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Human Aggression Across the Lifespan
Open accessAbstract
This chapter reviews the recent evidence of genetic and environmental influences on human aggression. Findings from a large selection of the twin and adoption studies that have investigated the genetic and environmental architecture of aggressive behavior are summarized. These studies together show that about half (50%) of the variance in aggressive behavior is explained by genetic influences in both males and females, with the remaining 50% of the variance being explained by environmental factors not shared by family members. Form of aggression (reactive, proactive, direct/physical, indirect/relational), method of assessment (laboratory observation, self-report, ratings by parents and teachers), and age of the subjects—all seem to be significant moderators of the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on aggressive behavior. Neither study design (twin vs. sibling adoption design) nor sex (male vs. female) seems to impact the magnitude of the genetic and environmental influences on aggression. There is also some evidence of gene-environment interaction (G × E) from both twin/adoption studies and molecular genetic studies. Various measures of family adversity and social disadvantage have been found to moderate genetic influences on aggressive behavior. Findings from these G × E studies suggest that not all individuals will be affected to the same degree by experiences and exposures, and that genetic predispositions may have different effects depending on the environment.
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TL;DR
This chapter reviews twin, adoption, and molecular genetic evidence on human aggression, concluding that about 50% of variance in aggressive behavior is explained by genetic influences and about 50% by nonshared environment, with form, assessment method, and age moderating these estimates. It also reviews G×E findings showing that family adversity and social disadvantage can moderate genetic influences on aggression.
Key findings
- Across twin and adoption studies, genetic influences explain about half (50%) of variance in aggressive behavior in both males and females, with the remaining 50% explained by nonshared environment; shared environment is small or nonexistent. Meta-analytic estimates vary: Miles and Carey (1997) reported ~50% genetic/50% nonshared; Rhee and Waldman (2002) reported 41% genetic, 16% shared, 43% nonshared for antisocial behavior; Burt (2009) reported 65% genetic, 5% shared, 30% nonshared for child/adolescent aggression.
- Sex does not appreciably moderate heritability: weighted twin correlations were rMZ males 0.66, females 0.63; rDZ males 0.42, females 0.35; opposite-sex DZ 0.38. Burt (2009) reported genetic influences explaining 54% of variance in boys and 57% in girls.
- Age, assessment method, and aggression form moderate estimates. Burt (2009): genetic influences increased from 55.2% at ages 1–5 to 62.7% at 6–10 and 62.9% at 11–18, while shared environment decreased from 18.7% to 13.9% to 2.7%. By method: lab observation h2 ~32%, d2 ~10%, e2 58%; self-report h2 40%, e2 60%; teacher h2 54%, c2 6%, e2 40%; parent/caregiver h2 54%, c2 17%, e2 29%. Relational aggression self-report h2 49%, e2 51%; parent ratings boys h2 21%, c2 46%, e2 33%, girls h2 42%, c2 22%, e2 36%. Reactive/proactive genetic correlation <1.0; stability reactive genetic 48%, shared 11%, nonshared 41%; proactive primarily genetic 85%.
- G×E evidence: in ~800 Swedish adoptees, criminality was 40% when both inherited and environmental risk were present, 12.1% with genetic only, 6.7% with environmental only, 2.7% with neither (Cloninger et al., 1982). In 1116 5-year-old British twin pairs, maltreatment increased conduct problems more among children with high genetic liability (Jaffee et al., 2005). In Swedish 16–17-year-old twins, heritability for antisocial/aggressive behavior was higher in affluent neighborhoods (boys 37%, girls 69%) than less advantaged (boys 1%, girls 61%), while shared environment was higher in less advantaged (boys 69%, girls 16%) than better-off (boys 13%, girls 6%). MAOA×maltreatment (Caspi et al., 2002) and meta-analytic support (Kim-Cohen et al., 2006) are also reviewed.
Methods
- Design: narrative review of twin and sibling adoption studies, meta-analyses, and molecular genetic studies of aggressive behavior; includes tables summarizing a large selection of studies and discussion of G×E designs.
- Data/sample: nonselected twin and adoption samples from North America and Europe, from preschool children to adults; over two dozen twin studies and a handful of adoption studies. Specific longitudinal twin studies include RFAB (>750 twin pairs at ages 9–10, 11–13, 14–16, 17–18), E-risk (>1000 twin pairs at ages 5, 7, 12), and MTFS. Meta-analyses reviewed include 24 twin/adoption studies (Miles & Carey, 1997), 51 twin/adoption studies (Rhee & Waldman, 2002), and 19 child/adolescent twin/adoption studies (Burt, 2009).
- Main analysis: descriptive comparison of MZ/DZ and biological/adoptive sibling correlations to estimate additive genetic, nonadditive genetic, shared environmental, and nonshared environmental variance; meta-analytic summaries; G×E tested via mean-level and moderated variance-components approaches in twin/adoption studies and via measured gene-by-measured environment interactions in molecular studies.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: most studies used childhood samples (≤12 years), with fewer adolescent/adult studies; age and assessment method are confounded; twin-correlation summaries are descriptive and not formal modeling; rater bias may inflate twin similarity; adoption-study generalizability is limited because adoptive parents tend to be higher SES and adoptees show higher aggression; twin design assumptions (equal environments, random mating, no gene-environment correlation/interaction) may be violated, especially assortative mating for antisocial/aggressive behavior; G×E studies have low power and are rare; no genetically informative studies of violent video game exposure or alcohol use as moderators; MAOA×maltreatment has few replications and failed to replicate in females and African Americans.
- Evident from the text: the review is not systematic/exhaustive (“large selection”), many studies combined males and females making sex-limitation analyses impossible, and no study examined genetic/environmental overlap between relational aggression and other forms (proactive/reactive); no twin/adoption studies of aggression in authoritative situations like Milgram or Stanford prison are noted.
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88 Not checked yet · 37 Own interpretation · 33 No basis given · 10 Own result · 4 Own method · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Sources not found
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In the paper
“Findings from the RFAB study show no differences in mean levels between MZ and DZ twins in reactive or proactive aggression (Baker et al., 2008; Tuvblad et al., 2009).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baker et al., 2008
- Supportedcites Tuvblad et al., 2009 source
The Results, under Descriptive Statistics, state that there were no mean differences between zygosity groups for either proactive or reactive aggression at either wave. The Methods identify the groups as MZ and DZ twins, matching the cited claim. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Various measures of family adversity and social disadvantage have been found to moderate genetic influences on aggressive behavior.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > Abstract
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In the paper
“Form of aggression (reactive, proactive, direct/physical, indirect/relational), method of assessment (laboratory observation, self-report, ratings by parents and teachers), and age of the subjects—all seem to be significant moderators of the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on aggressive behavior.”
- Also stated in: § B. Does heritability change across age? · hedged
“The overall pattern across the studies presented in Table 8.2 and Fig. 8.1 indicates that genetic influences for aggressive behavior become increasingly more important, while shared environmental effects become less so as children develop from childhood, through adolescence, and into adulthood.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > Abstract
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- Also stated in: § B. Does heritability change across age? · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Form of aggression (reactive, proactive, direct/physical, indirect/relational), method of assessment (laboratory observation, self-report, ratings by parents and teachers), and age of the subjects—all seem to be significant moderators of the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on aggressive behavior.”
- Also stated in: § C. Do heritabilities vary across methods of assessment? · hedged
“Indeed, twin correlations—and thus the estimates of genetic and environmental influences on aggressive behavior—do appear to vary across method of assessment.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > Abstract
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- Also stated in: § C. Do heritabilities vary across methods of assessment? · hedged
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In the paper
“There is also some evidence of gene-environment interaction (G × E) from both twin/adoption studies and molecular genetic studies.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Form of aggression (reactive, proactive, direct/physical, indirect/relational), method of assessment (laboratory observation, self-report, ratings by parents and teachers), and age of the subjects—all seem to be significant moderators of the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on aggressive behavior.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > Abstract
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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In the paper
“Yet, there is also plenty of evidence, based on a variety of definitions of aggressive behavior from children to adults, for genetic propensity toward aggression (see reviews by Burt, 2009; Miles and Carey, 1997; Rhee and Waldman, 2002).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > Abstract
What the sources say
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In the paper
“Similarly, studies including adult twins do not report finding any shared environmental influences (Table 8.2; e.g., Coccaro et al., 1997; Finkel and McGue, 1997; von der Pahlen et al., 2008; but for an exception see Czajkowski et al., 2008).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > B. Does heritability change across age?
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“It should also be kept in mind, however, that methods of assessing aggression vary across age, such that studies of children tend to rely on ratings by teachers and parents, while studies of adults (and some older adolescents) rely more heavily on self-report methods.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > B. Does heritability change across age?
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In the paper
“Twin and adoption studies agree with the experimental literature on aggression, which shows that a large effect of environmental factors is evident, particularly of the nonshared variety.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > Abstract
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In the paper
“In one of the few longitudinal analyses of these constructs, the stability in reactive aggression from childhood to adolescence could be explained by genetic (48%), shared (11%), and nonshared (41%) environmental influences, whereas the continuity in proactive aggression was primarily genetically (85%) mediated (Tuvblad et al., 2009).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > D. Do heritabilities vary across forms of aggression?
What the sources say
- Supportedcites Tuvblad et al., 2009 source
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In the paper
“These studies together show that about half (50%) of the variance in aggressive behavior is explained by genetic influences in both males and females, with the remaining 50% of the variance being explained by environmental factors not shared by family members.”
- Also stated in: § I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies · plain
“In one early meta-analysis of 24 twin and adoption studies, heritable influences explained about half of the total variance in aggressive behavior and the nonshared environment explained the remaining 50% (Miles and Carey, 1997).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Miles and Carey, 1997 source
plaindirectn = 24- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- The authors state this as an assumption: Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Dizygotic twins share on average 50% of their genes.
- Also stated in: § I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies · plain
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In the paper
“Neither study design (twin vs. sibling adoption design) nor sex (male vs. female) seems to impact the magnitude of the genetic and environmental influences on aggression.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > Abstract
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The heritability of aggressive behavior based on teacher ratings is 54%, shared environmental influences account for 6% [c2: 2rDZ–rMZ=2(0.33–0.60)], and the nonshared environment accounts for the remaining 40% of the variance.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > C. Do heritabilities vary across methods of assessment?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Dizygotic twins share on average 50% of their genes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, both MZ and DZ correlations decline steadily across development, suggesting the waning importance of shared environmental effects from childhood to adolescence and then adulthood.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > B. Does heritability change across age?
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Dizygotic twins share on average 50% of their genes.
In the paper
“A similar pattern was found for reactive and proactive aggression in 9–10-year-old boys, whereby only genetic influences were important for self-reports, but both genes and shared environment were important for teacher and parent ratings (Baker et al., 2008).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > C. Do heritabilities vary across methods of assessment?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baker et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“According to the twin correlations summarized in Fig. 8.2, the heritability of aggressive behavior based on laboratory observation is approximately 32% [h2: 2(rMZ–rDZ)=2(0.27–0.11)], dominant genetic effect accounts for approximately 10% [d2: 2(rMZ–rDZ)=2(0.27)–4(0.11)], and the nonshared environment accounts for the remaining 58% of the variance.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > C. Do heritabilities vary across methods of assessment?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Dizygotic twins share on average 50% of their genes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results show that aggressive behavior is clearly influenced by genetic factors across the lifespan, given the fact that the MZ correlations exceed those for DZ pairs at all ages.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > B. Does heritability change across age?
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Dizygotic twins share on average 50% of their genes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The heritability of aggressive behavior based on parent/caregiver ratings is 54%, shared environmental influences account for 17%, and the nonshared environment accounts for the remaining 29% of the variance.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > C. Do heritabilities vary across methods of assessment?
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Dizygotic twins share on average 50% of their genes.
In the paper
“Rhee and Waldman (2002) also summarized the results from 51 twin and adoption studies on criminal behavior, delinquency, psychopathy, conduct disorder, and antisocial personality disorder, as well as aggressive behavior, in children, adolescents, and adults. Genetic factors explained 41% of the variance in antisocial behavior, 16% was explained by shared environmental influences, and the remaining”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rhee and Waldman (2002) source
plaincorrelationaln = 51- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Dizygotic twins share on average 50% of their genes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The DZ correlation exceeds half the value of the MZ correlation (taken as evidence for shared environment) only in early childhood, but not in later age groups.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > B. Does heritability change across age?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Dizygotic twins share on average 50% of their genes.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average twin correlations across these 18 studies, weighted by their respective sample sizes, shows quite similar twin correlations for both identical (rMZ–Males= 0.66; rMZ–Females= 0.63) and nonidentical same-sex pairs (rDZ–Males= 0.42; rDZ– Females= 0.35), indicating that there are no appreciable quantitative sex differences in aggressive behavior.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > A. Does heritability vary depending on sex?
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Dizygotic twins share on average 50% of their genes.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As indicated in Table 8.2, only a small handful of studies have reported significant differences in heritability of aggression for males and females (and these are primarily for younger samples; e.g., Hudziak et al., 2003; van Beijsterveldt et al., 2003; Vierikko et al., 2004).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > A. Does heritability vary depending on sex?
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both Burt (2009) and Rhee and Waldman (2002) examined nonadditive genetic effects, but only Rhee and Waldman (2002) found significant nonadditive genetic effects for antisocial behavior.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There is no evidence of qualitative sex differences either, given that the weighted twin correlation for MF (DZMale–Female) is 0.38, which is quite similar to the same-sex DZ twin correlations (0.42 in males and 0.35 in females).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > A. Does heritability vary depending on sex?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Dizygotic twins share on average 50% of their genes.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The heritability of aggressive behavior based on self-reports is 40% and the nonshared environment accounts for the remaining 60% of the variance. There is no evidence of shared environmental contribution, as the DZ correlation is approximately half the MZ correlation.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > C. Do heritabilities vary across methods of assessment?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Dizygotic twins share on average 50% of their genes.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Aggressive behavior in childhood is influenced by genetic factors in all studies, and most of these studies also report shared environmental influences (Table 8.2; e.g., Baker et al., 2008; Eley et al., 1999; Hudziak et al., 2003; Schmitz et al., 1995; Simonoff et al., 1998; Tuvblad et al., 2009; van den Oord et al., 1996; Vierikko et al., 2004; but for an exception see Dionne et al., 2003; Taylor”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > B. Does heritability change across age?
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, there are a handful of adoption studies and over two dozen studies of twins raised together which have specifically examined the genetic and environmental influence in aggression in nonselected samples from Northern America and Europe that are reasonably representative of the general population.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although reactive and proactive aggression have each been found to be mainly influenced by genetic and nonshared environmental factors, their genetic correlation is significantly less than 1.0, indicating some genetic specificity for the two forms of aggression.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > D. Do heritabilities vary across forms of aggression?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Baker et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Tuvblad et al., 2009 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Significant shared environmental effects were not found for either parent or teacher ratings, and were therefore dropped from the models, suggesting that any shared environmental influences are likely to be included in the genetic component.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > C. Do heritabilities vary across methods of assessment?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Haberstick et al., 2006a
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“By and large, the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL; Achenbach, 1991b) has been used more often than any other single instrument in behavioral genetic studies of aggression.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Achenbach, 1991b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither study design (twin vs. sibling adoption design) nor sex, on the other hand, seems to impact the nature or magnitude of these genetic and environmental influences on aggression.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > IV. Conclusions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Form of aggression (reactive, proactive, direct/physical, indirect/relational), method of assessment (observation, self, teacher, parent/caregiver), and age of the subjects—all seem to be significant moderators of the magnitude of genetic and environmental influences on aggressive behavior.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > IV. Conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies (and meta-analyses) including both twin and adoption samples show that about half (50%) of the variance in aggressive behavior is explained by genetic influences in both males and females, with the remaining 50% of the variance being explained by nonshared environmental factors.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > IV. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our view is that while many, if not most, humans may have the potential for aggression and violence under the right circumstances, not all individuals will succumb to these behaviors under the same circumstances.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > Abstract
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
In the paper
“In Milgram's (1963) first set of experiments, while 65% (26 of 40) of participants complied with the instruction to administer what they believed to be a final, massive 450-volt shock, the remaining 35% did not comply.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Milgram, 1963 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is difficult to discern whether the parent/caregiver rating patterns reflect true shared environment or are instead an artifact of rater bias whereby raters are less able to discriminate between the two twins' aggressive behavior and thus inflate the similarities between them, regardless of zygosity.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > C. Do heritabilities vary across methods of assessment?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Increasing heritability estimates from child to adulthood could therefore also be explained by different methods of assessment as well (e.g., parental bias may lead to overestimation of shared environmental effects and thus attenuate heritability estimates in childhood).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > B. Does heritability change across age?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The overall pattern across the studies presented in Table 8.2 and Fig. 8.1 indicates that genetic influences for aggressive behavior become increasingly more important, while shared environmental effects become less so as children develop from childhood, through adolescence, and into adulthood.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > B. Does heritability change across age?
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Although few behavioral genetic studies have explicitly examined the question of gene by environment (G × E) interactions, we contend that such interactions are likely to exist and that the genetic propensity for aggression should exert its effects more strongly in some situations than others.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cloninger et al., 1982 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This pattern of decrease in shared environment, and a concomitant increase in heritability during development, is relatively common for personality traits and cognitive abilities (Bartels et al., 2002; Loehlin, 1992; Plomin et al., 2001; Scarr and McCartney, 1983), and has also been found for other phenotypes including prosocial behavior (Knafo and Plomin, 2006).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > B. Does heritability change across age?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bartels et al., 2002 source
- Not checked yetcites Loehlin, 1992
- Not checked yetcites Plomin et al., 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Many of those who engaged in the aggressive behavior stated they were very uncomfortable doing so, and every participant reportedly questioned the experiment at some point or refused money promised for their study participation (Milgram, 1963).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Milgram, 1963 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although the studies by Milgram and Zimbardo provide clear evidence for the role of environment and social situations in affecting aggressive behavior, there are, nonetheless, large individual differences in the propensity for violence and aggression, even under these extreme circumstances.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Milgram, 1963 source
- Not checked yetcites Haney et al., 1973
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our view is that while many, if not most, humans may have the potential for aggression and violence under the right circumstances, not all individuals will succumb to these behaviors under the same circumstances.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > Abstract
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A teacher is also more likely to compare a child's behavior to his or her peers, whereas a parent is likely to compare a child's behavior to his or her siblings (Bartels et al., 2003).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > C. Do heritabilities vary across methods of assessment?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bartels et al., 2003 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“If this assumption is violated, higher correlations among MZ twins may be due to environmental factors, rather than genetic factors, and heritability estimate will be overestimated (Plomin et al., 2001).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Plomin et al., 2001
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Environmentally caused similarity is roughly equal for MZ and DZ twins.
In the paper
“It is likely that there are different etiologies for different forms of aggression; for example, defensive reactions to threatening stimuli may be more environmentally influenced, while more planned, proactive forms may be more genetically influenced (Tuvblad et al., 2009).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > D. Do heritabilities vary across forms of aggression?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tuvblad et al., 2009 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Yet, Cates et al. (1993) found no genetic influences for assault, but strong heritability for both verbal hostility (78%) and indirect hostility (70%).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > D. Do heritabilities vary across forms of aggression?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cates et al., 1993 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Other studies based on multifactorial measures of aggression, such as the BDHI, suggest some variability in the heritability estimates across subscales, although the patterns are not entirely consistent across studies.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > D. Do heritabilities vary across forms of aggression?
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In terms of generalizability, it is often the case that adoptive parents tend to be in good health and from higher socioeconomic levels; thus, findings from adoption studies may not always be unquestionably generalized to the entire population (Rutter, 2006).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rutter, 2006
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together these findings—that is, the less than perfect genetic correlation between reactive and proactive forms, their different developmental etiologies, and the significant shared environmental effects in relational aggression only— provide support for at least some genetic and environmental etiological distinction among different forms of aggression.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > D. Do heritabilities vary across forms of aggression?
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Like reactive and proactive forms, relational aggression appears to be influenced by genetic factors, both in self-report (49%) as well as parental reports (boys, 42%; girls, 21%).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > D. Do heritabilities vary across forms of aggression?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tackett et al., 2009 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, unlike the other more direct forms of aggression, relational aggression is also influenced by shared environmental influences, but only in parental reports (boys, 22%; girls, 46%) and not in self-report measures (Tackett et al., 2009).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > D. Do heritabilities vary across forms of aggression?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tackett et al., 2009 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Twins and singletons have been found to experience similar rates of psychiatric disorders (e.g., attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder) and behavioral and emotional problems (Gjone and Novik, 1995; Moilanen et al., 1999; Simonoff et al., 1997; van den Oord et al., 1995).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If MZ twins are more similar than DZ twins, it may be inferred that the difference is caused by genetic effects.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Environmentally caused similarity is roughly equal for MZ and DZ twins.
- The authors state this as an assumption: MZ twins share 100% of their genes and DZ twins on average share 50% of their genes.
In the paper
“This is also well in line with the results of a meta-analysis on antisocial andaggressive behavior that foundnodifferences between twin and siblingadoption studies (h2 = 48%; c2 = 13%, e2 = 0.39%) (Rhee and Waldman, 2002).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > E. Does heritability vary depending on study design (twins vs. adopted siblings)?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rhee and Waldman, 2002 source
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Not all twin studies have examined sex-limited effects, either qualitative or quantitative, and several studies combined males and females when computing twin correlations, making it impossible to evaluate these effects based on published results shown in Table 8.2.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > A. Does heritability vary depending on sex?
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Relational forms of aggression, which involve social manipulation such as gossip and peer exclusion, are often more indirect compared to other forms of aggression (Crick and Grotpeter, 1996).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > D. Do heritabilities vary across forms of aggression?
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Crick and Grotpeter, 1996
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, genetic influences are generally found for most, if not all forms of aggression, although somewhat different genetic factors may be operating across these different forms.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > D. Do heritabilities vary across forms of aggression?
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In the Deater-Deckard and Plomin (1999) study, the adopted children did in fact have higher aggression scores compared to the nonadopted children, consistent with the notion that adoptees may be at higher genetic risk for aggression compared to nonadopted individuals.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Deater-Deckard and Plomin, 1999
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“There are, however, two ways in which twins differ from singletons: (i) lower birth weight, due to shorter length of gestation (Plomin et al., 2001) and (ii) delayed language development (Rutter and Redshaw, 1991).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Plomin et al., 2001
- Not checked yetcites Rutter and Redshaw, 1991
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Self-reporters are aware of their own motives and behaviors, which may go undetected by their caregivers, teachers, or peers.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > C. Do heritabilities vary across methods of assessment?
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, caregivers or teachers may be able to understand difficult and complex constructs better than children.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > C. Do heritabilities vary across methods of assessment?
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In multivariate genetic analyses, both studies found some support for genetic specificity for the various subscales, similar to what has been found for reactive and proactive aggression, in that genetic correlations (rG) among the BDHI subscales were less than unity”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > D. Do heritabilities vary across forms of aggression?
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, studies have shown that children with birth complications are more likely to later develop antisocial and aggressive behavior (Raine, 2002), but birth complications may not by themselves predispose antisocial and aggressive behaviors, but will require the presence of an environmental risk factor (e.g., poor parenting, maternal rejection).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Raine, 2002 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings from these studies show that heritable influences on aggressive behavior vary depending on environmental context, indicating the importance of the environmental risk factors in the development of aggressive behavior as well as for gene expression.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > II. G × E Interaction in Aggressive Behavior > A. Potential moderators of genetic influence found in adoption and twin studies
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“When both inherited factors and environmental risk factors were present, 40% were found to be criminal; if only genetic factors were present, 12.1% were criminal; if only environmental factors were present, 6.7% were criminal; and with neither inherited nor environmental factors being present, 2.7% were criminal (Cloninger et al., 1982).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > II. G × E Interaction in Aggressive Behavior > A. Potential moderators of genetic influence found in adoption and twin studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cloninger et al., 1982 source
plaincorrelationaln = 800- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible, however, that some genetic predispositions may be associated with certain kinds of social environments or experiences, leading to a correlation between genes and environments.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies relying on variance partitioning often do not find significant G × E effects, or find that they explain a very small portion of the total variance, and are thus dropped from further analysis.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > II. G × E Interaction in Aggressive Behavior
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evidence of G × E interaction in aggressive behavior has been reported in twin and adoption studies, and more recently in molecular genetic studies.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > II. G × E Interaction in Aggressive Behavior
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most twin studies report finding little or no shared environmental influences on aggressive behavior, suggesting that random mating is of little importance for aggressive behavior.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Passive rGE occurs when genes overlap between parents and their offspring. For example, a child with aggressive parents inherits genetic susceptibility for aggression as well as experiences an adverse rearing environment.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Scarr and McCartney, 1983
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is possible, on the other hand, that genetic influences themselves have been underestimated and could be larger than the 50% or so than these meta-analyses and our summary suggest.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No genetically informative studies have examined violent video game exposure as a possible moderator of genetic influence on aggression, however, leaving this as an important area in need of study.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > II. G × E Interaction in Aggressive Behavior > A. Potential moderators of genetic influence found in adoption and twin studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In molecular genetic studies, both genes and environment are measured, rather than inferred from correlations among family members. G × E interactions can therefore be tested in the general population, that is, without necessary reliance on a twin or adoption design.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > II. G × E Interaction in Aggressive Behavior
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“In a sample of Swedish 16–17-year-old twins, heritability for antisocial and aggressive behavior was higher in the more affluent neighborhoods (boys, 37%; girls, 69%) compared to the less advantaged neighborhoods (boys, 1%, girls, 61%). Conversely, the shared environment was higher in the less advantaged neighborhoods (boys, 69%; girls, 16%) compared to better-off neighborhoods (boys, 13%; girls,”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > II. G × E Interaction in Aggressive Behavior > A. Potential moderators of genetic influence found in adoption and twin studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tuvblad et al., 2006 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When G × E is not taken into account in behavioral genetic studies, heritability estimates will tend to be biased, although the direction of the bias depends on whether the moderating environmental influences are of the shared or nonshared variety.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > II. G × E Interaction in Aggressive Behavior
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Taylor et al., 2000 found that parents of twins were correlated for retrospectively reported delinquency (r = 0.23 in families of boys and r = 0.35 in families of girls) and concluded that assortative mating is modest in degree.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Taylor et al., 2000 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, the heritability of conduct problems was found to be lower in children growing up in dysfunctional families and higher in children growing up in families where dysfunction was absent (Button et al., 2005).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > II. G × E Interaction in Aggressive Behavior > A. Potential moderators of genetic influence found in adoption and twin studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Button et al., 2005 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only a few studies have examined the influence of G × E correlation on aggressive behavior, suggesting that more research is needed on this topic before we can draw any firm conclusions.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Genetic influence on aggressive behavior was found to be higher in schools with higher average levels of family warmth. In contrast, environmental influences (both shared and nonshared) were more important in schools with lower average levels of family warmth (Rowe et al., 1999).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > II. G × E Interaction in Aggressive Behavior > A. Potential moderators of genetic influence found in adoption and twin studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rowe et al., 1999 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The mixed findings in the literature clearly suggest that more research is needed to resolve whether there is a link between exposure to violent video games and aggressive behavior.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > II. G × E Interaction in Aggressive Behavior > A. Potential moderators of genetic influence found in adoption and twin studies
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite this, there is so far no behavioral genetic study that had examined whether alcohol use moderates the influence of genetic and environmental factors on aggressive behavior.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > II. G × E Interaction in Aggressive Behavior > A. Potential moderators of genetic influence found in adoption and twin studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Assortative mating in the parent generation acts to increase the resemblance between dizygotic twins and thereby bias shared environmental estimates upward and additive genetic effects downward.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Mating for aggression in the parents of twins is random.
In the paper
“For example, a review including 130 independent studies found that alcohol was correlated with both criminal and domestic violence (Lipsey et al., 1997).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > II. G × E Interaction in Aggressive Behavior > A. Potential moderators of genetic influence found in adoption and twin studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lipsey et al., 1997 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Apart from these specific examples cited here, few studies have examined the effects of rGE in aggressive behavior, making it difficult to know the extent of their effect on heritability estimates in twin studies.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The EEA has been tested and found to hold for various phenotypes including aggressive behavior, and twins and singletons have been found to display similar scores on aggressive behavior, suggesting that findings from twin studies can be generalized to other populations.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Twins and singletons display equal rates of aggressive behavior.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, findings from adoption studies should probably be generalized cautiously to other populations as adoptees tend to show higher scores on aggressive behavior compared to controls.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis that included 136 studies examined the effects of violent video games on aggressive behaviors. The evidence suggested that exposure to violent video games is a risk factor for increased aggressive behavior, aggressive cognition, and aggressive affect, and for decreased empathy and prosocial behavior.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > II. G × E Interaction in Aggressive Behavior > A. Potential moderators of genetic influence found in adoption and twin studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Anderson et al., 2010 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This assumption is probably violated when it comes to antisocial and aggressive behavior, as significant spouse correlations have been found suggesting that assortative mating exists in this behavioral domain (Krueger et al., 1998; Maes et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2000).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
What the sources say
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Mating for aggression in the parents of twins is random.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It has long been known that some individuals become aggressive after consuming alcohol, and the relationship of violence and aggression with alcohol is well established (Bushman and Cooper, 1990; White et al., 2001).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > II. G × E Interaction in Aggressive Behavior > A. Potential moderators of genetic influence found in adoption and twin studies
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Active rGE is defined as the process whereby an individual actively seeks out environmental situations that are more closely matched to the person's genotype. Active rGE has been suggested in adolescent drinking behavior, specifically among girls (Loehlin, 2010).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > F. Criticisms of twin and adoption studies: Assumptions and generalizability
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Loehlin, 2010 source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that genetic effects are more likely to explain individual differences in aggression in more benign environments, whereas in more disadvantaged environments negative family-related factors and context-dependent risks may play a greater role than genetic predispositions in aggressive and antisocial outcomes.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > II. G × E Interaction in Aggressive Behavior > A. Potential moderators of genetic influence found in adoption and twin studies
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings from G × E studies on aggressive behavior suggest that not all individuals will be affected to the same degree by these environmental exposures, and also that not all individuals will be affected to the same degree by the genetic predispositions.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > IV. Conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, there will always be groups of individuals with the same combination of genetic risk and environmental vulnerability who will not engage in aggressive behavior. So, it is still only an increased (probabilistic) risk and not a biological determinism.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > IV. Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although this genetic defect remains the first such link to aggressive behavior in humans, exactly how the genetic defect causes aggressive, impulsive behavior, or mental retardation is not known.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > III. Specific Genes for Aggressive Behavior: Findings from Molecular Genetic Studies
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dopamine transporter gene DAT1 has also been linked to ADHD (Waldman et al., 1998), as well as with violent behavior and delinquency in adolescents and young adults (Guo et al., 2008).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > III. Specific Genes for Aggressive Behavior: Findings from Molecular Genetic Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Waldman et al., 1998 source
- Not checked yetcites Guo et al., 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“For example, dopaminergic candidates, including dopamine receptor DRD4, has been found to be involved in ADHD and externalizing behavior, and DRD2 has been found to be involved in substance abuse and disinhibition (Niv and Baker, 2010).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > III. Specific Genes for Aggressive Behavior: Findings from Molecular Genetic Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Niv and Baker, 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This provides strong evidence that the MAO-A gene influences vulnerability to environmental stress and that this biological process can be initiated early in life.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > III. Specific Genes for Aggressive Behavior: Findings from Molecular Genetic Studies > A. G × E interaction involving specific genes for aggressive behavior
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, there is at least one published failure to replicate (Haberstick et al., 2005), and this finding has been replicated neither in females (Sjöberg et al., 2007) nor in African Americans (Widom and Brzustowicz, 2006).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > III. Specific Genes for Aggressive Behavior: Findings from Molecular Genetic Studies > A. G × E interaction involving specific genes for aggressive behavior
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The DRD3 polymorphism has been found to be associated with impulsivity. This association was significant in violent, but not in nonviolent individuals, and there were no association between DRD3 and violence per se (Retz et al., 2003).”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > III. Specific Genes for Aggressive Behavior: Findings from Molecular Genetic Studies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Retz et al., 2003 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Monozygotic twins share 100% of their genes.
“In the classical twin design, monozygotic (identical) twins share their common environment and they are assumed to share 100% of their genes.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Dizygotic twins share on average 50% of their genes.
“Dizygotic (fraternal) twins also share their common environment and they are assumed to share on average 50% of their genes.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Adoption studies assume random placement of adoptees into homes.
“In adoption studies, the most important factors are (1) random placement of the adoptees into homes and (2) generalizability.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Twins and singletons display equal rates of aggressive behavior.
“It can, therefore, be assumed that twins and singletons display equal rates of aggressive behavior.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Environmentally caused similarity is roughly equal for MZ and DZ twins.
“It is assumed that environmentally caused similarity is roughly equal for both MZ and DZ twins.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Mating for aggression in the parents of twins is random.
“The assumption of random mating for aggression in the parents of the twins is also important to consider”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Genetic and environmental influences combine additively and are uncorrelated.
“It is also assumed in the classical twin design that genetic and environmental influences combine additively (i.e., do not interact) and are uncorrelated.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
MZ twins share 100% of their genes and DZ twins on average share 50% of their genes.
“MZ twins, who are assumed to share 100% of their genes, are compared to DZ twins, who are assumed to on average share 50% of their genes.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Research has shown that the expression of aggressive behavior depends on the interaction between environmental and genetic factors, with a genetic additive component ranging around 50% in humans [4].”
From Gene expression profiles underlying aggressive behavior in the prefrontal cortex of cattle (2021) · cites this paper as [4]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While half of the variance in childhood aggression is attributed to genetic factors”
From Genetics of child aggression, a systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“The heritability of human aggression has been estimated around 50% [6].”
From An integrated analysis of genes and functional pathways for aggression in human and rodent models (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > C. Do heritabilities vary across methods of assessment?
“boys: h2 = 21%, c2 = 46%, e2 = 33%; girls: h2 = 42%, c2 = 22%, e2 = 36%”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > D. Do heritabilities vary across forms of aggression?
“boys, 42%; girls, 21%). However, unlike the other more direct forms of aggression, relational aggression is also influenced by shared environmental influences, but only in parental reports (boys, 22%; girls, 46%)”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“shared environmental influences account for 6% [c2: 2rDZ–rMZ=2(0.33–0.60)]”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > C. Do heritabilities vary across methods of assessment?
Reported 0.06 · recomputed -0.54
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Thus, parent/caregiver ratings have the largest familial influence, explaining 71% of the variance (h2 + c2 = 0.54% + 17%)”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > C. Do heritabilities vary across methods of assessment?
Reported 71 · recomputed 17.54
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“the heritability of aggressive behavior based on laboratory observation is approximately 32% [h2: 2(rMZ–rDZ)=2(0.27–0.11)], dominant genetic effect accounts for approximately 10% [d2: 2(rMZ–rDZ)=2(0.27)–4(0.11)], and the nonshared environment accounts for the remaining 58% of the variance.”
§ Human Aggression Across the Lifespan: Genetic Propensities and Environmental Moderators > I. Heritability of Aggression: Twin and Adoption Studies > C. Do heritabilities vary across methods of assessment?
Reported 0.58 · recomputed 0.73
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BackgroundMethodChildren's treatment by peers: Victims of relational and overt aggression
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BackgroundChildhood Adversity, Monoamine Oxidase A Genotype, and Risk for ConductDisorder
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“For example, aggressive children tend to elicit more negative affect and harsh discipline from their parents (Ge et al., 1996; O'Connor et al., 1998).”
BackgroundTheory and practice in quantitative genetics
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“Heritability was found to explain 65%, shared environment explained 5%, and the nonshared environment explained the remaining 30% of the variance in aggressive behavior (Burt, 2009).”
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“However, there is at least one published failure to replicate (Haberstick et al., 2005), and this finding has been replicated neither in females (Sjöberg et al.”
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“…in the 5HTTLPR genotype with adult violence, whereby home violence, familial economic difficulties, and educational or homelife disruptions during childhood were found to predict violent behavior later in life only in individuals with the short promoter alleles present (Reif et al., 2007).”
BackgroundAssortative mating for antisocial behavior: Developmental and methodological implications
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“This assumption is probably violated when it comes to antisocial and aggressive behavior, as significant spouse correlations have been found suggesting that assortative mating exists in this behavioral domain (Krueger et al., 1998; Maes et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2000).”
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“…by genetic factors in all studies, and most of these studies also report shared environmental influences (Table 8.2; e.g., Baker et al., 2008; Eley et al., 1999; Hudziak et al., 2003; Schmitz et al., 1995; Simonoff et al., 1998; Tuvblad et al., 2009; van den Oord et al., 1996; Vierikko et…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe Structure of Child and Adolescent Psychopathology: Generating New Hypotheses.
Lahey, B. B., Applegate, B. E., Waldman, I. D., Loft, J. D., Hankin, B. L., & Rick, J. H. (2004) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.113.3.358 · Cited by 271 · cited 2×
“Some definitions distinguish between reactive and proactive forms (Dodge et al., 1997; Raine et al., 2006), and others consider direct and indirect forms of aggression (e.g., physical vs. relational; Lahey et al., 2004; Tackett et al., 2009).”
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Physical aggression and expressive vocabulary in 19-month-old twins.
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“Although direct tests of G × E interactions have been relatively rare in the behavioral genetic literature on human aggression, it is likely that such interactions exist, given their robust effects in other forms of antisocial behavior (e.g., property criminal offending; Cloninger et al., 1982).”
BackgroundInfluentialRole of Monoamine Oxidase A Genotype and Psychosocial Factors in Male Adolescent Criminal Activity
Nilsson, K. W., Sjöberg, R. L., Damberg, M., Leppert, J., Öhrvik, J., Alm, P. O., Lindström, L., & Oreland, L. (2005) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.06.024 · Cited by 223 · cited 2×
“So far, there have only been a few replications of this important finding (Foley et al., 2004; Kim-Cohen et al., 2006; Nilsson et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMethodCoccaro, E. F., Bergeman, C. S., Kavoussi, R. J., & Seroczynski, A. D. (1997) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(96)00257-0 · Cited by 222 · cited 5×
“…between indirect hostility and assault, rG = 0.60 between indirect hostility and verbal hostility, rG = 0.17 between verbal hostility and assault (Coccaro et al., 1997), rG = 0.35 between indirect hostility and assault, rG = 0.39 between indirect hostility and verbal hostility, and rG = 0.49…”
BackgroundInfluentialGenes and behavior: nature–nurture interplay explained.
Leckman, J. F. (2007) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2007.01697.x · Cited by 222
Caspi, A., Langley, K., Milne, B., Moffitt, T. E., O’Donovan, M., Owen, M. J., Polo Tomas, M., Poulton, R., Rutter, M., Taylor, A., et al. (2008) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2007.24 · Cited by 221 · cited 1×
“Cateocholamine-O-methyl-transferase (COMT) has been examined primarily in children and adults with ADHD, and mixed evidence emerged for its association with conduct disorder and aggression (Caspi et al., 2008).”
BackgroundGenetic and Environmental Influences on Mothering of Adolescents: A Comparison of Two Samples.
Neiderhiser, J. M., Reiss, D., Pedersen, N. L., Lichtenstein, P., Spotts, E. L., Hansson, K., Cederblad, M., & Elthammer, O. (2004) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.40.3.335 · Cited by 215 · cited 1×
“For mother's negativity and control, primarily nonpassive rGE correlations were suggested (Neiderhiser et al., 2004).”
Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Development of Intelligence
Bartels, M., Rietveld, M. J. H., Van Baal, G. C. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2002) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1019772628912 · Cited by 215 · cited 2×
“This pattern of decrease in shared environment, and a concomitant increase in heritability during development, is relatively common for personality traits and cognitive abilities (Bartels et al., 2002; Loehlin, 1992; Plomin et al., 2001; Scarr and McCartney, 1983), and has also been found for other phenotypes includin…”
BackgroundTuvblad, C., Grann, M., & Lichtenstein, P. (2006) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2005.01552.x · Cited by 207 · cited 2×
“These studies using the moderated variance components approach (e.g., Button et al., 2005; Rowe et al., 1999; Tuvblad et al., 2006), all examine whether an environmental (risk) factor moderates genetic and environmental variance on antisocial and aggressive behavior.”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citationAssortative mating for major psychiatric diagnoses in two population-based samples
MAES, H. H. M., NEALE, M. C., KENDLER, K. S., HEWITT, J. K., SILBERG, J. L., FOLEY, D. L., MEYER, J. M., RUTTER, M., SIMONOFF, E., PICKLES, A., et al. (1998) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291798007326 · Cited by 202 · cited 1×
“A significant correlation between spouses for a particular trait is often interpreted as assortative mating (Maes et al., 1998).”
BackgroundDifferential Genetic and Environmental Influences on Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Children
Baker, L. A., Raine, A., Liu, J., & Jacobson, K. C. (2008) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-008-9249-1 · Cited by 200 · cited 5×
“…childhood is influenced by genetic factors in all studies, and most of these studies also report shared environmental influences (Table 8.2; e.g., Baker et al., 2008; Eley et al., 1999; Hudziak et al., 2003; Schmitz et al., 1995; Simonoff et al., 1998; Tuvblad et al., 2009; van den Oord et al.,…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationFinkel, D., & McGue, M. K. (1997) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.72.4.929 · Cited by 200 · cited 2×
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript for quantitative sex differences (e.g., Baker et al., 2008; Czajkowski et al., 2008; Eley et al., 1999; Finkel and McGue, 1997; Tackett et al., 2009; Tuvblad et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialOades, R. D., Lasky-Su, J., Christiansen, H., Faraone, S. V., Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Banaschewski, T., Chen, W., Anney, R. J. L., Buitelaar, J. K., Ebstein, R. P., et al. (2008) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/1744-9081-4-48 · Cited by 200
(1997) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.154.9.1265 · Cited by 200 · cited 1×
“In other words, the relationship between birth complications and antisocial and aggressive behavior is confounded by environmental risk factors (Hodgins et al., 2001; Raine et al., 1997).”
BackgroundIs There a Causal Relationship between Alcohol Use and Violence?
Lipsey, M. W., Wilson, D. B., Cohen, M. A., & Derzon, J. H. (2002) · Recent Developments in Alcoholism · doi:10.1007/0-306-47141-8_14 · Cited by 197
Matthews, K. A., & Angulo, J. (1980) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1980.tb02567.x · Cited by 197
THE ADJECTIVE CHECK LIST AS A PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT RESEARCH TECHNIQUE
Gough, H. G. (1960) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.1960.6.1.107 · Cited by 197
Annotation: Growing up as a Twin: Twin‐Singleton Differences in Psychological Development
Rutter, M. L., & Redshaw, J. (1991) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1991.tb01916.x · Cited by 191 · cited 2×
“There are, however, two ways in which twins differ from singletons: (i) lower birth weight, due to shorter length of gestation (Plomin et al., 2001) and (ii) delayed language development (Rutter and Redshaw, 1991).”
BackgroundPsychopathology as a predictor of adolescent drug use trajectories.
White, H. R., Xie, M., Thompson, W., Loeber, R., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (2001) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/0893-164x.15.3.210 · Cited by 191 · cited 2×
“Alcohol use—It has long been known that some individuals become aggressive after consuming alcohol, and the relationship of violence and aggression with alcohol is well established (Bushman and Cooper, 1990; White et al., 2001).”
BackgroundGenetic and environmental bases of childhood antisocial behavior: A multi-informant twin study.
Baker, L. A., Jacobson, K. C., Raine, A., Lozano, D. I., & Bezdjian, S. (2007) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.116.2.219 · Cited by 191 · cited 2×
“In fact, when the two co-twins are rated by different teachers (e.g., they are in different classrooms), twin correlations are lower for both MZ and DZ pairs for the wider construct of antisocial behavior (Baker et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMatthews, K. A., & Angulo, J. (1980) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1129280 · Cited by 176
van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Bartels, M., Hudziak, J. J., & Boomsma, D. I. (2003) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1025735002864 · Cited by 173 · cited 1×
“As indicated in Table 8.2, only a small handful of studies have reported significant differences in heritability of aggression for males and females (and these are primarily for younger samples; e.g., Hudziak et al., 2003; van Beijsterveldt et al., 2003; Vierikko et al., 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialGenetic and environmental factors in antisocial behavior disorders
Cloninger, C. R., & Gottesman, I. I. (1987) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511753282.008 · Cited by 172 · cited 1×
“This finding was later replicated in females (Cloninger and Gottesman, 1987).”
ResultFamily dysfunction interacts with genes in the causation of antisocial symptoms
Button, T. M. M., Scourfield, J., Martin, N., Purcell, S., & McGuffin, P. (2005) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-004-0826-y · Cited by 171 · cited 2×
“These studies using the moderated variance components approach (e.g., Button et al., 2005; Rowe et al., 1999; Tuvblad et al., 2006), all examine whether an environmental (risk) factor moderates genetic and environmental variance on antisocial and aggressive behavior.”
BackgroundMethodPrevalence and Incidence in the Study of Antisocial Behavior: Definitions and Measurements
Olweus, D. (1989) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-1001-0_9 · Cited by 170
van den Oord, E. J. C. G., Boomsma, D. I., & Verhulst, F. C. (1994) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf01067187 · Cited by 158
Physical aggression and expressive vocabulary in 19-month-old twins.
Dionne, G., Tremblay, R. E., Boivin, M., et al. (2003) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.39.2.261 · Cited by 157 · cited 1×
“…report shared environmental influences (Table 8.2; e.g., Baker et al., 2008; Eley et al., 1999; Hudziak et al., 2003; Schmitz et al., 1995; Simonoff et al., 1998; Tuvblad et al., 2009; van den Oord et al., 1996; Vierikko et al., 2004; but for an exception see Dionne et al., 2003; Taylor, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialA Twin Study of Inattentive, Aggressive, and Anxious/Depressed Behaviors
Hudziak, J. J., Rudiger, L. P., Neale, M. C., Heath, A. C., & Todd, R. D. (2000) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200004000-00016 · Cited by 148
Comparison of academic performance of twins and singletons in adolescence: follow-up study
Christensen, K., Petersen, I., Skytthe, A., Herskind, A. M., McGue, M., & Bingley, P. (2006) · British medical journal · doi:10.1136/bmj.38959.650903.7c · Cited by 147 · cited 1×
“Birth weight has been found to have a minimal effect on academic performance; for twins this effect was judged relative to what is a normal birth weight for twins and not for singletons (Christensen et al., 2006).”
BackgroundPhysical similarity and the equal-environment assumption in twin studies of psychiatric disorders
Hettema, J. M., Neale, M. C., & Kendler, K. S. (1995) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf02197281 · Cited by 145 · cited 2×
“…behavior, psychiatric disorders (e.g., major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, phobia, alcohol, and drug abuse; Eriksson et al., 2006; Hettema et al., 1995; Kendler et al., 1993; Klump et al., 2000; Xian et al., 2000), including child and adolescent psychopathology such as anxiety…”
BackgroundHudziak, J. J., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Bartels, M., Rietveld, M. J. H., Rettew, D. C., Derks, E. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (2003) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1025782918793 · Cited by 144 · cited 3×
“As indicated in Table 8.2, only a small handful of studies have reported significant differences in heritability of aggression for males and females (and these are primarily for younger samples; e.g., Hudziak et al., 2003; van Beijsterveldt et al., 2003; Vierikko et al., 2004).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAdolescent girls and criminal activity: Role of MAOA-LPR genotype and psychosocial factors
Sjöberg, R. L., Nilsson, K. W., Wargelius, H., Leppert, J., Lindström, L., & Oreland, L. (2007) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30360 · Cited by 143 · cited 2×
“However, there is at least one published failure to replicate (Haberstick et al., 2005), and this finding has been replicated neither in females (Sjöberg et al., 2007) nor in African Americans (Widom and Brzustowicz, 2006).”
ResultPsychopathology in adopted-out children of alcoholics. The Stockholm Adoption Study
Cloninger, C. R., Bohman, M., Sigvardsson, S., & von Knorring, A.-L. (1985) · Recent Developments in Alcoholism · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7715-7_4 · Cited by 142 · cited 1×
“Adopted children may also be at greater risk for aggression compared to nonadoptees, since birth parents giving up their children may have increased rates of disordered behaviors, including substance use, criminal offending, and aggression (Cloninger et al., 1985; Lewis et al., 2001).”
BackgroundRetz, W., Freitag, C. M., Retz-Junginger, P., Wenzler, D., Schneider, M., Kissling, C., Thome, J., & Rösler, M. (2008) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2007.05.004 · Cited by 142 · cited 11×
“Dopamine transporter gene DAT1 has also been linked to ADHD (Waldman et al., 1998), as well as with violent behavior and delinquency in adolescents and young adults (Guo et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialGenetic and environmental stability differs in reactive and proactive aggression
Tuvblad, C., Raine, A., Zheng, M., & Baker, L. A. (2009) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.20319 · Cited by 136 · cited 9×
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript forms may be more genetically influenced (Tuvblad et al., 2009).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialJACOBSON, K. C., PRESCOTT, C. A., & KENDLER, K. S. (2002) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579402002110 · Cited by 134 · cited 2×
“…al., 2000; Xian et al., 2000), including child and adolescent psychopathology such as anxiety disorder, ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, antisocial behavior (Cronk et al., 2002; Jacobson et al., 2002; Tuvblad et al., 2011) as well as aggressive behavior (Derks et al., 2006).”
BackgroundA test of the equal environment assumption (EEA) in multivariate twin studies
Derks, E. M., Dolan, C. V., & Boomsma, D. I. (2006) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.9.3.403 · Cited by 133 · cited 2×
“, 2011) as well as aggressive behavior (Derks et al., 2006).”
BackgroundProblem Behavior in Early and Middle Childhood: An Initial Behavior Genetic Analysis
Schmitz, S., Fulker, D. W., & Mrazek, D. A. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01674.x · Cited by 127 · cited 2×
“…and most of these studies also report shared environmental influences (Table 8.2; e.g., Baker et al., 2008; Eley et al., 1999; Hudziak et al., 2003; Schmitz et al., 1995; Simonoff et al., 1998; Tuvblad et al., 2009; van den Oord et al., 1996; Vierikko et al., 2004; but for an exception see Dionne…”
BackgroundInfluentialDeater-Deckard, K. D., & Plomin, R. J. (1999) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.00011 · Cited by 124 · cited 1×
“In the Deater-Deckard and Plomin (1999) study, the adopted children did in fact have higher aggression scores compared to the nonadopted children, consistent with the notion that adoptees may be at higher genetic risk for aggression compared to nonadopted individuals.”
A genetic study of maternal and paternal ratings of problem behaviors in 3-year-old twins.
van den Oord, E. J. C. G., Verhulst, F. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.105.3.349 · Cited by 120 · cited 1×
“…report shared environmental influences (Table 8.2; e.g., Baker et al., 2008; Eley et al., 1999; Hudziak et al., 2003; Schmitz et al., 1995; Simonoff et al., 1998; Tuvblad et al., 2009; van den Oord et al., 1996; Vierikko et al., 2004; but for an exception see Dionne et al., 2003; Taylor, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialA Twin‐Singleton Comparison of Problem Behaviour in 2‐3‐Year‐Olds
van den Oord, E. J. C. G., Koot, H. M., Boomsma, D. I., Verhulst, F. C., & Orlebeke, J. F. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01302.x · Cited by 113 · cited 1×
“…anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder) and behavioral and emotional problems (Gjone and Novik, 1995; Moilanen et al., 1999; Simonoff et al., 1997; van den Oord et al., 1995).”
BackgroundHuesmann, L. R. (2010) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0018567 · Cited by 113 · cited 1×
“Children and adolescents mimic what they see and acquire complicated scripts for behaviors, beliefs about the world, and moral precepts about how to behave in the long run from what they observe (Huesmann, 2010).”
BackgroundHaberstick, B. C., Smolen, A., & Hewitt, J. K. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.10.008 · Cited by 112 · cited 2×
“In contrast, when teacher ratings were used, aggressive behavior was found to be slightly less influenced by genetic (or familial) factors (42%–61%; Haberstick et al., 2006a).”
BackgroundKeyes, M. A., Malone, S. M., Elkins, I. J., Legrand, L. N., McGue, M. K., & Iacono, W. G. (2009) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.12.5.489 · Cited by 111 · cited 1×
“Of particular interest are prevalence of psychopathology, substance abuse, divorce, leadership, and other traits and behaviors related to mental and physical health, relationships, and religiosity (Iacono et al., 2006; Keyes et al., 2009).”
BackgroundPulkkinen, L., Kaprio, J. A., & Rose, R. J. (1999) · Twin Research · doi:10.1375/136905299320565762 · Cited by 110
Obstetric complications, parenting, and risk of criminal behavior
Hodgins, S., Kratzer, L., & McNeil, T. F. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.8.746 · Cited by 105 · cited 1×
“In other words, the relationship between birth complications and antisocial and aggressive behavior is confounded by environmental risk factors (Hodgins et al., 2001; Raine et al., 1997).”
BackgroundMinnesota Center for Twin and Family Research
Iacono, W. G., McGue, M. K., & Krueger, R. F. (2006) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/183242706779462642 · Cited by 104
The Southern California Twin Register at the University of Southern California: III
Baker, L. A., Tuvblad, C., Wang, P., Gomez, K., Bezdjian, S., Niv, S., & Raine, A. (2013) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2012.127 · Cited by 101
Self-citationRetz, W., R�sler, M., Supprian, T., Retz-Junginger, P., & Thome, J. (2003) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-002-0805-5 · Cited by 100 · cited 1×
“This association was significant in violent, but not in nonviolent individuals, and there were no association between DRD3 and violence per se (Retz et al., 2003).”
BackgroundA genetic study of maternal and paternal ratings of problem behaviors in 3-year-old twins.
van den Oord, E. J. C. G., Verhulst, F. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (1996) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.105.3.349 · Cited by 95
Parental Ratings of Behaviour Problems: A Twin and General Population Comparison
Gjone, H., & Nøvik, T. S. (1995) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1995.tb01366.x · Cited by 91 · cited 1×
“…anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder) and behavioral and emotional problems (Gjone and Novik, 1995; Moilanen et al., 1999; Simonoff et al., 1997; van den Oord et al., 1995).”
BackgroundHeritability of Type A Behavior
Rahe, R. H., Hervig, L. K., & Rosenman, R. H. (1978) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197810000-00003 · Cited by 90
Co-occurrence of aggressive behavior and rule-breaking behavior at age 12: Multi-rater analyses
Bartels, M., Hudziak, J. J., van den Oord, E. J. C. G., van Beijsterveldt, C. E. M., Rietveld, M. J. H., & Boomsma, D. I. (2003) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1025787019702 · Cited by 87 · cited 1×
“A teacher is also more likely to compare a child's behavior to his or her peers, whereas a parent is likely to compare a child's behavior to his or her siblings (Bartels et al., 2003).”
BackgroundGenetic Factors in Activity Motivation
Scarr, S. W. (1966) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1126688 · Cited by 87
Eriksson, M., Rasmussen, F., & Tynelius, P. (2006) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-005-9018-7 · Cited by 85 · cited 2×
“These studies generally report that the EEA assumption holds for numerous phenotypes such as physical activity, eating behavior, psychiatric disorders (e.g., major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, phobia, alcohol, and drug abuse; Eriksson et al., 2006; Hettema et al., 1995; Kendler et al., 1993; Klump et al.,…”
BackgroundCronk, N. J., Slutske, W., Madden, P., Bucholz, K., Reich, W., & Heath, A. (2002) · Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00004583-200207000-00016 · Cited by 81 · cited 2×
“…al., 2000; Xian et al., 2000), including child and adolescent psychopathology such as anxiety disorder, ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, antisocial behavior (Cronk et al., 2002; Jacobson et al., 2002; Tuvblad et al., 2011) as well as aggressive behavior (Derks et al., 2006).”
BackgroundBehavioral Genetics in the Postgenomic Era
Michelle Luciano, A., Wright, M. J., Smith, G., Geffen, G. M., Geffen, L. B., & Martin, N. G. (2002) · Cited by 80
Are twins’ behavioural/emotional problems different from singletons’?
Moilanen, I., Linna, S. L., Ebeling, H., Kumpulainen, K., Tamminen, T., Piha, J., & Almqvist, F. (1999) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/pl00010702 · Cited by 79 · cited 2×
“attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder) and behavioral and emotional problems (Gjone and Novik, 1995; Moilanen et al., 1999; Simonoff et al., 1997; van den Oord et al., 1995).”
BackgroundKlump, K. L., Holly, A., Iacono, W. G., McGue, M. K., & Willson, L. E. (2000) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1002038610763 · Cited by 77 · cited 2×
“These studies generally report that the EEA assumption holds for numerous phenotypes such as physical activity, eating behavior, psychiatric disorders (e.g., major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, phobia, alcohol, and drug abuse; Eriksson et al., 2006; Hettema et al., 1995; Kendler et al., 1993; Klump et al.,…”
BackgroundGenetic and cultural transmission of antisocial behavior: An extended twin parent model
Maes, H. H., Silberg, J. L., Neale, M. C., & Eaves, L. J. (2007) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.10.1.136 · Cited by 76 · cited 1×
“This assumption is probably violated when it comes to antisocial and aggressive behavior, as significant spouse correlations have been found suggesting that assortative mating exists in this behavioral domain (Krueger et al., 1998; Maes et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2000).”
BackgroundThe Genetic and Environmental Etiology of Antisocial Behavior from Childhood to Emerging Adulthood
Tuvblad, C., Narusyte, J., Grann, M., Sarnecki, J., & Lichtenstein, P. (2011) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-011-9463-4 · Cited by 75 · cited 1×
“…al., 2000; Xian et al., 2000), including child and adolescent psychopathology such as anxiety disorder, ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, antisocial behavior (Cronk et al., 2002; Jacobson et al., 2002; Tuvblad et al., 2011) as well as aggressive behavior (Derks et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGenetic factors in activity motivation.
Scarr, S. W. (1966) · PubMed · Cited by 74
School context and genetic influences on aggression in adolescence
Rowe, D. C., Almeida, D. M., & Jacobson, K. C. (1999) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00150 · Cited by 74 · cited 2×
“These studies using the moderated variance components approach (e.g., Button et al., 2005; Rowe et al., 1999; Tuvblad et al., 2006), all examine whether an environmental (risk) factor moderates genetic and environmental variance on antisocial and aggressive behavior.”
BackgroundMethodThe resolution of genotype × environment interaction in segregation analysis of nuclear families
Eaves, L. J., & Rao, D. C. (1984) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.1370010302 · Cited by 73
Taylor, J., McGue, M., & Iacono, W. G. (2000) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00628 · Cited by 67 · cited 2×
“This assumption is probably violated when it comes to antisocial and aggressive behavior, as significant spouse correlations have been found suggesting that assortative mating exists in this behavioral domain (Krueger et al., 1998; Maes et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2000).”
BackgroundInfluentialHeritability of hostility-related emotions, attitudes, and behaviors
Cates, D. S., Houston, B. K., Vavak, C. R., Crawford, M. H., & Uttley, M. (1993) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/bf00844758 · Cited by 65 · cited 3×
“…indirect hostility and verbal hostility, rG = 0.17 between verbal hostility and assault (Coccaro et al., 1997), rG = 0.35 between indirect hostility and assault, rG = 0.39 between indirect hostility and verbal hostility, and rG = 0.49 between verbal hostility and assault (Cates et al., 1993).”
BackgroundInfluentialPulkkinen, L., Kaprio, J. A., & Rose, R. J. (1999) · Twin Research · doi:10.1375/twin.2.4.274 · Cited by 65
The etiology of criminal onset: The enduring salience of nature and nurture
DeLisi, M., Beaver, K. M., Wright, J. P., & Vaughn, M. G. (2008) · Journal of Criminal Justice · doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2008.04.001 · Cited by 64 · cited 2×
“More specifically, among those adolescents with a history of criminal offending, those at greatest risk for later onset were those with the A1 allelic form of the DRD2 gene, in combination with favorable home environments as defined by maternal attachment, involvement, and engagement (DeLisi et al., 2008).”
BackgroundA twin study of specific behavioral problems of socialization as viewed by parents
O'Connor, M. C., Foch, T. T., Sherry, T., & Plomin, R. J. (1980) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/bf00919063 · Cited by 62
Etiology and measurement of relational aggression: A multi-informant behavior genetic investigation
Tackett, J. L., Waldman, I. D., & Lahey, B. B. (2009) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016949 · Cited by 59 · cited 7×
“However, unlike the other more direct forms of aggression, relational aggression is also influenced by shared environmental influences, but only in parental reports (boys, 22%; girls, 46%) and not in self-report measures (Tackett et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialXian, H., Scherrer, J. F., Eisen, S. A., True, W. R., Heath, A. C., Goldberg, J. H., Lyons, M. J., & Tsuang, M. T. (2000) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1023/a:1026549417364 · Cited by 58 · cited 2×
“These studies generally report that the EEA assumption holds for numerous phenotypes such as physical activity, eating behavior, psychiatric disorders (e.g., major depression, generalized anxiety disorder, phobia, alcohol, and drug abuse; Eriksson et al., 2006; Hettema et al., 1995; Kendler et al., 1993; Klump et al.,…”
BackgroundNarusyte, J., Andershed, A., Neiderhiser, J. M., & Lichtenstein, P. (2006) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-006-0582-z · Cited by 58 · cited 1×
“Thus, child aggression seemed to elicit negative parenting followed by adolescent antisocial behavior, indicating an evocative rGE (Narusyte et al., 2006).”
BackgroundThe Southern California Twin Register at the University of Southern California: II
Baker, L. A., Barton, M., Lozano, D. I., Raine, A., & Fowler, J. H. (2006) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.9.6.933 · Cited by 57 · cited 1×
“The project includes more than 750 twin pairs studied on several occasions, at ages 9–10, 11–13, 14–16, and 17–18 years (Baker et al., 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citationvan der Valk, J. C., Verhulst, F. C., Stroet, T. M., & Boomsma, D. I. (1998) · Twin Research · doi:10.1375/twin.1.1.25 · Cited by 56 · cited 2×
“…Korea, India, Columbia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, or Lebanon and the remaining 25% were adopted from European or other non-European countries in both the van der Valk et al. (1998) and the van den Oord et al. (1994) studies, and the majority of the adoptive parents had a higher level of occupation.”
BackgroundGenetic Contribution to Suicidal Behaviors and Associated Risk Factors among Adolescents in the U.S.
Cho, H., Guo, G., Iritani, B. J., & Hallfors, D. D. (2006) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-006-0042-5 · Cited by 52
Heritability of personality in children
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Genetic and environmental influences on subtypes of conduct disorder behavior in boys.
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Common and specific genetic influences on aggressive and nonaggressive conduct disorder domains
GELHORN, H., STALLINGS, M., YOUNG, S., CORLEY, R., RHEE, S. H., CHRISTIAN, H., & HEWITT, J. (2006) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000198596.76443.b0 · Cited by 40 · cited 1×
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript 2006; Gelhorn et al., 2006; Tackett et al., 2009).”
BackgroundVierikko, E., Pulkkinen, L., Kaprio, J., & Rose, R. J. (2004) · Twin Research · doi:10.1375/136905204774200541 · Cited by 38
Button, T. M. M., Scourfield, J., Martin, N., & McGuffin, P. (2004) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.30045 · Cited by 33 · cited 1×
“Studies including adolescent twins (∼ younger than 19 years of age) do not in most cases report finding any shared environmental influences (Table 8.2; e.g., Button et al., 2004; Cho et al., Adv Genet.”
BackgroundInfluentialGenetic Analyses of Teacher Ratings of Problem Behavior in 5-Year-Old Twins
Polderman, T. J. C., Danielle Posthuma, B., de Sonneville, L. M. J., Verhulst, F. C., & Boomsma, D. I. (2006) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/183242706776402975 · Cited by 33
Haberstick, B. C., Schmitz, S., Young, S. E., & Hewitt, J. K. (2006) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-006-9092-5 · Cited by 32 · cited 2×
“In contrast, when teacher ratings were used, aggressive behavior was found to be slightly less influenced by genetic (or familial) factors (42%–61%; Haberstick et al., 2006a).”
BackgroundAssessing genotype-environment interactions and correlations in the postgenomic era.
Rowe, D. C. (2003) · Behavioral genetics in the postgenomic era. · doi:10.1037/10480-005 · Cited by 29
von der Pahlen, B., Santtila, P., Johansson, A., Varjonen, M., Jern, P., Witting, K., & Kenneth Sandnabba, N. (2008) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2008.03.013 · Cited by 26 · cited 1×
“Similarly, studies including adult twins do not report finding any shared environmental influences (Table 8.2; e.g., Coccaro et al., 1997; Finkel and McGue, 1997; von der Pahlen et al., 2008; but for an exception see Czajkowski et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialGenetic Analyses of Teacher Ratings of Problem Behavior in 5-Year-Old Twins
Polderman, T. J. C., Posthuma, D., de Sonneville, L. M. J., et al. (2006) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.9.1.122 · Cited by 25
Genetics or Environment? Type A Behavior and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Twin Children
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Taylor, A. (2004) · Twin Research · doi:10.1375/1369052042335241 · Cited by 17 · cited 2×
“…report shared environmental influences (Table 8.2; e.g., Baker et al., 2008; Eley et al., 1999; Hudziak et al., 2003; Schmitz et al., 1995; Simonoff et al., 1998; Tuvblad et al., 2009; van den Oord et al., 1996; Vierikko et al., 2004; but for an exception see Dionne et al., 2003; Taylor, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluentialIs there an active gene-environment correlation in adolescent drinking behavior?
Loehlin, J. C. (2010) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-010-9347-z · Cited by 16 · cited 1×
“Active rGE has been suggested in adolescent drinking behavior, specifically among girls (Loehlin, 2010).”
BackgroundPassive-aggressive (negativistic) personality disorder: A population-based twin study
Czajkowski, N., Kendler, K. S., Jacobson, K. C., Tambs, K., Røysamb, E., & Reichborn-Kjennerud, T. (2008) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi.2008.22.1.109 · Cited by 16 · cited 2×
“N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript N IH -PA Author M anuscript for quantitative sex differences (e.g., Baker et al., 2008; Czajkowski et al., 2008; Eley et al., 1999; Finkel and McGue, 1997; Tackett et al., 2009; Tuvblad et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialLewis, D. O., Yeager, C. A., Gidlow, B., et al. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 10
- Self-citation
Young (2000) · doi:10.1002/1096-8628(20001009)96:5
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Gender differences in aggression.
Björkqvist, K. (2018) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.030 · Cited by 400
Two types of aggression in human evolution.
Wrangham, R. W. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1713611115 · Cited by 410
The neurobiological basis of human aggression: A review on genetic and epigenetic mechanisms
Waltes, R., Chiocchetti, A. G., & Freitag, C. M. (2016) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32388 · Cited by 182
Genetics of aggressive behavior: An overview
Veroude, K., Zhang‐James, Y., Fernàndez‐Castillo, N., Bakker, M. J., Cormand, B., & Faraone, S. V. (2016) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32364 · Cited by 147
Environmental Determinants of Aggression in Adolescents: Role of Urban Neighborhood Greenspace
Younan, D., Tuvblad, C., Li, L., Wu, J. Y., Lurmann, F. W., Franklin, M., Berhane, K. T., McConnell, R., Wu, A. H., Baker, L. A., et al. (2016) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2016.05.002 · Cited by 146
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Tuvblad, C., & Baker, L. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Southern California (US)
- Venue
- Advances in Genetics
- Publisher
- Elsevier
- Published
- 2011
- Volume
- 75
- Pages
- 171-214
- ISSN
- 0065-2660 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3696520
- OpenAlex
- W80101838
- Semantic Scholar
- e0c003ec41dc42d576c5ca0f86b2144627d3f559
- Cited by
- 139
- References
- 181
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 18.81
- Type
- book chapter
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Advances in genetics (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH058354)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- human aggression, genetic factors, environmental influences, twin studies, adoption studies, gene-environment interaction, reactive aggression, proactive aggression, family adversity, social deprivation, heritability, lifespan development
- MeSH terms
- Adoption, Age Factors, Aggression, Female, Genetics, Behavioral, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Social Environment, Violence, Twin Studies as Topic, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Gene-Environment Interaction
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