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Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges
Open accessAbstract
Sleep and mental health researchers are increasingly recognising the need to update our approaches to understanding the unique social, emotional and cognitive aspects of social media use, rather than simply considering it as just another hour of total daily “screen time”. In this review, we highlight some recent developments in this area, discuss ongoing challenges facing this field and offer recommendations for future steps. The sleep and mental health research literatures have made recent advances towards a more nuanced understanding of social media use: moving beyond a focus on simply duration of use, towards new insights into the role of content, context and experience of these online interactions. As this research area moves forward, a focus on high-quality measurement—combined with collaborative multidisciplinary approaches that triangulate insight from different methodologies and perspectives—can inform a more holistic understanding of sleep and mental health in today’s connected world.
Overview
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TL;DR
This review argues that sleep and mental health research must move beyond treating social media as generic “screen time” and instead examine content, context, and experience. It highlights recent progress in both literatures, identifies ongoing challenges around causality, measurement, and rapidly evolving platforms, and recommends high-quality measurement plus multidisciplinary triangulation.
Key findings
- Sleep research has linked higher overall social media use to poorer sleep outcomes, including shorter sleep duration, later bedtimes, and poorer sleep quality; bedtime use is a strong predictor of poorer sleep outcomes independent of overall use. Proposed mechanisms include sleep displacement, cognitive arousal, and fear of missing out operating via behavioural and cognitive pathways.
- Mental health findings for frequency/duration of social media use are mixed: some studies link more time to depressive or anxious symptoms, some find no significant associations, and some find positive outcomes such as reduced loneliness. A large-scale analysis indicated digital screen time accounts for very little variance in adolescent well-being.
- Outcomes depend on platform, purpose, and interaction quality: image-based platforms like Instagram and Snapchat (but not text-based Twitter) were associated with decreased loneliness, especially when used to interact with known people; broadcasting content or interacting with strangers was linked to increased loneliness or negative social comparison. Cyberbullying is associated with poorer well-being, but effect sizes for poor mental health are similar to offline physical and relational bullying.
- The authors recommend moving toward high-quality measures of motivations and experiences, triangulating multiple methodologies and disciplines, and using preprints to accelerate communication in a fast-moving field.
Methods
- Narrative review of recent developments in sleep and mental health research on social media use, focusing on progress in the last 5 years, ongoing challenges, and recommendations for future steps.
- No primary data collection or systematic review protocol is reported; the paper synthesizes existing literature and discusses measurement, causality, and evolving social media platforms.
- The authors draw on examples from sleep and mental health studies, including cross-sectional, experimental, longitudinal, qualitative, and large-cohort work, to argue for more nuanced conceptualization and measurement.
Limitations
- The authors state that available research primarily uses cross-sectional self-report data, so causality remains unresolved and relationships are likely bidirectional.
- The authors state that the rapidly evolving social media landscape outpaces research, making measures quickly outdated and limiting generalizability across platforms, features, and norms.
- The authors state that much research focuses on adolescents and young people, leaving other age groups understudied, and that measurement is often limited by single-item non-validated measures or platform-specific/pathologizing tools.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not report a systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or formal quality appraisal of included studies.
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Claims the paper makes
68 Not checked yet · 14 Own interpretation · 10 No basis given · 1 Supported so far · 1 Partly supported · 1 Own result · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“For example, cyberbullying represents an obvious case whereby interactions with known peers can have a negative impact on a wide range of adolescent wellbeing outcomes: from lower self-esteem and mood to increased behavioural and emotional problems [53,54].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [53] Wolke D, Lee K, Guy A. Cyberbullying: a storm in a teacup? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(8):899–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0954-6 . source
The Implications and contribution section associates cyber-victimization with depression, anxiety, lower self-esteem and behavioral problems in adolescents. The Discussion reports lower self-esteem and greater behavioral difficulties among victims, while noting that the study’s cross-sectional findings cannot establish causation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked yetcites [54] Kowalski RM, Giumetti GW, Schroeder AN, Lattanner MR. Bullying in the digital age: a critical review and meta-analysis of cyberbullying research among youth. Psychol Bull. 2014;140(4):1073–137. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035618 . source
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In the paper
“The sleep and mental health research literatures have made recent advances towards a more nuanced understanding of social media use: moving beyond a focus on simply duration of use, towards new insights into the role of content, context and experience of these online interactions.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Abstract
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In the paper
“This approach tends to examine social media use as a technology-based activity, often measuring the frequency, duration and timing of use [25].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Literature's Approach to Understanding Social Media Use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Jenkins-Guarnieri MA, Wright SL, Johnson B. Development and validation of a social media use integration scale. Psychol Pop Media Cult. 2013;2(1):38–50. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030277 . source
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In the paper
“Whilst all proposed pathways are relevant for various screen-based technologies (including more passive media consumption), this cognitive arousal mechanism is particularly salient for social media, which offers opportunities for rich social interactions in real time.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Literature's Approach to Understanding Social Media Use
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In the paper
“Interestingly, more of the mental health literature has taken a social interaction perspective-compared with a technology perspective-to understanding social media use.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Mental Health Literature's Approach to Understanding Social Media Use
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In the paper
“This may explain why the overall evidence on mental health associations is more mixed, supporting both positive and negative outcomes depending on how social media use is operationalised [13••].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Mental Health Literature's Approach to Understanding Social Media Use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13••]
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In the paper
“plus screen light potentially delaying circadian rhythms and sleep [31]”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Literature's Approach to Understanding Social Media Use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [31] Chang A-M, Aeschbach D, Duffy JF, Czeisler CA. Evening use of light-emitting eReaders negatively affects sleep, circadian timing, and next-morning alertness. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 2015;112(4):1232–7. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1418490112 . source
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In the paper
“As of 2013, the DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Disorders, Fifth Edition) classification of sleep-wake disorders has moved towards recognising the "bidirectional and interactive effects between sleep disorders and coexisting medical and psychiatric illnesses" [20,21].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Social Media, Sleep and Mental Health: a Constantly Evolving Landscape
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Reynolds CF 3rd, O’Hara R. DSM-5 sleep-wake disorders classification: overview for use in clinical practice. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(10):1099–101. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13010058 source
- Not checked yetcites [21] American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington D.C.: 2013. source
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In the paper
“For example, insomnia is now classified as comorbid with-rather than secondary to-a mental health diagnosis.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Social Media, Sleep and Mental Health: a Constantly Evolving Landscape
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In the paper
“In the sleep literature, current understanding of social media use has been strongly informed by previous research on traditional media and technology use generally.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Literature's Approach to Understanding Social Media Use
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In the paper
“Studies that measure how often and how much individuals use social media have reported a mix of significant and non-significant associations with mental health problems [13••, 33]”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Mental Health Literature's Approach to Understanding Social Media Use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13••, 33]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The timing of use is highly relevant for sleep, as social media use at bedtime is a strong predictor of poorer sleep outcomes, independent of overall use [14,16,17,41,42].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [14] Levenson JC, Shensa A, Sidani JE, Colditz JB, Primack BA. Social media use before bed and sleep disturbance among young adults in the United States: a nationally representative study. Sleep. 2017;40(9):zsx113–zsx. https://doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsx113 . source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Exelmans L, Scott H. Social Media Use and Sleep Quality among Adults: The Role of Gender, Age and Social Media Checking Habit. Preprint: 17 April 2019. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/eqxdh source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Woods HC, Scott H. #Sleepyteens: social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. J Adolesc. 2016;51:41–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008 . source
- Not checked yetcites [41] Orzech KM, Grandner MA, Roane BM, Carskadon MA. Digital media use in the 2 h before bedtime is associated with sleep variables in university students. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;55:43–50. source
- Not checked yetcites [42] Harbard E, Allen NB, Trinder J, Bei B. What’s keeping teenagers up? Prebedtime behaviors and actigraphy-assessed sleep over school and vacation. J Adolesc Health. 2016;58(4):426–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.12.011 . source
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In the paper
“This reinforces the argument that examining only frequency and duration of use is not sufficient to understand the complex links between individuals' social media practices and mental health.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Mental Health Literature's Approach to Understanding Social Media Use
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In the paper
“This has been one area of development in the sleep literature over the last 5 years, with more studies examining not only the time that participants spend using social media, but also their experiences of-and motivations for-these interactions [8,12,17,38].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Scott H, Biello SM, Woods HC. Identifying drivers for bedtime social media use despite sleep costs: the adolescent perspective. Preprint: 12 Oct 2018. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2xb36 . source
- Not checked yetcites [12] Scott H, Woods HC. Fear of missing out and sleep: cognitive behavioural factors in adolescents’ nighttime social media use. J Adolesc. 2018;68:61–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.07.009 . source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Woods HC, Scott H. #Sleepyteens: social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. J Adolesc. 2016;51:41–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008 . source
- Not checked yetcites [38] McNee S, Woods HC. Pre-sleep Cognitive Influence of Night-time Social Media Use and Social Comparison Behaviour in Young Women. Preprint: 12 February 2019. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/n9txa . source
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In the paper
“For example, individuals who spend the same time using social media each day (or night) can differ in the level of emotional connection that they feel towards this activity [25].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Jenkins-Guarnieri MA, Wright SL, Johnson B. Development and validation of a social media use integration scale. Psychol Pop Media Cult. 2013;2(1):38–50. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030277 . source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These findings have supported links between higher overall social media use and poorer sleep outcomes, including shorter sleep duration, later bedtimes and poorer sleep quality [17,26].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Woods HC, Scott H. #Sleepyteens: social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. J Adolesc. 2016;51:41–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008 . source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Levenson JC, Shensa A, Sidani JE, Colditz JB, Primack BA. The association between social media use and sleep disturbance among young adults. Prev Med. 2016;85(Supplement C):36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.01.001 . source
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In the paper
“Therefore, individuals who are concerned about possibly missing out may struggle at bedtime to stop not only using social media, but also thinking about possible social media interactions [8].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Scott H, Biello SM, Woods HC. Identifying drivers for bedtime social media use despite sleep costs: the adolescent perspective. Preprint: 12 Oct 2018. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2xb36 . source
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In the paper
“Instead, in their 2016 systematic review of available evidence, Seabrook and colleagues stressed that associated (positive or negative) mental health outcomes depended strongly on a range of protective and risk factors around how users engaged with social media [13••].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Mental Health Literature's Approach to Understanding Social Media Use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13••]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This reinforces the need to consider social media use within the broader context of an individual's online and offline social interactions, as a strong connection to social media platforms can stem from a more pervasive anxiety about potentially missing out [8,44].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Scott H, Biello SM, Woods HC. Identifying drivers for bedtime social media use despite sleep costs: the adolescent perspective. Preprint: 12 Oct 2018. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2xb36 . source
- Not checked yetcites [44] Przybylski AK, Murayama K, DeHaan CR, Gladwell V. Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out. Comput Hum Behav. 2013;29(4):1841–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014 . source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Therefore, alongside the behavioural component (actual social media activity), current understanding of mechanisms linking social media use to sleep has been improved by considering social, emotional and cognitive components of users' experiences.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
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In the paper
“with a large-scale analysis indicating that this digital screen time accounts for very little variance in adolescent well-being [34]”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Mental Health Literature's Approach to Understanding Social Media Use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Orben A, Przybylski AK. The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use. Nat Hum Behav. 2019;3(2):173–82. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1 . source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Firstly, associations between social media use and mental health and well-being vary in their direction and strength depending on the following: which platforms individuals use, for what purpose and with whom they interact.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
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In the paper
“and effect sizes for poor mental health associations are similar for cyberbullying and offline physical and relational bullying [53,55].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Wolke D, Lee K, Guy A. Cyberbullying: a storm in a teacup? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(8):899–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0954-6 . source
- Not checked yetcites [55] Przybylski AK, Bowes L. Cyberbullying and adolescent well-being in England: a population-based cross-sectional study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2017;1(1):19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30011-1 . source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, this shift is relatively recent, and there is still a considerable body of work being cited that considers only the duration and frequency of social media use, which has produced mixed findings for mental health outcomes [11••, 13••].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11••, 13••]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and others have found positive associated outcomes, such as reduced loneliness [50]”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Pittman M, Reich B. Social media and loneliness: why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand Twitter words. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;62:155–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.084 . source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Whilst this is an important area of research linking users' experiences of social media to mental health outcomes, it should be noted that very few young people experience bullying exclusively via social media platforms”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [53] Wolke D, Lee K, Guy A. Cyberbullying: a storm in a teacup? Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2017;26(8):899–908. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-0954-6 . source
- Not checked yetcites [55] Przybylski AK, Bowes L. Cyberbullying and adolescent well-being in England: a population-based cross-sectional study. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2017;1(1):19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(17)30011-1 . source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Although some studies have linked more time on social media to increased depressive or anxious symptoms [10,47]”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Bhat S, Pinto-Zipp G, Upadhyay H, Polos PG. “To sleep, perchance to tweet”: in-bed electronic social media use and its associations with insomnia, daytime sleepiness, mood, and sleep duration in adults. Sleep Health. 2018;4(2):166–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.12.004 . source
- Not checked yetcites [47] Lin LY, Sidani JE, Shensa A, Radovic A, Miller E, Colditz JB, et al. Association between social media use and depression among U.S. young adults. Depress Anxiety. 2016;33(4):323–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22466 . source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It can also accommodate new insight into individual differences, with recent evidence highlighting benefits for certain groups, whereby social media platforms can provide opportunities for positive social connection for individuals with a range of needs, including autism spectrum disorder and cerebral palsy [57,58].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [57] Kuo MH, Orsmond GI, Coster WJ, Cohn ES. Media use among adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Autism. 2013;18(8):914–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361313497832 . source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Caron J, Light J. “Social media has opened a world of ‘open communication:’” experiences of adults with cerebral palsy who use augmentative and alternative communication and social media. Augment Altern Commun (Baltimore, Md : 1985). 2016;32(1):25–40. https://doi.org/10.3109/07434618.2015.1052887 . source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, in addition to knowing who an individual is interacting with, crucially it is the quality of these online interactions that distinguishes positive and negative mental health outcomes [11••].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11••]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social media practices that do focus on facilitating positive social connections can in fact offer a range of benefits to well-being.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One common issue facing this field as a whole is the question of causality, as available research primarily uses crosssectional self-report data.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Understanding Causality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A causal pathway from social media use to sleep is supported by evidence that implementing changes to bedtime media habits can improve sleep outcomes [45], highlighting the valuable contribution of experimental work.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Understanding Causality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Bartel K, Scheeren R, Gradisar M. Altering adolescents’ pre-bedtime phone use to achieve better sleep health. Health Commun. 2018;34:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1422099 . source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In recent years, this line of research has made considerable steps towards a more nuanced understanding, which is now highlighting the crucial role of how individuals engage with social media in determining positive versus negative mental health outcomes [11••, 13••].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11••, 13••]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“some do not find significant associations [48,49]”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Banjanin N, Banjanin N, Dimitrijevic I, Pantic I. Relationship between internet use and depression: focus on physiological mood oscillations, social networking and online addictive behavior. Comput Hum Behav. 2015;43:308–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.013 . source
- Not checked yetcites [49] Shaw AM, Timpano KR, Tran TB, Joormann J. Correlates of Facebook usage patterns: the relationship between passive Facebook use, social anxiety symptoms, and brooding. Comput Hum Behav. 2015;48:575–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.003 . source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This reinforces the argument that knowing only how much time an individual spends using social media (without further information on context and experiences) is not particularly informative for understanding its implications for any aspect of health and well-being.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: unclear — It is unclear whether it could be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“as social media use is increasingly prevalent across all age groups [71]”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > "Teenagers These Days"
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [71] Greenwood S, Perrin A, Duggan M. Social media update. Pew Research Center; 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.pewinternet.org/2016/11/11/social-media-update-2016/ .
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“However, we note that researchers across these fields have nonetheless been limited by the research measures available to them [25].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > The Role of Measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Jenkins-Guarnieri MA, Wright SL, Johnson B. Development and validation of a social media use integration scale. Psychol Pop Media Cult. 2013;2(1):38–50. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030277 . source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An inevitable challenge in this fast-moving field is that technological developments outpace research, with continually evolving social media platforms, functionalities and associated norms.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Rapidly Evolving Social Media Landscape
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This presents a particular challenge for researchers responding to calls for longitudinal analysis in this area, since platform-or feature-specific measures can become outmoded during the course of the study.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Rapidly Evolving Social Media Landscape
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This is partly driven by concerns being voiced by policymakers, health professionals, educators and parents around the possible negative impact of social media on young people's health and well-being [65,66].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > "Teenagers These Days"
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] UK House of Commons Science and Technology Committee. Impact of social media and screen-use on young people’s health. 2019. Retrieved from: https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201719/cmselect/cmsctech/822/82202.htm .
- Not checked yetcites [66] Screen-based lifestyle harms children’s health. The Guardian, 25 Dec 2016. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/education/2016/dec/25/screen-based-lifestyle-harms-health-of-children . Accessed 11 July 2019.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Much of the research in this area has focused on adolescents and young people.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > "Teenagers These Days"
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adolescence has been described as bringing about a "Perfect Storm" of biological, psychosocial and societal factors that work together to produce short and ill-timed sleep for a majority of this population, where sleep need remains high [22,69,70].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > "Teenagers These Days"
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22] Owens J. Insufficient sleep in adolescents and young adults: an update on causes and consequences. Pediatrics. 2014;134(3):E921–E32. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2014-1696. source
- Not checked yetcites [69] Carskadon MA. Sleep in adolescents: the perfect storm. Pediatr Clin N Am. 2011;58(3):637–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pcl.2011.03.003 . source
- Not checked yetcites [70] Crowley SJ, Wolfson AR, Tarokh L, Carskadon MA. An update on adolescent sleep: new evidence informing the perfect storm model. J Adolesc. 2018;67:55–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.06.001 . source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even when a platform remains prevalent, its specific features evolve over time, facilitating shifts in the social expectations and norms for how people engage with social media.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Rapidly Evolving Social Media Landscape
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Across this research area, use of single-item non-validated measures (often of duration or frequency of use) is common [13••, 25].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > The Role of Measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13••, 25]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is crucial to remember that the measurement tools available to researchers and clinicians limit the questions we can ask participants and patients, the conclusions we can draw and the recommendations we can make.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > The Role of Measurement
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“as social media platforms (and norms for how people engage with them) continue to evolve during the time between data collection and publication [64].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Posting Preprints
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Lancet T. Social media, screen time, and young people’s mental health. Lancet. 2019;393(10172):611. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30358-7 . source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent work has started to consider these simultaneously, often positioning sleep as a mediator linking social media use to mental health outcomes [63,89]”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Combining Multiple Methodologies and Perspectives for a Holistic Understanding
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [63] Li X, Buxton OM, Lee S, Chang AM, Berger LM, Hale L. Sleep mediates the association between adolescent screen time and depressive symptoms. Sleep Med. 2019;57:51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2019.01.029 . source
- Not checked yetcites [89] Kelly Y, Zilanawala A, Booker C, Sacker A. Social media use and adolescent mental health: findings from the UK Millennium Cohort Study. EClinicalMedicine. 2018;6:59–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2018.12.005 . source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 36
- Probably not a substantial claim. 21
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Importantly, platforms provide richly varied opportunities for social interactions, allowing individuals to curate a careful selfpresentation through public profiles, quantify peer approval through number of likes and retweets and extend daytime face-to-face peer interactions with 24/7 availability for individual and group messages [7,17].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Social Media, Sleep and Mental Health: a Constantly Evolving Landscape
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Fox J, Moreland JJ. The dark side of social networking sites: an exploration of the relational and psychological stressors associated with Facebook use and affordances. Comput Hum Behav. 2015;45:168–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.083 . source
- Partly supportedcites [17] Woods HC, Scott H. #Sleepyteens: social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. J Adolesc. 2016;51:41–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008 . sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The paper describes carefully constructed profiles (Social media and wellbeing, p. 18), feedback on profiles (Social media and psychological wellbeing, p. 7), and pressure to be available for messages 24/7 (Social media and sleep quality, p. 4). It does not say that likes or retweets quantify peer approval, or that messaging extends daytime face-to-face interactions. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From our experience through research and engagement with adolescents and their teachers and parents, we have found that this type of language from adults is not constructive and often shuts down the potential for meaningful dialogue that can build shared inter-generational understanding.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > "Teenagers These Days"
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These mechanisms include technology use delaying bedtimes and/or interrupting nighttime sleep [28][29][30]”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Literature's Approach to Understanding Social Media Use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [28][29][30]
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“It has also been proposed that technology use may impact on sleep by increasing cognitive arousal at bedtime [1•, 27••, 32].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Literature's Approach to Understanding Social Media Use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1•, 27••, 32]
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Therefore, social media use is receiving increasing attention independent from other forms of electronic media use, with researchers calling for improved understanding of its unique social, emotional and cognitive aspects in relation to sleep and mental health outcomes [10, 11••, 12, 13••, 14].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10, 11••, 12, 13••, 14]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Platforms are easily accessible via smartphone apps (facilitating engagement throughout the day and alongside other activities) and specifically designed to keep users engaged, with continual notifications and no clearly defined end point [10,16].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Social Media, Sleep and Mental Health: a Constantly Evolving Landscape
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Bhat S, Pinto-Zipp G, Upadhyay H, Polos PG. “To sleep, perchance to tweet”: in-bed electronic social media use and its associations with insomnia, daytime sleepiness, mood, and sleep duration in adults. Sleep Health. 2018;4(2):166–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.12.004 . source
- Not checked yetcites [16] Exelmans L, Scott H. Social Media Use and Sleep Quality among Adults: The Role of Gender, Age and Social Media Checking Habit. Preprint: 17 April 2019. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/eqxdh source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Currently, the increasing connectivity offered by devices and platforms has facilitated not only increased time devoted to these media activities, but also important shifts in social norms and expectations around availability and etiquette for online interactions [7][8][9].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [7] Fox J, Moreland JJ. The dark side of social networking sites: an exploration of the relational and psychological stressors associated with Facebook use and affordances. Comput Hum Behav. 2015;45:168–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.083 . source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Scott H, Biello SM, Woods HC. Identifying drivers for bedtime social media use despite sleep costs: the adolescent perspective. Preprint: 12 Oct 2018. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2xb36 . source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Mai LM, Freudenthaler R, Schneider FM, Vorderer P. “I know you’ve seen it!” Individual and social factors for users’ chatting behavior on Facebook. Comput Hum Behav. 2015;49:296–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.074 . source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Researchers and practitioners are therefore updating their approaches to understanding and treating sleep and mental health as two inextricably linked aspects of health, which together present a significant and well-recognised social, economic and health burden internationally [22][23][24].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Social Media, Sleep and Mental Health: a Constantly Evolving Landscape
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [22][23][24]
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Existing reviews of this evidence indicate that social media use-alongside other technology activities like TV viewing, video gaming and computer and smartphone useis generally associated with poorer sleep outcomes, particularly shorter sleep duration and also delayed bedtimes and poorer sleep quality [1•, 2•, 26].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Literature's Approach to Understanding Social Media Use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1•, 2•, 26]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared with other forms of technology or traditional media, social media platforms facilitate unique changes not only in how we spend our time but also crucially in how we interact with each other.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Social Media, Sleep and Mental Health: a Constantly Evolving Landscape
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Together, these features and user experiences contribute not only to increased time devoted to social media use [18], but also importantly to evolving social norms around expected availability and the urgency of online interactions [7,8,19], presenting unique implications for mental health and sleep.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Social Media, Sleep and Mental Health: a Constantly Evolving Landscape
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Smith A, Anderson M. Social Media Use in 2018. Pew Research Center; 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/01/social-media-use-in-2018/ .
- Not checked yetcites [7] Fox J, Moreland JJ. The dark side of social networking sites: an exploration of the relational and psychological stressors associated with Facebook use and affordances. Comput Hum Behav. 2015;45:168–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.083 . source
- Not checked yetcites [8] Scott H, Biello SM, Woods HC. Identifying drivers for bedtime social media use despite sleep costs: the adolescent perspective. Preprint: 12 Oct 2018. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2xb36 . source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Thomee S, Dellve L, Harenstam A, Hagberg M. Perceived connections between information and communication technology use and mental symptoms among young adults - a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2010;10:66. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-66 . source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is important to note, however, that studies are primarily crosssectional, and the question of causality remains”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“These findings are consistent with a sleep displacement mechanism [1•, 27••, 28], as there are only 24 h in a day, and an hour devoted to any activity (including using social media) is an hour that is spent awake.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [1•, 27••, 28]
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For clinicians, educators and parents of adolescents, this indicates that focusing exclusively on reducing nighttime social media activity (e.g. by limiting access) is not only challenging to implement [45,46], but also fails to address other relevant factors, such as underlying concerns and arousal, that persist independent of actual social media activity.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [45] Bartel K, Scheeren R, Gradisar M. Altering adolescents’ pre-bedtime phone use to achieve better sleep health. Health Commun. 2018;34:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2017.1422099 . source
- Not checked yetcites [46] Houghton S, Hunter SC, Rosenberg M, Wood L, Zadow C, Martin K, et al. Virtually impossible: limiting Australian children and adolescents daily screen based media use. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1):5. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-15-5 . source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This has implications for sleep outcomes, as highly invested users report poorer sleep quality and may find it more difficult to disengage from social media at night [17].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [17] Woods HC, Scott H. #Sleepyteens: social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. J Adolesc. 2016;51:41–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008 . source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These include perceived and actual levels of online social support [35][36][37], and the valence of individuals' social media content, interactions and social comparisons [38][39][40].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Mental Health Literature's Approach to Understanding Social Media Use
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35][36][37]
- Not checked yetcites [38][39][40]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This broader perspective on social media use (including its cognitive, social and emotional aspects) is increasingly represented in mental health literature.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Young people in particular often report feelings of disconnectedness and missing out without access to social media and prefer to keep their phones within close reach during the night [43].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [43] Vorderer P, Kromer N, Schneider FM. Permanently online - permanently connected: explorations into university students’ use of social media and mobile smart devices. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;63:694–703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.085 . source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, to meaningfully inform clinical practice and wider policy, it is crucial to remember that conceptualising social media use in minutes and hours only gives one part of the picture.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“This underlying fear of missing out has been linked to shorter sleep duration via both a behavioural pathway (by driving late night social media use, which delays bedtimes) and a cognitive pathway (by increasing pre-sleep cognitive arousal, thus further delaying sleep onset) [12].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [12] Scott H, Woods HC. Fear of missing out and sleep: cognitive behavioural factors in adolescents’ nighttime social media use. J Adolesc. 2018;68:61–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.07.009 . source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, time spent using image-based platforms like Instagram and Snapchat (but not text-based platforms like Twitter) is associated with decreased loneliness, possibly due to an enhanced sense of intimacy [50].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [50] Pittman M, Reich B. Social media and loneliness: why an Instagram picture may be worth more than a thousand Twitter words. Comput Hum Behav. 2016;62:155–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.084 . source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Clark and colleagues stress the importance of understanding this quality of social connection in their proposed interpersonal-connection-behaviours framework [11••], arguing that negative well-being outcomes are not inevitable, but depend on whether specific social media practices promote meaningful social connection.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11••]
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Therefore, as in the sleep field, similar calls have been made in the mental health literature to examine the content, context and interactivity of social media use, rather than limiting discussions to simply total "screen time" [10, 11••, 13••, 15•].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10, 11••, 13••, 15•]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“This benefit applies to individuals who use these image-sharing platforms for the purpose of interacting with other people, whereas those who simply broadcast content actually report increased loneliness [51].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Yang C-C. Instagram use, loneliness, and social comparison orientation: interact and browse on social media, but don’t compare. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2016;19(12):703–8. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0201 . source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Specifically, it seems that those who use image-based platforms to interact with people they know personally are not at risk for negative consequences, whilst those who view and interact with image-based content from strangers are more likely to engage in negative social comparisons and have depressive symptoms [52].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [52] Lup K, Trub L, Rosenthal L. Instagram #Instasad?: exploring associations among Instagram use, depressive symptoms, negative social comparison, and strangers followed. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw. 2015;18(5):247–52. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2014.0560 . source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similarly, whilst depressed individuals tend to interpret their social media interactions more negatively, certain online experiences (negative social comparison, seeking but not receiving support) can further negatively impact on mood, exacerbating symptoms for those with existing mental health problems [35,36,39,62].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Understanding Causality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [35] Frison E, Eggermont S. The impact of daily stress on adolescents’ depressed mood: the role of social support seeking through Facebook. Comput Hum Behav. 2015;44:315–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.11.070 . source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Park J, Lee DS, Shablack H, Verduyn P, Deldin P, Ybarra O, et al. When perceptions defy reality: the relationships between depression and actual and perceived Facebook social support. J Affect Disord. 2016;200:37–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.01.048 . source
- Not checked yetcites [39] Appel H, Crusius J, Gerlach AL. Social comparison, envy, and depression on Facebook: a study looking at the effects of high comparison standards on depressed individuals. J Soc Clin Psychol. 2015;34(4):277–89. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2015.34.4.277 . source
- Not checked yetcites [62] Feinstein BA, Hershenberg R, Bhatia V, Latack JA, Meuwly N, Davila J. Negative social comparison on Facebook and depressive symptoms: rumination as a mechanism. US: Educational Publishing Foundation; 2013. p. 161–70.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taking this broader perspective on social media use (moving beyond simply hours per day, to examine a range of relevant social and emotional aspects) has therefore brought valuable new insight to links with mental health, and we argue that this can offer similar benefits to sleep research and practice.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Combining New Insights from Mental Health and Sleep Research
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In contrast, positive online social interactions are associated with increased self-esteem and positive mental well-being, as well as decreased anxiety and depression, by providing social support and positive feedback [13••, 56].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13••, 56]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, it is likely that this relationship is bidirectional, with some poor sleepers and those who have naturally later circadian preferences also turning to social media as a sleep aid or to pass time until they fall asleep [60,61].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Understanding Causality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Exelmans L, Van den Bulck J. The use of media as a sleep aid in adults. Behav Sleep Med. 2016;14(2):121–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/15402002.2014.963582 . source
- Not checked yetcites [61] Tavernier R, Willoughby T. Sleep problems: predictor or outcome of media use among emerging adults at university? J Sleep Res. 2014;23(4):389–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsr.12132 . source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Furthermore, available multi-item validated measures are often specific to one platform [84,85] and/or pathologise social media use [86][87][88].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > The Role of Measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Ellison NB, Steinfield C, Lampe C. The benefits of Facebook “friends”: social capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. J Comput-Mediat Commun. 2007;12(4):1143–68. source
- Not checked yetcites [85] Ross C, Orr ES, Sisic M, Arseneault JM, Simmering MG, Orr RR. Personality and motivations associated with Facebook use. Comput Hum Behav. 2009;25(2):578–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.024 . source
- Not checked yetcites [86][87][88]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Existing studies consistently voice the need for future longitudinal work to examine temporal directionality and causality [10,17,63].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Understanding Causality
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Bhat S, Pinto-Zipp G, Upadhyay H, Polos PG. “To sleep, perchance to tweet”: in-bed electronic social media use and its associations with insomnia, daytime sleepiness, mood, and sleep duration in adults. Sleep Health. 2018;4(2):166–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2017.12.004 . source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Woods HC, Scott H. #Sleepyteens: social media use in adolescence is associated with poor sleep quality, anxiety, depression and low self-esteem. J Adolesc. 2016;51:41–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.05.008 . source
- Not checked yetcites [63] Li X, Buxton OM, Lee S, Chang AM, Berger LM, Hale L. Sleep mediates the association between adolescent screen time and depressive symptoms. Sleep Med. 2019;57:51–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2019.01.029 . source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, the most popular platform to be studied in relation to anxiety and depression (as of June 2016) was Facebook [13••], which is now facing competition from other much more rapidly growing platforms, particularly among young people [18].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Rapidly Evolving Social Media Landscape
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [13••]
- Not checked yetcites [18] Smith A, Anderson M. Social Media Use in 2018. Pew Research Center; 2018. Retrieved from: https://www.pewinternet.org/2018/03/01/social-media-use-in-2018/ .
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, examining social media habits over time can present particular challenges when platforms, features and associated norms are continually shifting.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Understanding Causality
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, research literature often approaches media use as a potential threat or harmful activity, using language around social media "addiction" and "problematic use" [10,[72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79], which can pathologise social media use despite insufficient evidence for considering it an addiction [80].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > "Teenagers These Days"
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10,[72]...]
- Not checked yetcites [80] Billieux J, Maurage P, Lopez-Fernandez O, Kuss D, Griffiths M. Can Disordered Mobile Phone Use Be Considered a Behavioral Addiction? An Update on Current Evidence and a Comprehensive Model for Future Research. Current Addiction Reports. 2015;2:156. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0054-y . source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“poor quality measurement is surprisingly prevalent in published literature and can seriously undermine the conclusions of a study [83•]”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > The Role of Measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83•]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Measurement is of critical importance to the research process and yet is often overlooked: poor quality measurement is surprisingly prevalent in published literature and can seriously undermine the conclusions of a study [83•].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > The Role of Measurement
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [83•]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These concerns are understandable, since adolescents and emerging adults must navigate an intense developmental stage, whilst managing high academic demands, during a period of increased risk for developing lifelong poor mental health [67,68].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > "Teenagers These Days"
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Orth U, Maes J, Schmitt M. Self-esteem development across the life span: a longitudinal study with a large sample from Germany. Dev Psychol. 2015;51(2):248–59. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038481 . source
- Not checked yetcites [68] McLaughlin KA, King K. Developmental trajectories of anxiety and depression in early adolescence. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2015;43(2):311–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-014-9898-1 . source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, with the introduction of "read receipts", users can now see when a message has been viewed, which contributes to perceived obligation to respond quickly [8,9].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Rapidly Evolving Social Media Landscape
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Scott H, Biello SM, Woods HC. Identifying drivers for bedtime social media use despite sleep costs: the adolescent perspective. Preprint: 12 Oct 2018. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2xb36 . source
- Not checked yetcites [9] Mai LM, Freudenthaler R, Schneider FM, Vorderer P. “I know you’ve seen it!” Individual and social factors for users’ chatting behavior on Facebook. Comput Hum Behav. 2015;49:296–302. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.01.074 . source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“and its potentially changing implications for health and well-being across the lifespan remain a gap in current understanding [16].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > "Teenagers These Days"
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Exelmans L, Scott H. Social Media Use and Sleep Quality among Adults: The Role of Gender, Age and Social Media Checking Habit. Preprint: 17 April 2019. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/eqxdh source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Therefore, in this rapidly evolving social media landscape, research measures can quickly become outdated and even relatively recent findings may not generalise beyond the specific platforms and devices in vogue at the time of data collection [2•, 64], as users' experiences are constantly changing.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Rapidly Evolving Social Media Landscape
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2•, 64]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Preprints offer a simple way to accelerate communication of new findings, with benefits for authors and the field as a whole [91]”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Posting Preprints
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [91] Sarabipour S, Debat HJ, Emmott E, Burgess SJ, Schwessinger B, Hensel Z. On the value of preprints: an early career researcher perspective. PLoS Biol. 2019;17(2):e3000151. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000151 . source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In our current work, we have developed and validated a measure of difficulty disengaging from social media at night, whose content and wording is built from an adolescent perspective [8].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Considering Available Measurement Tools
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Scott H, Biello SM, Woods HC. Identifying drivers for bedtime social media use despite sleep costs: the adolescent perspective. Preprint: 12 Oct 2018. Retrieved from: https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/2xb36 . source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“which can be especially valuable when studying rapidly evolving phenomena like social media use.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Posting Preprints
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Having tools available to capture underlying issues (e.g.motivations for and experiences of online social interactions) allows us to build a more nuanced understanding and also improves the longevity of measures, as specific platforms and features rise and fall over time [11••].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Considering Available Measurement Tools
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [11••]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Furthermore, measurement is a key issue to address when aiming to maximise the relevance and longevity of current research in a rapidly evolving social media landscape (which can become particularly problematic in longitudinal work).”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > The Role of Measurement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Rapid developments in technological and social trends mean that even the very latest published research findings can quickly become outdated”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Posting Preprints
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Lancet T. Social media, screen time, and young people’s mental health. Lancet. 2019;393(10172):611. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30358-7 . source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Collaborative multidisciplinary approaches that triangulate insight from different methodologies and perspectives can help inform an integrated understanding of sleep and mental health in today's connected world.”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Conclusions
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: No single methodological or theoretical approach can ever provide the full story.
In the paper
“support ongoing efforts to improve understanding of sleep and mental health as two inextricably linked aspects of overall health and well-being [20].”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Combining Multiple Methodologies and Perspectives for a Holistic Understanding
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [20] Reynolds CF 3rd, O’Hara R. DSM-5 sleep-wake disorders classification: overview for use in clinical practice. Am J Psychiatry. 2013;170(10):1099–101. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13010058 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
Survey space often limits large cohort surveys to single-item measures of screen time or daily social media use.
“with survey space often limiting large cohort surveys to single-item measures of”
The paper relies on this without support.
No single methodological or theoretical approach can ever provide the full story.
“Of course, no single methodological or theoretical approach can ever provide the full story”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Family connectedness therefore has the potential to mitigate well-documented negative effects of night-time SMU on sleep [14].”
From Social media use and social connectedness among adolescents in the United Kingdom: a qualitative exploration of displacement and stimulation (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > Sleep Research: Moving Beyond Hours per Day on Social Media
“Clark and colleagues stress the importance of understanding this quality of social connection in their proposed interpersonal-connection-behaviours framework [11••]”
§ Understanding Links Between Social Media Use, Sleep and Mental Health: Recent Progress and Current Challenges > References
“12. •• Clark JL, Algoe SB, Green MC. Social network sites and well-being: the role of social connection.”
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Ellison, N. B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007) · Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x · Cited by 9,939
Motivational, emotional, and behavioral correlates of fear of missing out
Przybylski, A. K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C. R., & Gladwell, V. (2013) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2013.02.014 · Cited by 3,932
Kowalski, R. M., Giumetti, G. W., Schroeder, A. N., & Lattanner, M. R. (2014) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0035618 · Cited by 3,266
Development of a Facebook Addiction Scale
Andreassen, C. S., Torsheim, T., Brunborg, G. S., & Pallesen, S. (2012) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/02.09.18.pr0.110.2.501-517 · Cited by 1,884
Personality and motivations associated with Facebook use
Ross, C., Orr, E. S., Sisic, M., Arseneault, J. M., Simmering, M. G., & Orr, R. R. (2009) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2008.12.024 · Cited by 1,728
Friend networking sites and their relationship to adolescents’ well-being and social self-esteem
Valkenburg, P. M., Peter, J., & Schouten, A. P. (2006) · CyberPsychology & Behavior · doi:10.1089/cpb.2006.9.584 · Cited by 1,531
Andreassen, C. S., Pallesen, S., & Griffiths, M. D. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.03.006 · Cited by 1,504
The association between adolescent well-being and digital technology use
Orben, A., & Przybylski, A. K. (2019) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0506-1 · Cited by 1,500
Screen time and sleep among school-aged children and adolescents: a systematic literature review
Hale, L., & Guan, S. (2015) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.07.007 · Cited by 1,468
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Shahzad, M. F., Xu, S., Lim, W. M., Yang, X., & Khan, Q. R. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29523 · Cited by 205
Barthorpe, A., Winstone, L., Mars, B., & Moran, P. (2020) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2020.05.106 · Cited by 158
Sleep Deprivation and Insomnia in Adolescence: Implications for Mental Health
Uccella, S., Cordani, R., Salfi, F., Gorgoni, M., Scarpelli, S., Gemignani, A., Geoffroy, P. A., Gennaro, L. D., Palagini, L., Ferrara, M., et al. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13040569 · Cited by 170
Winstone, L., Mars, B., Haworth, C. M. A., & Kidger, J. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11802-9 · Cited by 111
Bauducco, S., Pillion, M., Bartel, K., Reynolds, C., Kahn, M., & Gradisar, M. (2024) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2024.101933 · Cited by 102
Metadata
- Authors
- Scott, H., & Woods, H. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Glasgow (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Scott, Holly
- Venue
- Current Sleep Medicine Reports
- Published
- 2019-07-13
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 141-149
- ISSN
- 2198-6401 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2960383546
- Semantic Scholar
- f948b4d7ffd1759c1adcc4ebd1ca395105333565
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 87
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 22.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Current Sleep Medicine Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Glasgow
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Social Sciences › Communication › Digital Media and Philosophy
- Keywords
- social media use, sleep, mental health, screen time, social media content, measurement quality, multidisciplinary research, online interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-07, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-07 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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