Longitudinal and reciprocal relations of cyberbullying with depression, substance use, and problematic internet use among adolescents
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Purpose To analyze the temporal and reciprocal relationships between being a victim of cyberbullying (CB) and three frequent problems during adolescence: depressive symptoms, substance use, and problematic Internet use; also, to analyze whether the relationship between CB and these psychological and behavioral health problems differs as a function of being only a victim or being both bully and victim.Method A total of 845 adolescents (mean age = 15.2, SD = 1.2) completed measures at T1 and at T2, 6 months apart. The relationship among variables was analyzed using structural equation modeling.Results CB victimization at T1 predicted depressive symptoms and problematic Internet use at T2, and higher depressive symptoms and more substance use at T1 predicted more CB victimization at T2. However, the relationships of CB predicting substance use and problematic Internet use predicting CB were not significant. Bully-victims presented higher levels than victims of all three problem variables, both at T1 and T2.Conclusions CB is predictive of some significant psychological and behavioral health problems among adolescents. Intervention efforts should pay attention to these in the prevention and treatment of consequences of CB.
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Cyberbullying can have physical effects on victims such as weight loss or gain, substance abuse, headache, abdominal pain and sleeping problems.
“Cyberbullying can also have physical effects on victims such as weight loss or gain, substance abuse, headache, abdominal pain and sleeping problems (Gámez-Guadix et al., 2013;Jang et al., 2014).”
From A review of cyberbullying and suggestions for online psychological therapy (2015) · cites this paper as Gámez-Guadix et al., 2013
The Discussion (page unavailable) says substance use predicted later cyberbullying victimization, but cyberbullying did not appear to increase substance use—the opposite of presenting substance abuse as an effect. The paper does not address weight changes, headaches, abdominal pain, or sleeping problems. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe relationship between psychological problems and cyberbullying victimization is bidirectional.
“Research indicates that this relationship between psychological problems and cyberbullying victimization is bidirectional, as individuals with pre-existing conditions are more vulnerable to cyberbullying, which in turn exacerbates their symptoms84.”
From Umbrella review of meta-analyses on the risk factors, protective factors, consequences and interventions of cyberbullying victimization (2024) · cites this paper as [84]
The Discussion reports a reciprocal relationship between depressive symptoms and cyberbullying victimization among adolescents: each predicts an increase in the other. The Abstract shows that this does not extend to all problems studied: substance use predicted later victimization but not vice versa, while problematic Internet use showed the opposite pattern. The claim is therefore supported for depressive symptoms, but overgeneralizes to psychological problems as a whole. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBoth cyber bullies and victims use the Internet as a coping mechanism in which they try to escape or avoid their feelings of distress.
“research indicates that both cyber bullies and victims use the Internet as a coping mechanism in which they try to escape or avoid their feelings of distress (Gámez-Guadix et al., 2013).”
From A review of cyberbullying and suggestions for online psychological therapy (2015) · cites this paper as Gámez-Guadix et al., 2013
The Discussion reports that cyberbullying victimization predicted increased problematic Internet use and suggests that victims may use the Internet to escape distress. It does not establish this coping motive as a fact or extend it to cyberbullies. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe worst psychological impact has been related to being a bully/victim.
“The worst psychological impact has been related to being a bully/victim.”
From A review of cyberbullying and suggestions for online psychological therapy (2015) · cites this paper as Gámez-Guadix et al., 2013
Gámez-Guadix et al. (2013) reported depressive symptoms among victims (mean age 15.2 years, Spain, N=845).
“Gámez-Guadix et al. (2013) | 15.2 (mean years) | 845 Spain | Victim | Depressive symptoms”
From A review of cyberbullying and suggestions for online psychological therapy (2015) · cites this paper as Gámez-Guadix et al. (2013)
Cyberbullying victimization led to an increase in depressive symptoms, which in turn increased the probability of cyberbullying.
“Cyberbullying victimization led to an increase in depressive symptoms, which in turn increased the probability of cyberbullying (Gámez-Guadix et al., 2013).”
From Social functioning in major depressive disorder (2016) · cites this paper as Gámez-Guadix et al., 2013
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Self-citationDark personalities on Facebook: Harmful online behaviors and language
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Psychometric Properties of the Florence CyberBullying-CyberVictimization Scales
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- Authors
- Gámez-Guadix, M., Orue, I., Smith, P. K., & Calvete, E.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Deusto (ES)
- Goldsmiths University of London (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Adolescent Health
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-10
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 446-452
- ISSN
- 1054-139X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2163169807
- Cited by
- 532
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 40 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 56 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 63 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 42 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 47.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Adolescent Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (PSI2012-31550)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, cyber victimization, bully-victims, depressive symptoms, substance use, problematic internet use, adolescents, bidirectional relationship, longitudinal associations, adolescent mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Male, Spain, Crime Victims, Substance-Related Disorders, Internet, Bullying
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