The DOI matches its Crossref record; 66 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 13 of the 43 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys
Open accessAbstract
We previously reported on the cross-national epidemiology of ADHD from the first 10 countries in the WHO World Mental Health (WMH) Surveys. The current report expands those previous findings to the 20 nationally or regionally representative WMH surveys that have now collected data on adult ADHD. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was administered to 26,744 respondents in these surveys in high-, upper-middle-, and low-/lower-middle-income countries (68.5% mean response rate). Current DSM-IV/CIDI adult ADHD prevalence averaged 2.8% across surveys and was higher in high (3.6%)- and upper-middle (3.0%)- than low-/lower-middle (1.4%)-income countries. Conditional prevalence of current ADHD averaged 57.0% among childhood cases and 41.1% among childhood subthreshold cases. Adult ADHD was significantly related to being male, previously married, and low education. Adult ADHD was highly comorbid with DSM-IV/CIDI anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders and significantly associated with role impairments (days out of role, impaired cognition, and social interactions) when controlling for comorbidities. Treatment seeking was low in all countries and targeted largely to comorbid conditions rather than to ADHD. These results show that adult ADHD is prevalent, seriously impairing, and highly comorbid but vastly under-recognized and undertreated across countries and cultures.
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Claims the paper makes
51 Own result · 19 Own interpretation · 17 No full text of the sources · 17 Own method · 10 No basis given · 5 Partly supported · 4 Supported · 3 Sources not found · 3 Not checked yet · 1 Supported so far · accuracy not yet measured
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“This finding suggests that previously reported higher ratios may have been a function of referral or treatment bias, as it is known that a higher proportion of boys than girls with ADHD receive treatment”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Derks et al. 2007 source
The introduction reports a 9:1 boy-to-girl ADHD ratio in clinical settings versus 3:1 in the general population. The Discussion reports substantially higher treatment rates for boys with ADHD, and the paper says differences in teacher-reported behavior may explain the high male-to-female ratio in clinical settings. This supports the citing sentence’s tentative explanation involving referral or treatment bias. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Other WMH research on treatment seeking for mental disorders has shown that the most important barrier is failure to recognize that the symptoms of the disorder constitute evidence of an “illness” that could profit from treatment”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Andrade et al. 2014 source
In Results > Barriers to seeking treatment (page not provided), low perceived need was the most commonly reported barrier in most surveys. The Discussion likewise calls low perceived need an extremely important barrier worldwide. Describing this as not recognizing that symptoms could warrant treatment is a reasonable paraphrase of that finding. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Meta-analysis finds that this association is negative (Simon et al. 2009), a result that we replicate in the WMH surveys despite the fact that the age range of our sample was truncated (18–44)”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Simon et al. 2009 source
The ‘Correlation of prevalence with gender and age’ section reports a significant negative association between adult ADHD prevalence and age, while noting that gender composition moderates it. The WMH replication and 18–44 age range are the citing authors’ own findings, not claims attributed to Simon et al. (LLM, conf=0.92)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: CIDI diagnoses are valid across all WMH countries.
- Supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This result is inconsistent with other evidence suggesting that adult ADHD is associated with low family income”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Martel 2013 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report lower family income in the ADHD diagnostic groups, and the Discussion links lower family income to increased ADHD symptoms. But the study concerns children, not adults, so it does not establish the claimed association for adult ADHD. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Our retrospective finding that individuals with remitted ADHD have the same significantly elevated risk of some subsequent secondary disorders such as alcohol use disorder as those with active ADHD”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Tuithof et al. 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Section 3.1 reports that respondents with ADHD had a significantly elevated risk of developing alcohol use disorder before adjustment for conduct disorder. The paper does not compare remitted with active ADHD, so it cannot support the claim that their risks are the same. It also reports that the ADHD–alcohol use disorder association was no longer significant after adjustment for conduct disorder. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: CIDI diagnoses are valid across all WMH countries.
- Partly supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and 41.1% among childhood subthreshold cases”
- Also stated in: § ADHD prevalence in childhood and persistence into adulthood · plain
“and 41.1% among respondents with a history of subthreshold childhood ADHD”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § ADHD prevalence in childhood and persistence into adulthood · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adult ADHD was significantly related to being male, previously married, and low education.”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 26,744- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and targeted largely to comorbid conditions rather than to ADHD”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Adult ADHD was highly comorbid with DSM-IV/CIDI anxiety, mood, behavior, and substance disorders”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Treatment seeking was low in all countries”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Abstract
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 26
- It may state two separate claims as one. 42
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Retrospective reports were used to date age-of-onset of each lifetime disorder using probing methods that have been shown experimentally to improve accuracy of recall (Knäuper et al. 1999).”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Methods and materials > Measures
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Knäuper et al. 1999 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Current Approach describes revised NCS questions that prompted a more thorough memory search, and the Methods and Procedures evaluates their use for major depression. The Discussion says indirect indicators suggest improvement, but the absence of a gold standard prevents a direct measure of accuracy; it does not establish experimental improvement in recall accuracy for each lifetime disorder. (LLM, conf=0.87)
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“This finding is consistent with previous research showing that adult attention deficits are elevated among people who are divorced”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Bouchard and Saint-Aubin 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Discussion report poorer executive control among adults who had divorced and were currently cohabiting. The Discussion specifies that these deficits were observed only in that subgroup, not among divorced people who had remarried, so the claim is too broad. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Our results regarding role impairments are also consistent with much previous research in showing that adult ADHD is associated with substantial impairments in productive role functioning (Kupper et al. 2012), social role functioning (Bouchard and Saint-Aubin 2014), and most strongly in cognitive functioning (Ivanchak et al. 2012)”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kupper et al. 2012 source
- Partly supportedcites Bouchard and Saint-Aubin 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Conclusion link attention deficits with divorce, a social or relational consequence. But the study sampled couples from the general population and did not establish that its participants had adult ADHD, so it does not directly support the claim about social role impairment in adults with ADHD. The productive and cognitive functioning clauses have separate citations and are not attributed to this paper. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Partly supportedcites Ivanchak et al. 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The section “Adult ADHD-Associated Cognitive Impairment and Comorbidities” reports that cognitive deficits related to ADHD can persist into adulthood and possibly the geriatric years. It does not compare the strength of cognitive impairment with productive or social role impairment, so it does not establish the claim’s “most strongly” qualifier. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: CIDI diagnoses are valid across all WMH countries.
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“Our finding of high comorbidity in ADHD is consistent with much previous research”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Babcock and Ornstein 2009 source
- Supportedcites Karlsdotter et al. 2016 source
The Introduction reports that earlier studies found comorbid psychiatric conditions in 57% and 75% of adults with ADHD. The Discussion reports high comorbidity in this paper’s own ADHD sample, supporting the citing authors’ statement that their finding is consistent with previous research. Page numbers were not supplied. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Mao and Findling 2014 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: CIDI diagnoses are valid across all WMH countries.
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“Recent community cohort studies have suggested that there may be cases of “adult onset” ADHD among individuals without a prior history of ADHD in childhood”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Agnew-Blais et al. 2016 source
The Introduction says recent findings suggest ADHD may first arise in adolescence or adulthood. The paper’s Conclusion and Relevance also identifies a late-onset group in its general-population cohort with no childhood ADHD diagnosis, while leaving the nature of late-onset ADHD open. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites Caye et al. 2016a source
The Abstract reports that only 12.6% of young adults with ADHD had ADHD in childhood and concludes that adulthood ADHD is not necessarily a continuation of childhood ADHD. This supports the hedged claim that community cohort studies suggest possible adult-onset cases. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites Moffitt et al. 2015 source
The Discussion (“The adult-ADHD group”) reports that almost no adults diagnosed with ADHD in the Dunedin cohort had ADHD as children. The Discussion (“Diagnostic possibilities”) explicitly proposes an adult-onset form as a hypothesis, matching the citing sentence’s cautious wording. (LLM, conf=0.92)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Supported
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Logistic regression analysis was used in the ACDS clinical reappraisal sample to predict DSM-IV/ACDS diagnoses of adult ADHD from CIDI symptom questions. Diagnostic classification accuracy was good, with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of .86.”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Methods and materials > Measures
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that while both threshold and sub-threshold childhood ADHD were associated with significant reductions in odds of completing college, persistence of childhood ADHD into adulthood was not associated with educational attainment”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective reports of childhood ADHD symptoms are sufficiently accurate to estimate childhood ADHD prevalence and persistence.
- Rests on an assumption: CIDI diagnoses are valid across all WMH countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, all but one of the ORs remain significantly elevated in the range 1.5–2.1 in the latter models, the exception being an insignificant association of current ADHD with disability in self-care.”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > Disability in 12-month ADHD
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Our results regarding 12-month adult ADHD treatment, finally, are broadly consistent with much other research in showing that only a minority of people with mental disorders obtain treatment and that this treatment rate is lower in less developed than developed countries”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wang et al. 2007 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: CIDI diagnoses are valid across all WMH countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“ORs were in the range between 2.5 (major depressive disorder) and 15.0 (oppositional defiant disorder) with individual comorbid disorders, 4.4 with a summary variable of having any comorbid disorder, and increasing ORs with number of comorbid disorders (3.0 with exactly one comorbid disorder, 6.2 with exactly two, and 9.6 with three or more”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > Comorbidities of ADHD with other DSM-IV/CIDI disorders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Current prevalence of adult ADHD in the total sample averaged 2.8% across surveys, again with high range (0.6–7.3%) and inter-quartile range (1.8–4.1%)”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > ADHD prevalence in childhood and persistence into adulthood
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“childhood ADHD was not significantly associated with respondent age at the time of interview (which, as noted above, was in the age range 18–44), current (at the time of interview) employment status, current marital status, or current income”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > Sociodemographic correlates
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The WMH retrospective estimate of 3.3% in high-income countries is intermediate between these two estimates, while the estimate of 2.2% in upper-middle-income countries is lower and the estimate of 0.6% in low-/lower-middle-income countries substantially lower”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: CIDI diagnoses are valid across all WMH countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We also found the same OR for adult ADHD due to the absence of a significant sex difference in persistence of childhood ADHD into adulthood”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: CIDI diagnoses are valid across all WMH countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the WMH series includes a much wider range of countries and, as with childhood ADHD, finds a strong association between country income level and prevalence”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: CIDI diagnoses are valid across all WMH countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found that respondents with adult ADHD are significantly less likely than other respondents to be currently married due to an elevated odds of being previously married”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: CIDI diagnoses are valid across all WMH countries.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the ORs associated with the AD-only subtype did not differ meaningfully from those associated with the HD subtype, with each of the two having the same median (1.6) and very similar inter-quartile ranges (1.1–2.0 for AD-only; 1.2–2.2 for HD).”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > Comorbidities of ADHD with other DSM-IV/CIDI disorders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“all but one of the ORs for secondary disorders associated with remitted ADHD were elevated (ORs = 1.1–2.7, with a median of 1.6 and inter-quartile range of 1.2–2.0) and nearly half were statistically significant”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > Comorbidities of ADHD with other DSM-IV/CIDI disorders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The same basic sociodemographic patterns were found with subthreshold childhood ADHD with the exception that prevalence was inversely associated with age at interview ( χ12=12.3, p < .001).”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > Sociodemographic correlates
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The proportions treated in these two sectors were similar to each other and considerably higher than the proportions treated in either the human services (4.9%) or CAM (4.4%) sectors.”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > Treatment of 12-month ADHD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we found ADHD to be the temporally primary disorder in the vast majority of cases of comorbidities involving mood disorders (86.0–94.0%), anxiety disorders other than specific phobia (70.5–90.2%), and substance use disorders (94.8–99.1%)”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > Comorbidities of ADHD with other DSM-IV/CIDI disorders
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Odds ratios for these outcomes are between 3.8 (95% CI 2.9–4.8) for cognition and 2.1 (95% CI 1.4–3.3) for self-care.”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > Disability in 12-month ADHD
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prevalence was significantly related to country income level, with prevalence of 3.3% in high, 2.2% in upper-middle-, and 0.6% in low-/lower-middle-income countries”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > ADHD prevalence in childhood and persistence into adulthood
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prevalence of DSM-IV/CIDI ADHD in childhood averaged 2.2% across the surveys, but had an extremely wide range (0.1–8.1%) and inter-quartile range (0.9–2.9%)”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > ADHD prevalence in childhood and persistence into adulthood
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Part II respondents were weighted to adjust for differential within and between household probabilities of selection, selection into Part II, and deviations between the sample and population sociodemographic–geographic distributions.”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Methods and materials > Field procedures
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The countries in the initiative are in no way representative of all countries in the world or even within their region of the world”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Methods and materials > Samples
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The design-based Taylor series method (Wolter 1985) implemented in the SAS software system (SAS Institute Inc. 2008) was used to adjust for the weighting and clustering of observations.”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Methods and materials > Analysis methods
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wolter 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Not matched
In the paper
“The interview schedule was developed in English and translated into other languages using a standardized WHO translation, backtranslation, and harmonization protocol (Harkness et al. 2008).”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Methods and materials > Field procedures
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Harkness et al. 2008
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results show that adult ADHD is prevalent, seriously impairing, and highly comorbid but vastly under-recognized and undertreated across countries and cultures.”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Abstract
plaincorrelationaln = 26,744- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If this assumption is incorrect, the results will be biased.”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Methods and materials > Measures
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The association between CIDI responses and clinical diagnoses is constant across countries.
In the paper
“Bilingual supervisors from each country were trained and supervised by the WMH Data Collection Coordination Centre to guarantee cross-national consistency in field procedures (Pennell et al. 2008).”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Methods and materials > Field procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Pennell et al. 2008
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The imputation equation used here was somewhat less refined than in the earlier US study because not all countries included all predictors used in the US imputation equation.”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Methods and materials > Measures
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Response rates ranged from 45.9% (France) to 97.2% (Colombia) and had a weighted mean of 68.5% across surveys.”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Methods and materials > Samples
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“this approach generates unbiased prevalence estimates with good precision under the model when, as in our case, AUC is high and the population to which results are extrapolated are equivalent to the population in which the imputation was calibrated”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kessler et al. 2006 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: The population to which results are extrapolated is equivalent to the population in which the imputation was calibrated.
In the paper
“Meta-analysis shows, consistent with this expectation, that parental SES is inversely related to childhood ADHD, with children from low-SES families having an ADHD prevalence close to twice that of other children”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Russell et al. 2016 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The WMH data focused on respondent SES rather than parental SES”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“we would expect an inverse association with parental SES by virtue of the high heritability of childhood ADHD (Posthuma and Polderman 2013) along with an association of ADHD with low socioeconomic attainment (Polderman et al. 2010)”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Previous WMH analyses have shown that this pattern of obtaining care for emotional problems in multiple service sectors in high-income countries is typical of people with a wide range of other DSM-IV disorders and is not unique to ADHD (Wang et al. 2007).”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > Treatment of 12-month ADHD
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wang et al. 2007 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a higher proportion of subthreshold childhood cases will become threshold cases in adulthood when DSM-5 diagnostics are used, as DSM-5 requires only 5 symptoms of either AD or HD for a diagnosis of adult ADHD compared to 6 in DSM-IV and 6 for childhood cases in both DSM-IV and DSM-5”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although earlier estimates indicated a male-to-female ratio of 9:1, a subsequent meta-analysis concluded that the true prevalence ratio is closer to 2.45:1 in non-referred community samples”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Polanczyk and Jensen 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That the WMH results suggest that this risk does not return to the population level after ADHD remission consequently implies that factors other than the impairment caused by ADHD account for the associations of remitted ADHD with subsequent onset of temporally secondary disorders”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Surprisingly, these results suggest that adult ADHD is more prevalent than childhood ADHD and that this pattern is true consistently in high (3.6 vs. 3.3%)-, upper-middle (3.0 vs. 2.2%)-, and low-/lower-middle (2.8 vs. 2.2%)-income countries.”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > ADHD prevalence in childhood and persistence into adulthood
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Perhaps the most consistently documented correlate is sex, with prevalence consistently higher among boys than girls and a higher relative prevalence of the predominantly inattentive subtype among girls than boys”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Rucklidge 2010 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“implying that if these role impairments, which are known to remit with the remission of ADHD, played a part in predicting subsequent onset of temporally secondary disorders, we would expect that risk of these disorders would return to their level in the general population with the remission of ADHD”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“A recent quantitative analysis of worldwide studies reported pooled current prevalence estimates of 6.5% for children and 2.7% for adolescents”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Polanczyk et al. 2007 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“which failed to find a significant gender difference in persistence of ADHD into adulthood”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Caye et al. 2016b source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the results reported here on the associations of adult ADHD with secondary comorbid disorders and disability are likely to be conservative; that is, that the true associations are likely to be larger than those estimated here.”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our analysis made no attempt to distinguish subsamples of respondents with pure and comorbid ADHD or to determine which comorbid disorders were most likely to be the presenting complaints”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > Treatment of 12-month ADHD
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The significant association of childhood ADHD with reduced educational attainment is consistent with the results of a meta-analysis (Polderman et al. 2010), but we are unaware of any previous research on educational attainment and persistence of childhood ADHD into adulthood”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Polderman et al. 2010 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The significant inverse association of age with current adult ADHD was due to several component associations that can be seen in other columns of the table. These include a significant inverse association of age with subthreshold childhood ADHD, an insignificant trend inverse association of age with childhood threshold ADHD, and a significant trend inverse association of age with adult persistence”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > Sociodemographic correlates
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given that we have no guarantee that the model holds in all WMH countries, caution is consequently needed in interpreting results regarding prevalence estimates.”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With the change of the age-of-onset requirement from DSM-IV to DSM-5 (from 7 to 12 years), many of the respondents classified as subthreshold cases would have been threshold cases”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: Retrospective reports of childhood ADHD symptoms are sufficiently accurate to estimate childhood ADHD prevalence and persistence.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these clinical reappraisal interviews were administered only in a minority of WMH countries, so some uncertainty still exists in the extent to which the favorable results generalize to all countries”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: CIDI diagnoses are valid across all WMH countries.
In the paper
“This lack of awareness has been noted in the past and has led to calls for increased public and professional training on how to diagnose adult ADHD”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Asherson et al. 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The significant association of current adult ADHS with being unmarried was due to a significantly elevated odds of childhood threshold ADHD with being previously married at the time of interview (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1–1.9) in addition to insignificant trend associations of being previously married and never married with persistence among childhood threshold and subthreshold cases.”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > Sociodemographic correlates
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“The WMH collaborators have developed a screening scale of this sort based on follow-up analyses of WMH respondents in the USA (Kessler et al. 2005), and this screening scale has been validated in a number of countries (e.g., Lozano et al. 2016; Morin et al. 2016; Sjolander et al. 2016).”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The finding that the vast majority of treatment is for other disorders is consistent with the finding that a substantial part of the impairment of respondents with adult ADHD is associated with comorbid disorders”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > Treatment of 12-month ADHD
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“calibration was carried out only in the USA, which was an outlier in terms of prevalence, raising questions about the accuracy of the diagnostic threshold in other countries”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
The association between CIDI responses and clinical diagnoses is constant across countries.
“This approach implicitly assumes that the association between CIDI responses and clinical diagnoses is constant across countries.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Existing epidemiological studies vary widely in measures, classification systems, and data collection procedures, making cross-national comparison challenging.
“A challenge in comparing cross-national results, though, is that existing epidemiological studies vary widely in measures, classification systems, and data collection procedures.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The population to which results are extrapolated is equivalent to the population in which the imputation was calibrated.
“under the model when, as in our case, AUC is high and the population to which results are extrapolated are equivalent to the population in which the imputation was calibrated”
The paper relies on this without support.
Respondents 45 years and older may not recall symptoms that they experienced in childhood.
“The restriction on the age range was imposed based on a concern about the effects of recall bias among older respondents whereby respondents 45 years and older may not recall symptoms that they experienced in childhood.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Retrospective reports of childhood ADHD symptoms are sufficiently accurate to estimate childhood ADHD prevalence and persistence.
“Another limitation of the current study is that childhood ADHD was assessed retrospectively”
“recall bias could lead to underreporting the number of childhood ADHD symptoms”
The paper relies on this without support.
CIDI diagnoses are valid across all WMH countries.
“all diagnoses were based on fully structured lay diagnostic interviews rather than semi-structured clinical research diagnostic interviews”
“these clinical reappraisal interviews were administered only in a minority of WMH countries”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A meta-analysis of 20 studies encompassing 13 countries and seven regions/metropolitan areas, involving more than 26,000 participants, estimated that 2.8% of adults meet criteria for ADHD”
From The World Federation of ADHD International Consensus Statement: 208 Evidence-based conclusions about the disorder (2021) · cites this paper as Fayyad et al., 2017
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The WHO World Mental Health Surveys (WMHS) across 20 nations have revealed that the prevalence of persistent adult ADHD based on DSM-IV was 2.8% [28].”
From The prevalence of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A global systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as [28]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > Sociodemographic correlates
“positively associated with level of educational attainment ( χ12=21.1, p < .001)”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > Sociodemographic correlates
“due to a significantly higher prevalence among respondents who, at the time of interview, had less than a college education compared to college graduates (ORs in the range 1.5–2.4)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > ADHD prevalence in childhood and persistence into adulthood
“low-/lower-middle (2.8 vs. 2.2%)-income countries”
§ The descriptive epidemiology of DSM-IV Adult ADHD in the World Health Organization World Mental Health Surveys > Results > ADHD prevalence in childhood and persistence into adulthood
“Current prevalence of adult ADHD in the total sample averaged 2.8% across surveys, again with high range (0.6–7.3%) and inter-quartile range (1.8–4.1%) and higher prevalence in high-income countries (3.6%) and upper-middle-income (3.0%) than low-/lower-middle-income (1.4%) countries”
Citations
Cites
Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys
Rubin, D. B. (1987) · Wiley Series in Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1002/9780470316696 · Cited by 20,701
The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis
Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.2007.164.6.942 · Cited by 5,346
Kessler, R. C., & Üstün, T. B. (2004) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.168 · Cited by 4,771
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Metadata
- Authors
- Collaborators, O. B. O. T. W. W. M. H. S., Fayyad, J., Sampson, N. A., Hwang, I., Adamowski, T., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., Andrade, L. H. S. G., Borges, G., de Girolamo, G., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Haro, J. M., Hu, C., Karam, E. G., Lee, S., Navarro-Mateu, F., O’Neill, S., Pennell, B.-E., Piazza, M., Posada-Villa, J., ten Have, M., Torres, Y., Xavier, M., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C.
- Affiliations
- Institute for Development, Research, Advocacy and Applied Care (LB)
- Harvard University (US)
- Wroclaw Medical University (PL)
- Universidade de São Paulo (BR)
- Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli (IT)
- University College Hospital, Ibadan (NG)
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (ES)
- University of Balamand (LB)
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- University of Ulster (GB)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Universidad El Bosque (CO)
- Universidad CES (CO)
- Corresponding author
- Fayyad, John
- ORCID
- Venue
- ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders
- Published
- 2016-11-19
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 47-65
- ISSN
- 1866-6116 (ISSN-L)
- 1866-6647
- PMC
- PMC5325787
- OpenAlex
- W2555957564
- Cited by
- 824
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 136 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 101 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 95 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 34.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Repositori digital de la UPF (Universitat Pompeu Fabra) (acceptedVersion)
- Repositorio Institucional Universidad El Bosque (submittedVersion)
- The Research Repository @ WVU (West Virginia University) (submittedVersion)
- IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Ulster University Research Portal (Ulster University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- RECERCAT (Consorci de Serveis Universitaris de Catalunya) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia Institutional Repository (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01 MH070884)
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- U.S. Public Health Service (R13-MH066849, R01-MH069864, R01 DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (FIRCA R03-TW006481)
- Pan American Health Organization
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Pfizer Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- adult ADHD, prevalence, cross-national comparison, DSM-IV, Composite International Diagnostic Interview, comorbidities, role impairment, treatment seeking, childhood ADHD, subthreshold ADHD, income level, gender differences, educational attainment, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, substance use disorders, behavior disorders
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Mental Disorders, Developing Countries, Female, Health Surveys, Humans, Income, Male, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Risk Factors, World Health Organization, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Developed Countries, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-31, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
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Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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