The DOI matches its Crossref record; 192 of the 195 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 115 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships
Open accessAbstract
Investigators have long recognized that adolescents’ peer experiences provide a crucial context for the acquisition of developmental competencies, as well as potential risks for a range of adjustment difficulties. However, recent years have seen an exponential increase in adolescents’ adoption of social media tools, fundamentally reshaping the landscape of adolescent peer interactions. Although research has begun to examine social media use among adolescents, researchers have lacked a unifying framework for understanding the impact of social media on adolescents’ peer experiences. This paper represents Part 1 of a two-part theoretical review, in which we offer a transformation framework to integrate interdisciplinary social media scholarship and guide future work on social media use and peer relations from a theory-driven perspective. We draw on prior conceptualizations of social media as a distinct interpersonal context and apply this understanding to adolescents’ peer experiences, outlining features of social media with particular relevance to adolescent peer relations. We argue that social media transforms adolescent peer relationships in five key ways: by changing the frequency or immediacy of experiences, amplifying experiences and demands, altering the qualitative nature of interactions, facilitating new opportunities for compensatory behaviors, and creating entirely novel behaviors. We offer an illustration of the transformation framework applied to adolescents’ dyadic friendship processes (i.e., experiences typically occurring between two individuals), reviewing existing evidence and offering theoretical implications. Overall, the transformation framework represents a departure from the prevailing approaches of prior peer relations work and a new model for understanding peer relations in the social media context.
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112 Own interpretation · 77 Not checked yet · 15 No basis given · 2 Sources not found · 1 Supported · 1 Own method
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“publicness can also occur in such forums as group text messaging threads, where one can simultaneously communicate with groups of 10–20 friends or more”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Publicness
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In the paper
“As compared to children, adolescents spend significantly more time with peers, experience more frequent peer-based stressors, and exhibit heightened emotional reactivity to peer stress (Brown and Larson 2009; Rudolph 2014).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Introduction
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In the paper
“As compared to children, adolescents spend significantly more time with peers, experience more frequent peer-based stressors, and exhibit heightened emotional reactivity to peer stress (Brown and Larson 2009; Rudolph 2014).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Introduction
What the sources say
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“First, it incorporates aspects of a dyadic social system, in which individuals interact directly with others known in their immediate social network.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > The Role of Ecological Contexts in Shaping Adolescent Behavior: Social Media as a New Interpersonal Context
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In the paper
“Social media also may activate the biological systems that are responsible for adolescents’ heightened sensitivity to social feedback and rewards (Sherman et al. 2016)”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Adolescent Development and the Draw of Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sherman et al. 2016 source
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In the paper
“As adolescents are striving for more frequent connections with peers, social media provides near constant opportunities for interaction, particularly via mobile technologies (Spies Shapiro and Margolin 2013).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Adolescent Development and the Draw of Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Spies Shapiro and Margolin 2013 source
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In the paper
“We draw on McFarland and Ployhart’s (2015) contextual framework to argue that the features of social media, which differentiate it from traditional interpersonal environments, come together to create a distinct social context.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > The Role of Ecological Contexts in Shaping Adolescent Behavior: Social Media as a New Interpersonal Context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McFarland and Ployhart 2015 source
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In the paper
“by changing the frequency or immediacy of experiences”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Abstract
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In the paper
“creating entirely novel behaviors”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“social media has now become a critical part of the social fabric that makes up adolescents’ lives (Lenhart 2015a; Rideout 2015).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lenhart 2015a
- Not checked yetcites Rideout 2015
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In addition, it suggests that the traditional measures and constructs of the peer relations field may no longer be sufficient to understanding modern adolescents’ peer experiences.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > The Role of Ecological Contexts in Shaping Adolescent Behavior: Social Media as a New Interpersonal Context
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“facilitating new opportunities for compensatory behaviors”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Abstract
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In the paper
“The unique interpersonal context of social media is characterized by a number of features that differentiate it from adolescents’ traditional interpersonal environments.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Thompson 1995
- Not checked yetcites Newhagen and Rafaeli 1996 source
- Not checked yetcites Walther and Parks 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The transformation framework is based on the premise, outlined in prior work (e.g., McFarland and Ployhart 2015; Subrahmanyam and Šmahel 2011), that social media represents a new psychosocial context made up of a range of unique features or affordances.”
- Also stated in: § The Role of Ecological Contexts in Shaping Adolescent Behavior: Social Media as a New Interpersonal Context · plain
“we draw on recently emerging conceptualizations of social media as a unique social context or environment that shapes individuals’ thoughts, behaviors, and relationships (boyd 2010; McFarland and Ployhart 2015; Peter and Valkenburg 2013; Subrahmanyam and Šmahel 2011).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > The Role of Ecological Contexts in Shaping Adolescent Behavior: Social Media as a New Interpersonal Context
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § The Role of Ecological Contexts in Shaping Adolescent Behavior: Social Media as a New Interpersonal Context · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“altering the qualitative nature of interactions”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“When adolescents post on social media, they may directly encounter this blending of contexts, or “context collapse,” as they attempt to navigate the multiple audiences—across individuals, settings, and time—who may view their posted content (Marwick and Boyd 2011).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > The Role of Ecological Contexts in Shaping Adolescent Behavior: Social Media as a New Interpersonal Context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marwick and Boyd 2011 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar to certain mass media channels (e.g., television, magazines), social media may bring into adolescents’ awareness a variety of environments that are outside of their immediate social realm, extending outward to incorporate larger sociocultural influences, values, and trends.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > The Role of Ecological Contexts in Shaping Adolescent Behavior: Social Media as a New Interpersonal Context
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“we present seven features of social media that distinguish it from traditional interpersonal environments, with particular attention to features that may impact adolescents’ peer experiences.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > A Transformation Framework of Adolescent Peer Relations and Social Media
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“amplifying experiences and demands”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Prior research suggests that adolescents’ peer experiences are prospectively associated with educational outcomes, mental health symptoms, addictive behaviors, and even physical health morbidity and mortality decades later (Allen et al. 2014; Almquist 2009; Almquist and Östberg 2013; Menting et al. 2016; Modin et al. 2011; Moffitt 1993).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Introduction
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Since the advent of early forms of computer-mediated communication, scholars have suggested that digital communication differs in important ways from face-to-face communication (Newhagen and Rafaeli 1996; Thompson 1995; Walther and Parks 2002).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Newhagen and Rafaeli 1996 source
- Not checked yetcites Thompson 1995
- Not checked yetcites Walther and Parks 2002
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As compared to children, adolescents spend significantly more time with peers, experience more frequent peer-based stressors, and exhibit heightened emotional reactivity to peer stress (Brown and Larson 2009; Rudolph 2014).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Introduction
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and allow adolescents to experiment with broadcasting various aspects of their personalities, interests, and identities related to sexuality, gender, and race or ethnicity (Lee 2012; Manago et al. 2008; Michikyan et al. 2015; Valkenburg and Peter 2008).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Adolescent Development and the Draw of Social Media
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We further this notion by proposing that this context transforms adolescents’ peer experiences.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > The Role of Ecological Contexts in Shaping Adolescent Behavior: Social Media as a New Interpersonal Context
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, social media may simply increase the frequency or immediacy with which traditional offline peer experiences take place, for example, by allowing for peer interactions and communications to occur rapidly and often.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the transformation framework, we propose that the context of social media transforms peer experiences in at least five ways (see Fig. 1).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We propose that this distinct context transforms adolescents’ peer experiences in important ways.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The features of social media are the primary drivers of the transformation of peer experiences, rather than user characteristics or content.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Third, social media may alter the qualitative nature of peer experiences by changing the ways in which certain interactions are perceived or experienced.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Second, social media may amplify certain experiences and demands, increasing the intensity of traditional peer processes.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the domains of friendship and peer status may be transformed as marginalized youth find opportunities to connect with similar peers online.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The “dual systems” approach to adolescent brain development suggests that the “socioaffective circuitry” of the brain (i.e., amygdala, striatum, and medial prefrontal cortex), which is responsible for social cognition, emotion, and reward processing, may develop more quickly than the ventromedial and lateral prefrontal cortices that are responsible for cognitive and emotion regulation (Dahl 2004;”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Adolescent Development and the Draw of Social Media
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“adolescents can use social media to communicate with a public audience of peers, adults, and even strangers to an extent that would not be possible offline”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Publicness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“During adolescence, pubertal hormones may also disproportionately affect neurotransmitter systems within this “socioaffective circuitry,” increasing functional sensitivity within these brain regions and potentially heightening detection of and responses to social information (Somerville 2013).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Adolescent Development and the Draw of Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Somerville 2013 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Münzer and Borg (2008) accurately point out that these tools still involve a certain level of asynchronicity, given that interpersonal feedback typically cannot be provided immediately (i.e., while a message is being constructed).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Asynchronicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Münzer and Borg (2008) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These two-dimensional, visually oriented portraits may be particularly salient during adolescence, given key features of this developmental period.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Visualness
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these seven features of social media— asynchronicity, publicness, permanence, availability, cue absence, quantifiability, and visualness—create a unique context that is fundamentally different from adolescents’ offline social words.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The features of social media (the channel or medium) can be analytically separated from the messages and receivers of communication, and this separation is useful for understanding social media's impact on peer relations.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social media tools vary in the extent to which time passes between aspects of a conversation, with video communication tools providing near perfect synchronicity (i.e., to the same extent as in-person interactions, barring technical glitches), whereas e-mail provides high levels of asynchronicity, typically allowing for more time to read messages and construct responses.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Asynchronicity
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we suggest that the cue absence of a given social media tool may range from the multitude of interpersonal cues available via video chatting services (e.g., Skype, FaceTime), to—at an extreme end—a total lack of identifying information (complete anonymity).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Cue Absence
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Adolescents may be particularly susceptible to peer influence, as the motivation to engage in peer-valued behaviors outweighs logical reasoning that may inhibit these behaviors (Prinstein and Giletta 2016).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Adolescent Development and the Draw of Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Prinstein and Giletta 2016 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Thus, adolescents are bringing many of these peer-driven traditional developmental tasks into the online environment (Subrahmanyam et al. 2006).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Adolescent Development and the Draw of Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Subrahmanyam et al. 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we argue here that quantifiability is a critical feature of the social media context for adolescents”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Quantifiability
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These digital tools may be particularly appealing to adolescents because the social media environment provides a compelling context for youth to navigate critical socio-developmental tasks (Peter and Valkenburg 2013; Subrahmanyam and Greenfield 2008; Subrahmanyam and Šmahel 2011).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Adolescent Development and the Draw of Social Media
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It proposes that the unique context of social media fundamentally transforms adolescents’ peer experiences across multiple domains, including peer victimization, peer status, peer influence, and friendship.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > A Transformation Framework of Adolescent Peer Relations and Social Media
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“when combined with cue absence, the visualness of many photograph-based platforms engender limited, two-dimensional portraits of identity that lack the complexity and multifaceted self-presentations of traditional interactions.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Visualness
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, social media may transform peer experiences by allowing new opportunities for compensatory behaviors.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within the broad domain of friendship, communication demands may be amplified, as the features of social media heighten expectations of availability and relational maintenance.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, social media may create new opportunities for entirely novel behaviors, or those that simply would not have been possible offline.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For adolescents, among whom egocentrism creates the perception that an “imaginary audience” is constantly observing one’s actions (Elkind 1967), publicness may create an actual audience that fulfills this expectation (Boyd 2014; Underwood and Ehrenreich 2017).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Publicness
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“peer influence processes may be amplified in the context of social media as they can occur at a higher speed, with a greater volume of content, and on a larger, public scale.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The features of social media are likely to influence conflict processes as well.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Communication Processes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within some forms of social media, adolescents may be aware of the degree of permanence before posting content (e.g., while posting a photograph on Facebook that can be discovered years later with a simple search).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Permanence
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A long history of research on offline peer relationships has documented that friendships increase in stability, intimacy, importance, and attachment as youth age (Collins 2003; De Goede et al. 2009; Hunter and Youniss 1982; Poulin and Chan 2010).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Application of the Transformation Framework: Adolescent Friendship Processes
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cue absence represents a feature of social media that originates with cues-filtered-out theories of CMC (Culnan and Markus 1987) and the notions of “anonymity” and “social presence” previously described by scholars across fields (e.g., Berger 2013; Culnan and Markus 1987; McFarland and Ployhart 2015; Subrahmanyam and Šmahel 2011; Valkenburg and Peter 2011).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Cue Absence
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the one hand, the asynchronicity of social media may benefit adolescent communication with friends in that it allows for time to “cool down” during conflicts, engendering more productive conversations”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Communication Processes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Friendships differ from acquaintance relationships in their more intense affective and affiliative features, including greater social activity and intimacy (Newcomb and Bag-well 1995, 1996).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Newcomb and Bagwell 1995, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The offline peer relations literature provides the appropriate baseline constructs against which social media transformations can be identified.
- Not matched
In the paper
“friendships provide a context in which adolescents can practice effective conflict resolution (Newcomb and Bagwell 1995)”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Newcomb and Bagwell 1995 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The offline peer relations literature provides the appropriate baseline constructs against which social media transformations can be identified.
In the paper
“they also serve a protective function in providing social support to prevent maladaptive outcomes (Sullivan 1953)”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sullivan 1953
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The offline peer relations literature provides the appropriate baseline constructs against which social media transformations can be identified.
In the paper
“Although preliminary, this finding provides initial evidence that, due to the cue absence of online environments, adolescents may be more likely to misinterpret social stimuli online, regardless of whether they experience social anxiety.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Communication Processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kingsbury and Coplan 2016 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“on the other hand, however, the cue absence and asynchronicity of social media may create new challenges in regard to problem solving and negotiation.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Communication Processes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cue absence and asynchronicity of social media likely change the qualitative nature of communication processes in multiple ways.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Communication Processes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As such, we might expect that adolescents engaged in conflicts within their friendships would benefit from the use of asynchronous media, where communication might be less emotional and more effective.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Communication Processes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In other cases, adolescents may not directly perceive the permanence of a medium.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Permanence
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In general, these features may present challenges for the interpretation of information shared online.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Communication Processes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, social media may transform problematic friendship processes, such as excessive reassurance-seeking and co-rumination, by amplifying their intensity and increasing the frequency and immediacy by which they can occur.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“research suggests that online-only friendships may be of lower quality than offline or “mixed mode” friendships (i.e., meeting online and then spending time offline; Antheunis et al. 2012)”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Antheunis et al. 2012 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“they offer evidence that online experiences, though related, are distinct from similar offline experiences and thus directly support the transformation framework.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Application of the Transformation Framework: Adolescent Friendship Processes
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from studies of adults and college students can provide preliminary evidence about processes that occur in adolescence.
In the paper
“Important neurodevelopmental differences in the imbalance of socioemotional and cognitive control networks are also relevant for understanding the roles of peers in adolescents’ versus young adults’ lives (e.g., Chein et al. 2011).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Application of the Transformation Framework: Adolescent Friendship Processes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chein et al. 2011 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Berger (2013) also highlights the asynchronicity inherent in written (rather than oral) communication, which is more common on social media.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Asynchronicity
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Berger (2013) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In line with this effect, adolescents may shape their offline behavior based on how it may appear online—that is, becoming increasingly aware of the ways in which their offline friendship experiences will be portrayed for peers in photographs, posts, and comments on social media.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > New Opportunities: Novel Experiences Increase Friendship Demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, adolescents may experience an obligation to publicly express support for their friends’ online activities via likes and comments—a new behavior made possible by the social media environment.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > New Opportunities: Novel Experiences Increase Friendship Demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the availability of the online environment may create compensatory opportunities by allowing adolescents to seek out online friends with unique shared experiences—from cancer (Love et al. 2012) to physical disabilities (Stewart et al. 2011)—that might previously have been prohibitively difficult offline.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > New Opportunities: Compensatory Friendship Behaviors
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, one study found that, controlling for college students’ general tendencies to engage in excessive reassurance-seeking, engagement in reassurance-seeking via Facebook predicted lower self-esteem, higher thwarted belongingness, and higher perceived burdensome four weeks later (Clerkin et al. 2013).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Transformation of the “Dark Sides” of Friendships
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Clerkin et al. 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“studies also suggest that the ability to receive immediate support from a large network of friends may improve well-being.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Increased Frequency and Immediacy of Communication
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas social support may have traditionally been sought out in dyadic relationships, this can now occur in larger group settings.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Increased Frequency and Immediacy of Communication
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“and that holding a mobile phone in one’s hand or placing it on the table during conversation results in lower feelings of connectedness and empathic concern among conversation partners (Misra et al. 2016).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Amplified Expectations and Demands Within Friendships
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Misra et al. 2016 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“perhaps indicating that emotional support received in these environments may be less impactful.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Relationships and Social Support
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sherman et al. 2013 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The availability, publicness, and cue absence of social media may create new friendship opportunities for adolescents, in ways that previously may have been difficult or impossible offline.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > New Opportunities: Compensatory Friendship Behaviors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Experimental studies with adults have found that the mere presence of a mobile phone in the room during a conversation can result in lower feelings of relationship quality, particularly when the conversation is about a meaningful topic (Przybylski and Weinstein 2013)”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Amplified Expectations and Demands Within Friendships
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Przybylski and Weinstein 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effects of media multitasking on social relationships may be particularly detrimental during face-to-face conversations.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Amplified Expectations and Demands Within Friendships
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among adolescents, many of whom have considerable experience using digital technologies, such compensatory strategies may come naturally—resulting in more effective communication with friends.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Communication Processes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these features also may amplify expectations and demands.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Amplified Expectations and Demands Within Friendships
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“social media’s availability may create such strong expectations of accessibility that adolescents may become concerned if they do not receive immediate responses”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Amplified Expectations and Demands Within Friendships
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Preliminary research suggests that the sense of constant accessibility and pressure to remain connected to friends via social media may create challenges within adolescents’ friendships.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Amplified Expectations and Demands Within Friendships
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ability to easily communicate with geographically distant friends may also serve as a protective factor for mental illness among some young people.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > New Opportunities: Compensatory Friendship Behaviors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While the availability of social media may transform adolescents’ friendship experiences through expectations of constant accessibility and opportunities for media multitasking, the publicness and permanence of social media may create additional expectations through the introduction of novel friendship behaviors.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > New Opportunities: Novel Experiences Increase Friendship Demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It may follow that less “rich” media tools might not provide these same social rewards.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Relationships and Social Support
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The permanence of communication means that requests for support can be viewed, and responded to, over an extended period of time.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Increased Frequency and Immediacy of Communication
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Communication via social media may be perceived as “safer” or easier than offline communication.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Relationships and Social Support
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This frequent and immediate friendship support may enhance quality within existing relationships.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Increased Frequency and Immediacy of Communication
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The cue absence of social media may further exacerbate adolescents’ feelings of uncertainty and insecurity, as nonverbal cues signaling warmth, understanding, or connection may not be available.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Transformation of the “Dark Sides” of Friendships
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“in fact, a study of college students found that 93.1% of young people had used text messaging while speaking to someone else in-person (Harrison and Gilmore 2012).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Amplified Expectations and Demands Within Friendships
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harrison and Gilmore 2012 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Indeed, an early qualitative study of MySpace use among adolescents highlights jealousy and conflict that may arise when an adolescent does not appear in a friend’s publically posted “top friends” list (Boyd 2007).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > New Opportunities: Novel Experiences Increase Friendship Demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boyd 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This process is, again, likely to be exacerbated with the presence of mobile phones and multiple social media channels.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Amplified Expectations and Demands Within Friendships
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For example, the features of social media create an environment in which some adolescents can create new friendships or receive social support from unknown others.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > New Opportunities: Compensatory Friendship Behaviors
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evidence suggests that social media increases opportunities for communication with geographically distant friends.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > New Opportunities: Compensatory Friendship Behaviors
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although specific to romantic relationships, such clear examples of the importance of quantifiability are likely to occur within adolescent peer relationships more broadly.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > New Opportunities: Novel Experiences Increase Friendship Demands
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, the features of social media may allow for increased perceptions of positive social support within a young person’s existing friend network.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Increased Frequency and Immediacy of Communication
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, the constant availability of social media may create new expectations regarding relational maintenance and friend communication.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Amplified Expectations and Demands Within Friendships
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, these behaviors may also be highly reinforced, given the potential for quantifiable, immediate responses from peers.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Transformation of the “Dark Sides” of Friendships
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, Hummel and Smith (2015) found that college students who received negative comments after engaging in negative feedback-seeking (i.e., posting personally revealing “status updates,” or public posts containing negative content about one’s personal life) were more likely to report eating disorder symptoms 4 weeks later.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Transformation of the “Dark Sides” of Friendships
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hummel and Smith 2015 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial evidence also suggests that the asynchronicity and cue absence of social media may change the qualitative nature of social support and communication between friends more broadly.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Relationships and Social Support
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in a cross-sectional study of preadolescent girls, those who engaged in higher levels of media multitasking showed lower levels of social success, including having fewer friends and feeling less accepted (Pea et al. 2012)”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Amplified Expectations and Demands Within Friendships
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pea et al. 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for adolescents who are lonely or socially isolated, such friendships may provide companionship.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > New Opportunities: Compensatory Friendship Behaviors
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“suggesting that the use of less “rich” communication in the form of social media may impede adolescents’ development of these skills.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Relationships and Social Support
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Uhls et al. 2014 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One obvious transformative feature of social media’s availability is the ease and speed with which friends can be contacted, regardless of their location.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > New Opportunities: Compensatory Friendship Behaviors
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the presence of mobile technologies, where social media notifications may reach adolescents with high degrees of frequency and at any time of day, this “invasion” of personal time may be greatly exacerbated.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Amplified Expectations and Demands Within Friendships
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“suggesting that the “safety” of the online environment may allow for practicing social skills that later translate offline (Koutamanis et al. 2013).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Relationships and Social Support
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Koutamanis et al. 2013 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“frequency of face-to-face communication, on the other hand, was associated with higher levels of social success.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Amplified Expectations and Demands Within Friendships
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pea et al. 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“As such, “media multitasking” may transform adolescents’ friendship processes by decreasing the quality of in-person interactions.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Amplified Expectations and Demands Within Friendships
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van der Schuur et al. 2015 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from adult and college student studies about social media and relationships can be generalized to adolescents.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We propose that this unique interpersonal context fundamentally transforms adolescent peer relations processes.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that although our discussion focuses broadly on adolescents’ social media experiences, there is likely to be considerable variability in the transformative effects of social media depending on an adolescent’s age.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, we find preliminary evidence that social media may amplify and increase the frequency of problematic interpersonal behaviors that typically occur within dyadic relationships, such as social comparison, co-rumination, reassurance- and feedback-seeking.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These features— asynchronicity, permanence, publicness, availability, cue absence, quantifiability, and visualness—are critical to understanding how adolescents’ peer experiences may be transformed through social media.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Conclusions
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The transformation framework suggests that social media transforms adolescents’ peer experiences in at least five broad ways.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Conclusions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, in one study of college students, Murdock et al. (2015) found that co-rumination taking place via cell phone (i.e., through calls, text messages, and other social media) moderated the association between perceived interpersonal stress and well-being, such that higher levels of stress were associated with decreased well-being only among those who engaged in rumination via cell phone.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Transformation of the “Dark Sides” of Friendships
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murdock et al. 2015 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In college females, using Facebook for negative feedback-seeking and social comparison resulted in increased body dissatisfaction and subsequent bulimic symptoms four weeks later, again controlling for general excessive reassurance-seeking (Smith et al. 2013).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Transformation of the “Dark Sides” of Friendships
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Smith et al. 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Interestingly, co-rumination conducted face to face did not moderate the association between stress and well-being.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Transformation of the “Dark Sides” of Friendships
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murdock et al. 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These concurrent findings, although preliminary, suggest that there may be important differences between online and offline co-rumination processes.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Transformation of the “Dark Sides” of Friendships
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 58
- It may state two separate claims as one. 44
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“One study suggests that co-rumination may be concurrently positively associated with frequency of text messaging and social networking site use, perhaps indicating that social media may provide a convenient vehicle through which young people can engage in co-rumination (Davila et al. 2012).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Transformation of the “Dark Sides” of Friendships
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Davila et al. 2012 source
The Results report positive correlations between corumination and both Facebook/MySpace use and time spent texting. The Discussion suggests that online and text-based social networking may function as a vehicle for coruminating, matching the citing sentence’s cautious interpretation. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.94)
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Supported
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“text-based communication offers fewer interpersonal cues (i.e., no facial expression, tone of voice, or gestures), while sending a photograph of one’s self to a friend may offer some cues (facial expression), but not others (voice).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Cue Absence
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The act of picking up one’s phone and sending a text message, for example, requires far less effort than driving to a friend’s house to talk, as does messaging a stranger online versus going to a party to meet someone new.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Availability
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Certain social media applications, such as Instagram and Snapchat, have such “filter” mechanisms built in to allow for easy or automatic application to one’s photographs.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Visualness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Quantifiable indicators are commonplace within social media tools—for example, many social networking sites display numbers of “likes,” “retweets,” “views,” or “shares.” Numbers of friends and followers are displayed across many sites as well.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Quantifiability
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“such content can easily be captured and copied by peers through screenshots or photographs”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Permanence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Snapchat tracks the number of messages sent between each user and designates the individual with whom a user shares the most messages as his/her “number one best friend.””
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Quantifiability
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“for sites like Instagram and Pinterest, very few functionalities are provided apart from photograph and video displays”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Visualness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The app displays various “emojis” next to individuals’ usernames to indicate, for example, whether two individuals have the same “number one best friend,” or whether one sends more messages than are reciprocated.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Quantifiability
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“when users have sent messages to each other for consecutive days, a “streak” score appears next to the user’s name to indicate the consecutive number of days.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Quantifiability
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Each user receives a Snapchat “score” reflecting the number of posts they have sent and received.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Quantifiability
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, quantifiability allows for the ability to count numbers of text messages shared and times at which those text messages were sent.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Quantifiability
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The quantifiability of social media can even be seen in displays of times at which certain content was posted, thus allowing users to determine the length of time that passed for an individual to accrue a given number of likes or comments.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Quantifiability
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, social media must be placed within an historical context.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > The Role of Ecological Contexts in Shaping Adolescent Behavior: Social Media as a New Interpersonal Context
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Certainly, social media may be considered an environmental context, one that is external to the individual; however, the specific system within which it is situated may be less clear.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > The Role of Ecological Contexts in Shaping Adolescent Behavior: Social Media as a New Interpersonal Context
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social media likely also rests, however, within larger meso-, macro-, and exosystems.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > The Role of Ecological Contexts in Shaping Adolescent Behavior: Social Media as a New Interpersonal Context
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we discuss the role of social media in transforming adolescents’ dyadic peer interactions—or those experiences traditionally occurring between two individuals—including communication processes, relationship quality, friendship support, and problematic interpersonal behaviors.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Introduction
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we identify features of social media with particular relevance to adolescent peer relationships and suggest that these features exist on a continuum within any given social media tool.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Introduction to the Transformation Framework
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Social media use has become nearly ubiquitous among adolescents (Lenhart 2015a).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Adolescent Development and the Draw of Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lenhart 2015a
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
““cues-filtered-out” theories (Culnan and Markus 1987) suggest that computer-mediated communication channels provide fewer interpersonal, nonverbal “cues” and synchronicity, thus impacting social interactions that typically rely on those communicative features.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Culnan and Markus 1987
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On certain sites, like Snapchat, adolescents may exchange so many photographs each day that scholars have suggested a newly found legitimacy for “photographic communication,” or the use of self-photographs to convey expression, tone, or emotions within conversation (Waddell 2016).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Visualness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Waddell 2016 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, social media allows adolescents to engage in selective self-presentation, posting certain photographs and text that reflect their burgeoning identities, gaining feedback from their peers on such presentations, and engaging in social comparison with the self-presentations of their peers (Subrahmanyam and Šmahel 2011; Valkenburg and Peter 2011).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Adolescent Development and the Draw of Social Media
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Over many decades, substantial research has documented the profound impacts of peer interactions, friendships, and status for adolescent development and well-being (Choukas-Bradley and Prinstein 2014; Rubin et al. 2015; Steinberg and Morris 2001).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Choukas-Bradley and Prinstein 2014
- Not checked yetcites Rubin et al. 2015 source
- Not checked yetcites Steinberg and Morris 2001
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“adolescents are acutely attuned to their own and their peers’ physical appearance and tend to engage in high levels of appearance-based social comparison (de Vries et al. 2016).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Visualness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites de Vries et al. 2016 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it becomes increasingly difficult to characterize social media’s overall influence as either “harmful” or “helpful.””
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“This may be especially appealing as youth reach adolescence, when peer interactions become increasingly desired, frequent, and central to one’s sense of self (Hartup 1996).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Availability
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hartup 1996
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“communication and social support processes may be perceived as less “rich,” and victimization experienced as more harsh, within the online environments due to cue absence and asynchronicity.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the domain of peer victimization may be transformed through opportunities to digitally alter and spread privately shared content, and peer status may be transformed through novel opportunities to accumulate “likes” and “followers.””
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Combined with publicness, the availability of a given social media tool allows for “scalability,” or the potential for content to become highly visible, for example, through forwarding of messages or videos that quickly “go viral” (boyd 2010).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Availability
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites boyd 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The degree to which a given social media tool exhibits each feature varies considerably across tools, including different platforms (e.g., Facebook, Snapchat) and their various potential functionalities (e.g., posting a public photograph, sending a private message).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A second social media feature that has not been highlighted in prior theoretical frameworks is visualness.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Visualness
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescents’ social lives are increasingly embedded in this context, and the transformation framework aims to integrate prior work and guide future investigations to better understand this phenomenon.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > A Transformation Framework of Adolescent Peer Relations and Social Media
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we consider permanence to be a broad, encompassing feature of social media that is a necessary condition for these important processes described in prior discussions of social media”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Permanence
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is likely to be considerable overlap within these broad categories of transformation.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“current social media tools often encourage connections with known others, with the degree of connection with offline friends varying between sites (Boyd and Ellison 2008; Ellison and Boyd 2013)”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Cue Absence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Boyd and Ellison 2008
- Not checked yetcites Ellison and Boyd 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Preliminary studies suggest that adolescents are highly aware of and influenced by these quantifiable metrics (Chua and Chang 2016; Sherman et al. 2016).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Quantifiability
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chua and Chang 2016
- Not checked yetcites Sherman et al. 2016 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to asynchronicity, adolescents may participate in multiple conversations with peers simultaneously and engage in careful, selective self-presentation within messages and photographs.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Asynchronicity
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We suggest that, overall, social media tends to show higher levels of each of these features compared to traditional face-to-face contexts.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We thus propose that each feature can be considered on a continuum for a given social media tool, with each specific social media tool potentially having high levels of some of these features and low levels of others (see Fig. 2).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The lack of physical presence required of communication via social media often precludes interpersonal cues such as vocal tone, physical touch, gestures, and facial expression, and reduces the number of ways that information can be expressed, or “symbol sets” (Dennis et al. 2008).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Cue Absence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dennis et al. 2008 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In experimental work, adolescents have shown increased activity in reward-related brain regions, and subsequently greater risk-taking, when in the presence of peers (Chein et al. 2011).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Adolescent Development and the Draw of Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Chein et al. 2011 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may have particular relevance for adolescents, who may be more likely to post or share content impulsively or without consideration of the long-term consequences of permanently available content.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Permanence
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The asynchronicity and cue absence of the social media environment may transform friendship processes by altering the qualitative nature of specific communication processes (e.g., interpretation of information, conflict resolution, problem solving), as well as the quality of relationships and social support more generally.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Transformation of the Qualitative Nature of Friendship Processes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the permanent accessibility of content allows for the abilities to search for (“searchability”; boyd 2010), retrieve (“retrievability”; Peter and Valkenburg 2013), and replicate (“replicability”; boyd 2010) that content.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Permanence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites boyd 2010
- Not checked yetcites Peter and Valkenburg 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The concept of “disembodied users,” or adolescents’ sense that certain communication cues are missing, has also been proposed (Subrahmanyam and Šmahel 2011).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Cue Absence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Subrahmanyam and Šmahel 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such studies, for example, may show discriminant associations between each of these experiences and putative predictors and outcomes, or between corresponding online and offline behaviors.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Application of the Transformation Framework: Adolescent Friendship Processes
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from studies of adults and college students can provide preliminary evidence about processes that occur in adolescence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We thus consider the speed with which adolescents can access and share content to be a consequence of availability, rather than a feature in itself.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Availability
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“As young people enter adolescence, changes across cognitive, biological, and social domains allow for increased intimacy, reciprocity, and support within friendships, with important implications for adjustment through the lifespan (Berndt 1982).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Berndt 1982
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The offline peer relations literature provides the appropriate baseline constructs against which social media transformations can be identified.
In the paper
“media synchronicity theory (Dennis et al. 2008) has suggested that the capabilities of a given media platform (e.g., transmission velocity, rehearsability) should be matched to the needs of a social situation in order to optimize communication performance.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dennis et al. 2008 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“as nearly limitless possibilities exist for the ways in which adolescents can use social media tools”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Keipi and Oksanen (2014) suggest a continuum of anonymity, ranging from full anonymity to face-to-face interaction, with pseudonymity (e.g., interaction through avatars) and visual anonymity (interactions without physical characteristics or cues) falling in between.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Cue Absence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Keipi and Oksanen (2014) source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Friendships provide an important developmental context for adolescents’ social and emotional growth (Newcomb and Bagwell 1995).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Newcomb and Bagwell 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The offline peer relations literature provides the appropriate baseline constructs against which social media transformations can be identified.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“permanence results in opportunities to reexamine previously shared content (“reprocessability”; Dennis et al. 2008), as well as to check or verify information (“verifiability”; McFarland and Ployhart 2015).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Permanence
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“the displacement hypothesis (Kraut et al. 1998) was first proposed in the early days of the Internet. This hypothesis suggested that the quality of individuals’ offline relationships would suffer as a result of Internet use because high-quality offline relationships would be replaced with time spent in low-quality online interactions.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kraut et al. 1998 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the features of social media may create opportunities for traditionally “dyadic” behaviors to occur within larger group settings.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Application of the Transformation Framework: Adolescent Friendship Processes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted that many of the ways in which social media may transform peer experiences are likely to vary based on adolescents’ age.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Application of the Transformation Framework: Adolescent Friendship Processes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from studies of adults and college students can provide preliminary evidence about processes that occur in adolescence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The effects of quantifiable status indicators (e.g., “likes”) on the experience of friendship, for example, may differ greatly from early to late adolescence or early adulthood.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Application of the Transformation Framework: Adolescent Friendship Processes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from studies of adults and college students can provide preliminary evidence about processes that occur in adolescence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is likely that a clear pattern of developmental differences in social media’s effect on friendships will emerge once more research has accumulated.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Application of the Transformation Framework: Adolescent Friendship Processes
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Findings from studies of adults and college students can provide preliminary evidence about processes that occur in adolescence.
In the paper
“Scholars have begun to suggest that the “quantifiable” nature of social media interactions may have a significant impact on adolescents’ peer experiences online (Sherman et al. 2016).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Quantifiability
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sherman et al. 2016 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Valkenburg and Peter (2011), for example, differentiating between “source anonymity,” in which the communicator is entirely unknown, and “audiovisual anonymity,” in which visual or auditory cues may be lacking or reduced.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Cue Absence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Valkenburg and Peter (2011) source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“a stimulation hypothesis has been proposed, with evidence accumulating to suggest that adolescents’ friendship quality will be enhanced as the availability of social media allows for more time spent communicating with existing friends (Valkenburg and Peter 2007b, 2011).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Valkenburg and Peter 2007b, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Adolescents primarily use social media to communicate with existing friends.
- Not matched
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The asynchronicity, or time lapse between aspects of a conversation, has long been considered an important aspect of cues-filtered-out approaches to media-based communication (Culnan and Markus 1987) and has been frequently highlighted within the psychology and media effects literature (McFarland and Ployhart 2015; Valkenburg and Peter 2011).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Asynchronicity
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The literature suggests that these processes may be transformed in a number of ways including: changing the qualitative nature of friendship experiences to be less rich or, alternatively, more comfortable; increasing the frequency and immediacy of support provision; creating new opportunities for compensatory friendship behaviors and online exclusive friendships, as well as for novel “relationship”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The features of social media (cue absence, asynchronicity, publicness, permanence, availability) are the primary features that transform peer relations.
In the paper
“scholars have described the potential for “cue management” online, or adolescents’ ability to choose which cues (visual, textual, auditory, video) are presented (Peter and Valkenburg 2013).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Features of the Social Media Context > Cue Absence
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Peter and Valkenburg 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in many cases, the amplification of experiences may be caused by increasing frequency of behaviors or opportunities for new behaviors; similarly, opportunities for new behaviors may result in changes in the qualitative nature of experiences.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These transformed peer experiences, then, may be alternatively beneficial, detrimental, both, or neither to adolescents.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Toward a Transformation Framework
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, Xu et al. (2016) found that media multitasking negatively impacted social success (i.e., number of close friends and feelings of connectedness) during synchronous communication (face-to-face conversations, phone conversations, and video chat), but not during asynchronous communication (e-mail and text messaging).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Amplified Expectations and Demands Within Friendships
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Xu et al. 2016
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Finally, the visualness of social media may allow these behaviors to occur in novel, nonverbal ways—for example, posting frequent photographs with the expectation of friends’ comments as a means of reassurance-seeking—and this visualness may heighten the focus on appearance-based reassurance-seeking and validation (Perloff 2014).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Transformation of the “Dark Sides” of Friendships
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Perloff 2014 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In addition, these processes may be amplified among younger adolescents, for whom the social self-concept is less well developed (Byrne and Shavelson 1996), thus potentially creating more uncertainty within peer relationships.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Amplified Expectations and Demands Within Friendships
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Byrne and Shavelson 1996
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These experiences, which are likely exacerbated due to the availability, publicness, and permanence of social media, may occur within adolescents’ friendships as well.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Amplified Expectations and Demands Within Friendships
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although this study examined communication within romantic relationships specifically, one might expect similar processes to occur within adolescents’ non-romantic friendships, as well.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Relationships and Social Support
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Although research directly examining this phenomenon is limited, one focus group study with college students suggests that “relationship displays” are a critical aspect of social media use, with such displays serving a variety of functions, including enhancement of self-image (i.e., by showcasing connections with others), as well as providing public “proof” of associations with friends (Manago et”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > New Opportunities: Novel Experiences Increase Friendship Demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Manago et al. 2008 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these features also may impact adolescents’ sense of comfort in online communication.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Relationships and Social Support
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“social media’s publicness allows adolescents to access a wide network of peers, with social media’s availability ensuring that peers may be available at almost any time of day, from any location.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Increased Frequency and Immediacy of Communication
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“One new experience created by social media is the quantifiable, public categorization of relationships into “top friends” or “best friends” lists, which may create the potential for jealousy and “drama” (Marwick and Boyd 2014).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > New Opportunities: Novel Experiences Increase Friendship Demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marwick and Boyd 2014 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, in a qualitative study describing adolescents’ use of the social media app Snapchat, young people noted that they may feel jealous if they are not at the top of their romantic partner’s “best friends list,” i.e., the top three friends with whom a user exchanges “snaps” (Vaterlaus et al. 2016).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > New Opportunities: Novel Experiences Increase Friendship Demands
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vaterlaus et al. 2016
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may indicate that online support-seeking represents a more maladaptive, less active coping strategy.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Relationships and Social Support
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Applying these results to adolescent friendships, we might expect media tools with greater cue absence to result in less effective conflict resolution.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Communication Processes
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The experience of having friends whom an individual has not met in-person is clearly a phenomenon specific to the social media context, facilitated by social media’s features.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > New Opportunities: Compensatory Friendship Behaviors
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It should be noted, however, that these longitudinal studies do not control for offline behavior, precluding conclusions regarding the unique role of social media communication in contributing to friendship quality and initiation.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Altered Quality of Relationships and Social Support
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, the public nature of social media tools may create the need for adolescents to “prove” or “display” their friendships to others in the peer network—with this expectation amplified by the quantifiability of social media metrics.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > New Opportunities: Novel Experiences Increase Friendship Demands
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There are a number of ways in which these interpersonal behaviors may be transformed in the context of social media, including by amplifying the intensity of these experiences, as well as increasing their frequency and immediacy.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Transformation of the “Dark Sides” of Friendships
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The availability, publicness, and permanence of social media also may increase the frequency and immediacy of receiving social support, which may enhance friendship quality.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Increased Frequency and Immediacy of Communication
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Co-rumination refers to an excessive discussion of problems and focus on negative feelings occurring within a dyadic relationship and, when examined in offline contexts, has shown associations with greater internalizing symptoms (Rose 2002).”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Transformation of the “Dark Sides” of Friendships
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rose 2002 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It has become clear that any comprehensive understanding of adolescent development requires a consideration of the role of social media.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Conclusions
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Furthermore, the positive association between co-rumination via cell phone and co-rumination in face-to-face settings was moderate, indicating that these are related but distinct constructs.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Transformation of the “Dark Sides” of Friendships
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Murdock et al. 2015
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, it is likely that the unique features of the social media environment, such as publicness and quantifiability, necessitate a fundamental shift in our understanding of group-based peer processes and behavior.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adolescents’ peer relationships may take on a number of forms—from dyadic relationships, to cliques, to larger social networks—and social media offers unique opportunities for each to occur, transforming them in different ways.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Conclusions
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, as previously discussed, the cue absence inherent to social media may make adolescents more comfortable disclosing feelings of distress, perhaps amplifying the process of co-rumination.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Overview of Friendships in the Social Media Context > Transformation of the “Dark Sides” of Friendships
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, we suggest that social media may transform the frequency and immediacy of contact and support within friendships, alter the quality of communication processes, amplify communication demands, and create opportunities for online exclusive friendships.”
§ Transformation of Adolescent Peer Relations in the Social Media Context: Part 1—A Theoretical Framework and Application to Dyadic Peer Relationships > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
No comprehensive or unifying framework exists for understanding how social media transforms traditional adolescent peer relations constructs.
“research on adolescent peer relationships has lacked a unifying framework for understanding the mechanisms by which social media may impact traditional peer relations constructs.”
“no comprehensive framework has yet been offered for understanding the ways in which traditional adolescent peer relations constructs are transformed in the context of social media.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The features of social media (the channel or medium) can be analytically separated from the messages and receivers of communication, and this separation is useful for understanding social media's impact on peer relations.
“our goal is to present features of social media that characterize the “channel” or “medium” of social media itself, rather than the sources, messages, or receivers of communications via social media.”
“we consider these outcomes to be separate from the features of the media itself.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from studies of adults and college students can provide preliminary evidence about processes that occur in adolescence.
“in many cases, we draw on studies of adults or college students.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The offline peer relations literature provides the appropriate baseline constructs against which social media transformations can be identified.
“we offer a model for understanding the ways in which the features of social media reshape traditional peer relations constructs, such as peer status, peer influence, friendship, and peer victimization.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The features of social media are the primary drivers of the transformation of peer experiences, rather than user characteristics or content.
“We propose that this distinct context transforms adolescents’ peer experiences in important ways.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescents primarily use social media to communicate with existing friends.
“Although adolescents primarily use social media to communicate with existing friends, evidence suggests that many adolescents do develop “online exclusive” relationships”
The paper relies on this without support.
The features of social media (cue absence, asynchronicity, publicness, permanence, availability) are the primary features that transform peer relations.
“The asynchronicity and cue absence of the social media environment may transform friendship processes”
The paper relies on this without support.
Adolescents increasingly use social media while engaged in other conversations.
“This is problematic, given adolescents’ increasing tendency to engage with social media while engaged in other conversations; in fact, a study of college students found that 93.1% of young people had used text messaging while speaking to someone else in-person (Harrison and Gilmore 2012).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Findings from adult and college student studies about social media and relationships can be generalized to adolescents.
“Experimental studies with adults have found that the mere presence of a mobile phone in the room during a conversation can result in lower feelings of relationship quality, particularly when the conversation is about a meaningful topic (Przybylski and Weinstein 2013)”
The paper relies on this without support.
The seven identified features of social media are the most relevant for understanding adolescent peer relations.
“It identifies seven unique features with particular relevance to adolescent peer relations processes, which differentiate social media from traditional, in-person contexts.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Social media is a primary way adolescents engage with peers.
“However, as adolescents increasingly turn to social media as a primary means of engaging with peers, the peer relations field has lacked a unifying framework through which to examine the implications of this phenomenon.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The peer relations field lacks a unifying framework for examining social media's implications.
“However, as adolescents increasingly turn to social media as a primary means of engaging with peers, the peer relations field has lacked a unifying framework through which to examine the implications of this phenomenon.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Nesi et al. (2018a, 2018b) challenged preconceptions that online interactions mirror offline ones and proposed that “the social media context transforms adolescents’ peer experiences” (Nesi et al., 2018a, p. 268).”
From Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory. (2023) · cites this paper as Nesi et al., 2018a
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Availability is a key affordance when considering proximal processes occurring in virtual microsystems, as it allows people to connect with others who may otherwise be unavailable to them (boyd, 2010; Nesi et al., 2018a).”
From Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory. (2023) · cites this paper as Nesi et al., 2018a
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Nonetheless, this feature is more pronounced in virtual microsystems, although the degree of asychnronicity varies depending on the digital platform (Nesi et al., 2018a).”
From Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory. (2023) · cites this paper as Nesi et al., 2018a
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Their “transformation framework” identifies key features and affordances of social media platforms that alter peer interactions and relationships in adolescence.”
From Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory. (2023) · cites this paper as Nesi et al., 2018a
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In virtual microsystems, group interactions are not limited to a geographical location and individuals can communicate and interact with a much wider audience (Nesi et al., 2018a).”
From Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory. (2023) · cites this paper as Nesi et al., 2018a
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Nesi et al. (2018a) elucidated cue absence as a transformative feature of social media contexts.”
From Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory. (2023) · cites this paper as Nesi et al., 2018a
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In addition to audiovisual clues, identity is also a cue in interpersonal interactions (Nesi et al., 2018a), ranging from interactions with known persons, to source anonymity (i.e., personal identity is totally obscured; Valkenburg & Peter, 2011).”
From Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory. (2023) · cites this paper as Nesi et al., 2018a
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“this feature presents a striking contrast to physical microsystems, given that content (including photos and videos) can be shared verbatim instantly across wide distances (Nesi et al., 2018a).”
From Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory. (2023) · cites this paper as Nesi et al., 2018a
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In virtual microsystems, content (text, images, video, or audio) can be copied exactly as it was originally expressed. Termed replicability (boyd, 2008), this feature presents a striking contrast to physical microsystems, given that content (including photos and videos) can be shared verbatim instantly across wide distances (Nesi et al., 2018a).”
From Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory. (2023) · cites this paper as Nesi et al., 2018a
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Unlike in physical microsystems, where typically a combination of verbal and non-verbal cues informs interactions, interpersonal cues in virtual microsystems may be more limited.”
From Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory. (2023) · cites this paper as Nesi et al., 2018a
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“In our theoretical transformation framework, Nesi et al., (2018a, 2018b) synthesize and build on affordances identified in prior literature to describe seven features of social media: visualness, quantifiability, availability, publicness, permanence, asynchronicity, and cue absence (Nesi et al., 2018a, 2018b) .”
From The Perfect Storm: A Developmental-Sociocultural Framework for the Role of Social Media in Adolescent Girls' Body Image Concerns and Mental Health. (2022) · cites this paper as Nesi et al., 2018a
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Youth are often the experts when it comes to information technology, and this can upend traditional hierarchies in homes and schools—providing opportunities for parents and teachers to learn from adolescents and further support their development as agentic and capable individuals (Barron et al., 2009; Bond, 2014; Nesi et al., 2018a).”
From Technologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory. (2023) · cites this paper as Nesi et al., 2018a
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“However, peer popularity is a key aspect of identity development and sense of self in adolescence, and receipt of feedback to social media content may therefore still be an important contributor to well-being and peer connectedness for this age group [27].”
From Social media use and social connectedness among adolescents in the United Kingdom: a qualitative exploration of displacement and stimulation (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
In the citing paper
“Consistent with a ‘poor-get-richer’ effect, those with reduced social resources offline – not only due to social awkwardness or anxiety but also loneliness or geographical barriers to offline interaction – find online support particularly beneficial [17, 27].”
From Social media use and social connectedness among adolescents in the United Kingdom: a qualitative exploration of displacement and stimulation (2021) · cites this paper as [27]
Citations
Cites
The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design
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Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010) · Business Horizons · doi:10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003 · Cited by 17,875 · cited 1×
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Social network sites: definition, history, and scholarship
boyd, D. M., & Ellison, N. B. (2007) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00393.x · Cited by 16,251
Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man
Levine, S., & McLuhan, M. (1964) · American Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2711172 · Cited by 12,221
Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: a developmental taxonomy
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Organizational Information Requirements, Media Richness and Structural Design
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The Ecology of Human Development
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1981) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv26071r6 · Cited by 8,168
Parenting style as context: An integrative model.
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The Interpersonal Theory of Psychiatry
Sullivan, H. S., Perry, H. S., Gawel, M. L., & Cohen, M. D. M. B. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315014029 · Cited by 5,280
Computer-Mediated Communication: Impersonal, Interpersonal, and Hyperpersonal Interaction
WALTHER, J. B. (1996) · Communication Research · doi:10.1177/009365096023001001 · Cited by 4,798
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Walther, J. B. (2011). Theories of computer-mediated communication and interpersonal relations. In M. L. Knapp & J. A. Daly (Eds.), The handbook of interpersonal communication (4th ed., pp. 443–479). Washington, DC: Sage.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Choukas-Bradley, S., Roberts, S. R., Maheux, A. J., & Nesi, J. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ju92a · Cited by 331
Self-citationChoukas-Bradley, S., Roberts, S. R., Maheux, A. J., & Nesi, J. (2022) · Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10567-022-00404-5 · Cited by 333
Self-citationTechnologizing Bronfenbrenner: Neo-ecological Theory.
Navarro, J. L., & Tudge, J. R. H. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-022-02738-3 · Cited by 325
“1 3 Cue Absence Building upon cues-filtered-out theory (Culnan & Markus, 1987), Nesi et al. (2018a) elucidated cue absence as a transformative feature of social media contexts.”
BackgroundFabris, M. A., Marengo, D., Longobardi, C., & Settanni, M. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106364 · Cited by 287
The Impact of Social Media on the Mental Health of Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review
Khalaf, A. M., Alubied, A. A., Khalaf, A. M., & Rifaey, A. A. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.42990 · Cited by 252
Metadata
- Authors
- Nesi, J., Choukas-Bradley, S., & Prinstein, M. J.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Corresponding author
- Nesi, Jacqueline
- Venue
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review
- Published
- 2018-04-07
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 267-294
- ISSN
- 1096-4037 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2827
- PMC
- PMC6435354
- OpenAlex
- W2795982475
- Semantic Scholar
- d2abc643cce06d3ba0050307351dc6d1e606d332
- Cited by
- 712
- References
- 195
- Citations by year
- 2026: 157 · 2025: 110 · 2024: 110 · 2023: 89 · 2022: 86 · 2021: 83 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 14.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (DGE-1144081)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01-MH85505)
- National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (R01-HD055342)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Education › Child Development and Digital Technology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- social media use, transformation framework, peer relationships, interpersonal context, compensatory behavior, adolescent development, peer adjustment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Peer Group, Friends, Social Media
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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