite elimination and food allergy manifestation
What the sources say
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, the theory formulated in the late 1970s by the Scottish scientist A. B. Kay proposed that immune defense mechanisms against parasites and allergic responses may share a common origin.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > A common beginning?
What the sources say
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Some studies suggest that protozoan exposure may, in selected contexts, reduce allergic sensitization by promoting Th1-type immune responses and suppressing Th2-mediated inflammation,however, this should be regarded as context-dependent rather than a predominant or universal effect (Fenoy et al. 2015; Korb et al. 2020; Maizels 2020).”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Protozoa
What the sources say
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Such alterations in microbiota may persist even after parasite clearance and contribute to epithelial barrier dysfunction, altered immune signaling, and chronic gastrointestinal complaints (Beatty et al. 2017; Fekete et al. 2020).”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Protozoa > Giardia intestinalis and food allergies
What the sources say
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the context of allergy, these changes are relevant because the intestinal microbiota participates in oral tolerance, regulatory immune pathways, and the control of inflammatory responses to food antigens.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Protozoa > Giardia intestinalis and food allergies
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While macroparasites typically provoke a pronounced Th2 response commonly associated with allergies, protozoa tend to activate either a Th1 response or a mixed Th1/Th2 response.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > A common beginning? > Microparasites and macroparasites in allergy
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In individuals with an atopic phenotype, impaired mucosal immune regulation may further enhance this process.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Protozoa > The role of sIgA in parasite elimination and food allergy manifestation
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“Intestinal protozoan infections may disrupt epithelial barrier integrity, alter gut microbiota composition, and affect local immune homeostasis, thereby potentially increasing exposure to food antigens and modifying allergic sensitization in susceptible individuals (Cao et al. 2024; Gurung and Kanneganti 2016).”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Protozoa
What the sources say
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is one example of a highly conserved protein family with potential relevance for cross-recognition between parasite and environmental allergens.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
What the sources say
hedgedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Tropomyosins are among the most important examples of cross-reactive invertebrate allergens. They are characterized by high thermostability, resistance to digestion, and strong structural conservation across different invertebrate species.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Recent studies indicate that intestinal protozoa, such as Giardia intestinalis and Cryptosporidium spp., may cause gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea and abdominal pain, and may disrupt the gut microbiota, thereby influencing immune homeostasis and potentially modifying allergic responses (Grondin et al. 2024; Sardinha-Silva et al. 2022).”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Protozoa
What the sources say
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whether a parasite belongs to one group or the other largely depends on the species involved.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Reduced regulatory T-cell activity, insufficient Th17-related responses, and altered sIgA production may increase susceptibility to G. intestinalis infection and contribute to persistent gastrointestinal inflammation (Aboulhoda et al. 2024; Singer et al. 2019; Yordanova et al. 2019; Zhao et al. 2023).”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Protozoa > The role of sIgA in parasite elimination and food allergy manifestation
What the sources say
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Trophozoites primarily localize in the small intestine, where they may contribute to epithelial injury, villous changes, and impairment of barrier function (Riba et al. 2020; Yu et al. 2024).”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Protozoa > Giardia intestinalis and food allergies
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites Riba et al. 2020 source
- Not matchedcites Yu et al. 2024
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“However, infection with G. intestinalis has been associated with gastrointestinal symptoms and may contribute to manifestations of food allergy, particularly in individuals with an atopic phenotype.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Protozoa > Giardia intestinalis and food allergies
What the sources say
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This immunoglobulin contributes to mucosal defense by limiting microbial and parasitic adhesion to intestinal epithelial cells, neutralizing toxins, supporting barrier integrity, and binding luminal antigens, including food allergens (Caudet et al. 2022; Garzon et al. 2021; Quintero et al. 2017).”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Protozoa > The role of sIgA in parasite elimination and food allergy manifestation
What the sources say
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Conversely, certain intestinal protozoa, including Giardia intestinalis, may increase intestinal permeability, potentially leading to greater exposure to food allergens and, consequently, increased allergy risk (Allain et al. 2017; Yu et al. 2024).”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > A common beginning? > Microparasites and macroparasites in allergy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Allain et al. 2017 source
- Not matchedcites Yu et al. 2024
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nowadays, various parasites can affect the host's immune response in different ways, either contributing to the development of allergic diseases or protecting against them.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > A common beginning? > Hygiene hypothesis, old friends hypothesis, and parasite exposure
plainstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, G. intestinalis may influence food allergy-related manifestations primarily through disruption of the epithelial barrier, dysbiosis, altered sIgA-mediated mucosal defense, and increased exposure to food antigens.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Protozoa > The role of sIgA in parasite elimination and food allergy manifestation
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among parasitic worms, we can identify those with a high allergenic potential and others that reduce the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It should also be emphasized that none of these hypotheses has been fully confirmed, and current evidence highlights the complexity of interactions between endoparasites, ectoparasites, microorganisms, and the human immune system (Maizels 2020; Perkin and Strachan 2022).”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > A common beginning? > Hygiene hypothesis, old friends hypothesis, and parasite exposure
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This response may lead to increased IgE production, eosinophilia, and tissue inflammation, potentially increasing the risk of allergy development in some contexts (Acevedo et al. 2011).”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > A common beginning? > Microparasites and macroparasites in allergy
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Acevedo et al. 2011 source
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Increased intestinal permeability may facilitate the penetration of parasite-derived products, microbial components, and food antigens, thereby promoting mucosal inflammation and potentially enhancing food allergy-related symptoms in predisposed individuals (Fig. 1) (Allain et al. 2017; Martinez-Ocana et al. 2020; Troeger et al. 2007).”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Protozoa > Giardia intestinalis and food allergies
What the sources say
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Tapeworms such as Hymenolepis diminuta have also been shown to suppress allergic reactions in animal models, suggesting potential anti-allergic properties of some parasitic worms.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > A common beginning? > Microparasites and macroparasites in allergy
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“C. albicans enolase is both an intracellular enzyme and a cell wall-associated antigen”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“T. gondii enolase may be expressed on the parasite surface and participate in host cell invasion”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
What the sources say
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Thus, the relationship between G. intestinalis and food allergy-related symptoms should be interpreted as bidirectional and dependent on host immune status (Elghoudi and Narchi 2022; Hassan et al. 2023; Kanikowska et al. 2022),”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Protozoa > The role of sIgA in parasite elimination and food allergy manifestation
What the sources say
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, in many cases, CCD-specific IgE is of limited clinical relevance and does not correlate with symptoms”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For instance, during chronic nematode infections, studies have shown increased colonization of the small intestine by Lactobacillus species and increased growth of Clostridium species in the large intestine.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These mechanisms allow parasites to persist within the host while promoting regulatory immune responses.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“IgE generated against a parasite-derived antigen may bind to an environmental allergen, or IgE generated against an environmental allergen may bind to a parasite-derived molecule.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These features increase immune exposure and may explain why enolase can act as an immunogenic molecule in different infectious contexts.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
What the sources say
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sporadic infections in regions where helminths are uncommon often lead to severe inflammatory responses.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Anti-α-gal IgE antibodies can cause delayed allergic reactions after consumption of mammalian meat, offal, dairy products, or gelatin, as well as immediate reactions after exposure to certain mammalian-derived drugs or biological agents, such as cetuximab.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
What the sources say
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By inhibiting the overgrowth of these harmful bacteria, helminths help maintain a balanced microbiota composition that may support overall immune tolerance and potentially reduce the risk of allergic inflammation”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Certain parasitic worms stimulate the growth of protective bacterial species with anti-inflammatory properties, while simultaneously inhibiting the growth of pro-inflammatory bacteria”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“At week 24, 79% of patients responded to therapy and 72% achieved remission, with no adverse events reported, suggesting a favorable safety profile”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Summers et al. 2005 source
hedgedstates a causen = 29- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several helminths have been associated with reduced allergic reactivity or have shown anti-inflammatory effects in experimental or selected clinical contexts.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
plainstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A statement the paper makes itself — it cites no source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“High-molecular-weight glycosylated components (> 100 kDa) have also been detected in A. lumbricoides extracts.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Clinical manifestations include gastrointestinal symptoms, urticaria, angioedema, and anaphylaxis”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Rare but serious complications include neurological symptoms, pancreatitis, increased risk of secondary infections, and concerns about aberrant parasite migration, particularly with non-human helminths”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites Maruszewska-Cheruiyot et al. 2018 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, recombinant ABA-1 from Ascaris has been shown to activate basophils in patients with alpha-gal syndrome, suggesting a possible role of Ascaris-derived molecules in α-gal-related immune recognition”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites Murangi et al. 2022 source
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Anti-CCD IgE antibodies may affect in vitro allergy test results and complicate their interpretation.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
What the sources say
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These include the induction of regulatory T and B cells, the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF-β, the alternative activation of macrophages, and the modulation of IgE-mediated effector pathways”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Across multiple studies, helminth therapy with T. suis and N. americanus was generally found to be safe and well-tolerated, though efficacy results were inconsistent and often limited by study design or high placebo effects”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Anti-enolase antibodies generated during fungal infection may potentially cross-react with protozoan enolase, and vice versa”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Molecular cross-reactivity between parasites and environmental allergens
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Angeletti et al. 2021 source
- Not matchedcites He et al. 2015
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Lu et al. 2010
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This molecule reduces inflammatory responses and has potential for managing conditions such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites Corbet et al. 2021 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although live helminth therapy has provided important mechanistic insights, its clinical use remains limited by safety, ethical, practical, and efficacy-related concerns.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Conclusion
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Animal studies have shown that this peptide inhibits airway inflammation, reduces immune cell infiltration into the lungs, and shifts the Th2 lymphocyte population toward Th1 and regulatory T cells”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites Gao et al. 2023 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, a study showed that rAl-CPI suppressed peripheral Th2 responses in mice with allergic asthma induced by house dust mite extract (HDM), suggesting its potential for treating dust mite allergies”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites Coronado et al. 2019 source
hedgedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Another example of a potential therapeutic agent is the recombinant protease inhibitor (rAl-CPI), which induced IL-10 and TGF-β production in a mouse macrophage line and reduced the development of allergic airway inflammation.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites Coronado et al. 2019 source
plainstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, extracts isolated from Ascaris parasites, tested in an animal model of allergic asthma, demonstrated the ability to suppress inflammation and inhibit humoral and cellular responses”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites Coronado et al. 2019 source
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several studies have already highlighted the potential of these parasite-derived molecules to shape immune responses and their possible use in anti-inflammatory therapy for allergic diseases.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites Ayelign et al. 2020 source
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, current research is increasingly focused on defined parasite-derived molecules and immunomodulatory pathways that may inspire safer and more targeted therapeutic strategies.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Conclusion
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In vivo studies demonstrated that Hp-ARI can inhibit the allergic response to Alternaria, even when administered 24 h before allergen exposure, suggesting a possible prophylactic use”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Osbourn et al. 2017 source
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Despite these hurdles, research on the intricate relationship between parasites and the host immune system opens up fascinating new possibilities for understanding and potentially treating allergic diseases”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites Bohnacker et al. 2020 source
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“These antigen-presenting cells play a crucial role in initiating and regulating immune responses, so their modulation could significantly affect the course of allergic reactions”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites Morianos and Semitekolou 2020 source
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship between parasites and allergic diseases is complex, bidirectional, and strongly dependent on biological context.”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Conclusion
boostedstates an association- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, soluble products secreted by Trichinella spiralis worms have been shown to stimulate the production of regulatory T cells, increase IL-10 and TGF-β secretion (cytokines with strong anti-inflammatory effects), and influence inflammatory cytokine levels, ultimately reducing allergic inflammation”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites Sun et al. 2019 source
boostedstates a cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This approach may lead to the development. of new, more effective, and safer methods for treating not only allergic diseases but also other immunological disorders”
§ Parasites and allergies: a complex bidirectional relationship from evolutionary origins to modern therapeutics > Parasitic worms > Parasites reducing the risk of developing and manifesting allergic diseases
What the sources say
- Check pendingcites White et al. 2020 source
hedgedstates a possible cause- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Early mammals experienced substantial parasitic pressure from both endoparasites and ectoparasites.
“While establishing an exact chronology of parasite evolution is challenging due to the scarcity of well-preserved fossils, it is reasonable to assume that early mammals experienced substantial parasitic pressure from both endoparasites and ectoparasites.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The gut microbiome plays a key role in immune health.
“which plays a key role in immune health”
The paper relies on this without support.
Regulatory T cells are crucial for suppressing excessive immune responses and are a key factor in regulating allergic inflammation.
“Regulatory T cells are crucial for suppressing excessive immune responses, a key factor in regulating allergic inflammation”
The paper relies on this without support.
Accurate differentiation between fungal and protozoal infection is clinically important in immunocompromised individuals.
“in whom accurate differentiation between fungal and protozoal infection is clinically important”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.
Cited works that were retracted
Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
“Yu X, Hu Y, Freire M, Yu P, Kawai T, Han X (2018) Role of toll-like receptor 2 in inflammation and alveolar bone loss in experimental peri-implantitis versus periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 53(1):98–106”
Cited work 10.1111/jre.12492 · retracted 2020-12-04 · notice 10.1111/jre.12815 · this paper published 2026-09-10
Citations
Cites
1 retracted
Yu, X., Hu, Y., Freire, M., Yu, P., Kawai, T., & Han, X. (2017) · Journal of Periodontal Research · doi:10.1111/jre.12492 · Cited by 59
RetractedRevised Estimates for the Number of Human and Bacteria Cells in the Body
Sender, R., Fuchs, S., & Milo, R. (2016) · PLOS Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002533 · Cited by 5,425
Dominguez-Bello, M. G., Costello, E. K., Contreras, M., Magris, M., Hidalgo, G., Fierer, N., & Knight, R. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1002601107 · Cited by 4,774
Induction of Intestinal Th17 Cells by Segmented Filamentous Bacteria
Ivanov, I. I., Atarashi, K., Manel, N., Brodie, E. L., Shima, T., Karaoz, U., Wei, D., Goldfarb, K. C., Santee, C. A., Lynch, S. V., et al. (2009) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.09.033 · Cited by 4,554
Induction of Colonic Regulatory T Cells by Indigenous Clostridium Species
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Gut Microbiota Metabolism of Dietary Fiber Influences Allergic Airway Disease and Hematopoiesis
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Cited by
Still being checked.
Metadata
- Authors
- Packi, K., Świerczewski, D., Klimczak, S., Ochab, D., Gałęziewska, J., Gromek, P., Kruczkowska, W., Płuciennik, E., Kałuzińska-Kołat, Ż., & Kołat, D.
- Affiliations
- Jan Długosz University (PL)
- Allergen Research Center (PL)
- Jan Kochanowski University (PL)
- Medical University of Lodz (PL)
- Corresponding author
- Kołat, Damian
- ORCID
- Venue
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
- Published
- 2026-09-10
- Volume
- 119
- Issue
- 10
- ISSN
- 0003-6072 (ISSN-L)
- 1572-9699
- PMC
- PMC13562351
- OpenAlex
- W7212161188
- Semantic Scholar
- 176b18de6c30baad78c12b7ec67862531606e351
- Cited by
- 0
- References
- 187
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- AllerGen Personalized Medicine Center
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Parasites and Host Interactions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Immunology and Allergy › Allergic Rhinitis and Sensitization
- Keywords
- helminth therapy, host-parasite coevolution, mast cell activation, eosinophilia, pruritus, Giardia lamblia, food allergy, gut microbiota, intestinal barrier, regulatory T cells, IgG4, environmental allergens, blood-feeding ectoparasites
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biological Evolution, Helminths, Host-Parasite Interactions, Humans, Hypersensitivity, Immunoglobulin E, Parasites, Parasitic Diseases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-11-12, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-11-12 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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