The DOI matches its Crossref record; 95 of the 98 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A preliminary model of human-animal relationships in the zoo
Open accessAbstract
The concept of the human–animal relationship (HAR) is widely used in farm animal research to describe the outcome of the different qualities and quantities of interaction between stockpersons and the animals in their care. Thus, negative, positive or neutral HARs may result from the effect of mostly negative (e.g. rough handling), neutral (e.g. no handling) or positive (e.g. gentle handling) interactions. In this paper the concept is applied to zoo animals in an attempt to provide a model not only of HARs between zoo animals and keepers, but also between zoo animals and unfamiliar people, primarily the visiting public. Behavioural responses of animals to zoo visitors are inconsistent both within and between taxa, and the history of interactions the individual animal has experienced, and hence the HARs it has developed, may be one of the variables that leads to this inconsistency. The model starts, like the farm animal models, with the animals’ fear of humans, which is itself dependent upon species. The subsequent history of interactions the animal experiences, both with familiar and unfamiliar people, then determines the animal's HAR, which in turn influences the way the animal responds to people. There are currently insufficient data to test the model, but predictions of the model are identified here which could be used to test it.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Limited research has been conducted to examine the effects of visitors on zoo-housed penguins despite penguins being a commonly housed zoo species, especially little penguins (Eudyptula minor) in Australian zoos [3,10,11,12,13,14,15].”
From Effect of Covering a Visitor Viewing Area Window on the Behaviour of Zoo-Housed Little Penguins (Eudyptula minor) (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Hosey [25,30] developed this model based on Hediger’s [33] early suggestion that humans could potentially be significant to animals in one of five ways; as an enemy, prey, a symbiont, an inanimate part of the environment or as a member of the same species.”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“How an animal perceives human interactions is not only influenced by the nature of the interaction but also by other variables, including previous experience with humans, temperament and motivational state, genetics and species [21,24,25].”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This model suggests that HARs in zoos can be characterised in three ways: (i) a negative relationship, where the animal is highly fearful of humans and shows avoidance, (ii) a neutral relationship, if interactions with humans have no consequences for the animal and can lead to habituation to humans, or (iii) a positive relationship, where the animal will potentially experience positive emotions”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A model of the HAR for the zoo setting was proposed by Hosey [25], then refined and updated in 2013 [30] and presented by Ward and Sherwen [32].”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“As Hosey’s [25] model predicts, the visitor effect studies conducted to date have provided evidence for negative, neutral and positive relationships.”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“researchers have highlighted variation in fear of humans across species [25,117,118].”
From The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare (2019) · cites this paper as [25]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
(2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-76516-5_4 · Cited by 792
Assessing the human–animal relationship in farmed species: A critical review
Waiblinger, S., Boivin, X., Pedersen, V., Tosi, M.-V., Janczak, A. M., Visser, E. K., & Jones, R. B. (2006) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.02.001 · Cited by 751
Fear and Fearfulness in Animals
Boissy, A. (1995) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/418981 · Cited by 747
Farm Animal Behaviour and Welfare
Webster, A. J. F. (1990) · British Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1016/0007-1935(90)90067-d · Cited by 638
Farm Animal Behaviour and Welfare
Fraser, A. F., & Broom, D. M. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 627
Human–animal interactions in livestock production
Hemsworth, P. H. (2003) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(02)00280-0 · Cited by 537
Wielebnowski, N. C., Fletchall, N., Carlstead, K., Busso, J. M., & Brown, J. L. (2002) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.10005 · Cited by 344
Domestic animals’ fear of humans and its effect on their welfare
Rushen, J., Taylor, A. A., & de Passillé, A. M. (1999) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(99)00089-1 · Cited by 331
Housing, Care and Psychological Well-Being of Captive and Laboratory Primates
Segal, E. F. (1990) · Cited by 321
Waiblinger, S., Menke, C., & Coleman, G. J. (2002) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(02)00155-7 · Cited by 308
The Inevitable bond: examining scientist-animal interactions
(1993) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.30-2665 · Cited by 278
Zoo animals and their human audiences: what is the visitor effect?
Hosey, G. R. (2000) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600022946 · Cited by 249
Self-citationVisitors excite primates in zoos
Chamove, A. S., Hosey, G. R., & Schaetzel, P. (1988) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430070407 · Cited by 230
Self-citationHinde, R. A. (1976) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1976.tb00370.x · Cited by 216
Behavioral and adrenocortical responses to environmental changes in leopard cats (Felis bengalensis)
Carlstead, K., Brown, J. L., & Seidensticker, J. C., IV (1993) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430120403 · Cited by 211
Laule, G., Bloomsmith, M. A., & Schapiro, S. J. (2003) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0603_02 · Cited by 199
Stockmanship and Farm Animal Welfare
Boivin, X., Lensink, J., Tallet, C., & Veissier, I. (2003) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600026075 · Cited by 194
Mellen, J. D. (1991) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430100202 · Cited by 194
Patten, M. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315265858-15 · Cited by 180
Carlstead, K., & Brown, J. L. (2005) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.20050 · Cited by 176
Dairy calves' discrimination of people based on previous handling.
de Passillé, A. M., Rushen, J., Ladewig, J., & Petherick, C. (1996) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/1996.745969x · Cited by 170
Effect of felid activity on zoo visitor interest
Margulis, S. W., Hoyos, C., & Anderson, M. (2003) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.10115 · Cited by 165
A note on the influence of visitors on the behaviour and welfare of zoo-housed gorillas
Wells, D. L. (2005) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.06.019 · Cited by 157
Anderson, U. S., Kelling, A. S., Pressley-Keough, R., Bloomsmith, M. A., & Maple, T. L. (2003) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916503254746 · Cited by 155
Mallapur, A., Sinha, A., & Waran, N. (2005) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.02.012 · Cited by 152
Effects of browse, human visitors and noise on the behaviour of captive orang-utans
Birke, L. (2002) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600028141 · Cited by 151
The Human-Animal Relationship in Agriculture and Its Consequences for the Animal
Hemsworth, P. H., Barnett, J. L., & Coleman, G. J. (1993) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s096272860001544x · Cited by 141
Schapiro, S. J., Bloomsmith, M. A., & Laule, G. (2003) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0603_03 · Cited by 136
benefits of positive human interaction for socially-housed chimpanzees
Baker, K. (2004) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600026981 · Cited by 131
Evidence that zoo visitors influence HPA activity in spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyii rufiventris)
Davis, N., Schaffner, C. M., & Smith, T. E. (2005) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2004.08.020 · Cited by 128
Bassett, L., Buchanan‐Smith, H. M., McKinley, J., & Smith, T. E. (2003) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0603_07 · Cited by 125
Mallapur, A., & Chellam, R. (2002) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.10063 · Cited by 111
The Effects of Visitor Density and Intensity on the Behavior of Two Captive Jaguars (Panthera onca)
Sellinger, R. L., & Ha, J. C. (2005) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0804_1 · Cited by 108
Development of the Human-Research Animal Bond and Its Impact on Animal Well-being
Bayne, K. A. L. (2002) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar.43.1.4 · Cited by 106
The influence of zoo visitors on the behaviour of captive primates
Hosey, G. R., & Druck, P. L. (1987) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(87)90251-6 · Cited by 101
Self-citationEnvironmental influences on the activity of captive apes
Wilson, S. F. (1982) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430010304 · Cited by 100
Visitor—Animal Interactions at the Zoo
Kreger, M. D., & Mench, J. A. (1995) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.2752/089279395787156301 · Cited by 98
The effect of early handling on the socialisation of young calves to humans
Krohn, C. C., Jago, J. G., & Boivin, X. (2001) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(01)00161-7 · Cited by 96
McKinley, J., Buchanan‐Smith, H. M., Bassett, L., & Morris, K. (2003) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0603_06 · Cited by 95
Hand-feeding and gentling influence early-weaned lambs' attachment responses to their stockperson.
Boivin, X., Tournadre, H., & Le Neindre, P. (2000) · Journal of Animal Science · doi:10.2527/2000.784879x · Cited by 93
The development of an operant conditioning training program for New World Primates at the Bronx Zoo
Savastano, G., Hanson, A., & McCann, C. (2003) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0603_09 · Cited by 91
Glatston, A. R., Geilvoet‐Soeteman, E., Hora‐Pecek, E., & Van Hooff, J. A. R. A. M. (1984) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430030307 · Cited by 91
Blaney, E., & Wells, D. (2004) · Animal Welfare · doi:10.1017/s0962728600026841 · Cited by 84
The effects of early contact with humans on the subsequent level of fear of humans in pigs
Hemsworth, P. H., & Barnett, J. L. (1992) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(92)90018-7 · Cited by 82
More on the ‘influence’ of zoo visitors on the behaviour of captive primates
Mitchell, G., Tromborg, C. T., Kaufman, J. A., Bargabus, S., Simoni, R., & Geissler, V. (1992) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(92)90009-z · Cited by 81
Can cows discriminate people by their faces?
Rybarczyk, P., Koba, Y., Rushen, J., Tanida, H., & de Passille, A. M. (2001) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(01)00162-9 · Cited by 81
Interaction sequences between chimpanzees and human visitors at the Zoo
Cook, S., & Hosey, G. R. (1995) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430140505 · Cited by 81
Self-citationHuman-Animal Bonds in the Laboratory: How Animal Behavior Affects the Perspective of Caregivers
Chang, F. T., & Hard, L. A. (2002) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar.43.1.10 · Cited by 76
Kristensen, H. H., Aerts, J. M., Leroy, T., Wathes, C. M., & Berckmans, D. (2006) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.01.007 · Cited by 73
Retreat space and human visitor density moderate undesirable behavior in petting zoo animals
Anderson, U. S., Benne, M., Bloomsmith, M. A., & Maple, T. L. (2002) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0502_03 · Cited by 71
Human-based social interaction can reward a rat’s behavior
Davis, H., & Pérusse, R. (1988) · Animal Learning & Behavior · doi:10.3758/bf03209048 · Cited by 69
The Effects of Caretaker-Primate Relationships on Primates in the Laboratory
Waitt, C. D., Buchanan‐Smith, H. M., & Morris, K. (2002) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0504_05 · Cited by 68
Phillips, C. J. C., & Peck, D. (2007) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2007.01.007 · Cited by 65
Effects of visitors and cage changes on the behaviors of mangabeys
Mitchell, G., Herring, F., Obradovich, S., Tromborg, C., Dowd, B., Neville, L. E., & Field, L. (1991) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430100505 · Cited by 65
Boivin, X., Garel, J. P., Mante, A., & Neindre, P. L. (1998) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(97)00050-6 · Cited by 64
Human contact and feeding as rewards for the lamb's affinity to their stockperson
Tallet, C., Veissier, I., & Boivin, X. (2005) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.02.007 · Cited by 64
Nimon, A. J., & Dalziel, F. R. (1992) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(05)80013-9 · Cited by 63
Variables that influence the activity of captive orangutans
Perkins, L. A. (1992) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430110306 · Cited by 59
Behavioral response of 12 ungulate species in captivity to the presence of humans
Thompson, V. D. (1989) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430080308 · Cited by 57
Behavioural responses of South American fur seals to approach by tourists — a brief report
Cassini, M. H. (2001) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(00)00205-7 · Cited by 50
Even minimal human contact linked to nursing reduces fear responses toward humans in rabbits
Csatádi, K., Kustos, K., Eiben, C., Bilkó, Á., & Altbäcker, V. (2005) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.05.002 · Cited by 47
Melfi, V. A., & Thomas, S. (2005) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.2752/089279305785594063 · Cited by 46
Prediction and Preparation: Pavlovian Implications of Research Animals Discriminating Among Humans
Davis, H. (2002) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar.43.1.19 · Cited by 44
Dairy cows' use of colour cues to discriminate between people
Munksgaard, L., de Passillé, A. M., Rushen, J., & Ladewig, J. (1999) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(99)00055-6 · Cited by 44
Mansour, A. A. H., Zakaria, A.-H., & Fraser, A. F. (2000) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0304_5 · Cited by 43
Training Nonhuman Primates to Cooperate With Scientific Procedures in Applied Biomedical Research
Scott, L., Pearce, P. C., Fairhall, S. J., Muggleton, N. G., & Smith, J. (2003) · Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science · doi:10.1207/s15327604jaws0603_05 · Cited by 42
Visitor-associated variation in captive Diana monkey (Cercopithecus diana diana) behaviour
Todd, P. A., Macdonald, C., & Coleman, D. (2007) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.09.010 · Cited by 41
Mellen, J. D. (1992) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430110104 · Cited by 41
Paterson, A. M., & Pearce, G. (1992) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(05)80092-9 · Cited by 38
Mitchell, G., Obradovich, S., Herring, F. H., Dowd, B., & Tromborg, C. T. (1991) · Primates · doi:10.1007/bf02381942 · Cited by 37
Lukas, K. E., Barkauskas, R. T., Maher, S. A., Jacobs, B. A., Bauman, J. E., Henderson, A., & Calcagno, J. M. (2002) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.10040 · Cited by 32
The presence of the dam during handling prevents the socialization of young calves to humans
Krohn, C. C., Boivin, X., & Jago, J. G. (2003) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(02)00230-7 · Cited by 32
Like Threaten Like in Mangabeys and People?
Mitchell, G., Herring, F. H., & Obradovich, S. (1992) · Anthrozoös · doi:10.2752/089279392787011511 · Cited by 28
Recognition of people by dairy calves using colour of clothing
Rybarczyk, P., Rushen, J., & de Passille, A. M. (2003) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(02)00273-3 · Cited by 27
Mitchell, G., Herring, F. H., Tromborg, C. T., Dowd, B., Steiner, S., & Obradovich, S. (1992) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/s0168-1591(05)80012-7 · Cited by 25
Rousing, T., Ibsen, B., & Sørensen, J. T. (2005) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2005.02.011 · Cited by 19
Assessing the welfare implications of visitors in a zoo setting: A comment on Wells (2005)
Ross, S. R., Lonsdorf, E. V., & Stoinski, T. S. (2006) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.03.006 · Cited by 18
Effect of visitors on the behaviour of female Cheetahs Acinonyx jubutus and cubs
O’Donovan, D., HINDLE, J. E., McKeown, S., & O'DONOVAN, S. (1992) · International Zoo Yearbook · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1090.1992.tb02508.x · Cited by 18
Specificity of early handling: Are rabbit pups able to distinguish between people?
Csatádi, K., Bilkó, Á., & Altbäcker, V. (2007) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2006.10.013 · Cited by 18
The scientist and the snake: relationships with reptiles
Bowers, B. B., & Burghardt, G. M. (1992) · Cited by 15
Factors affecting pool use by captive Humboldt penguins (spheniscus humboldti).
Clarke, A., & Gilbert, T. C. (2003) · Cited by 11
(1990) · Cited by 11
Cage design attenuates display patterns of male chimpanzees
Rumbaugh, D. M. (1988) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430070212 · Cited by 10
Dominance Tests and Individual Differences
Maple, T. (1974) · Perceptual and Motor Skills · doi:10.2466/pms.1974.39.1.29 · Cited by 7
Brooking, Z. A., Price, D. J., & Macdonald, C. (2004) · Cited by 4
Behavior of the mayotte lemur, Lemur fulvus mayottensis, in captivity
Hosey, G. (1989) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.1430080105 · Cited by 3
Self-citationThe influence of stockmanship on the behaviour of black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis).
Ward, S. J., Melfi, V. A., & Macdonald, C. (2004) · Cited by 3
Olfactory enrichment and visitor effects in lack rhinoceroses (Diceros bicornis) at two UK zoos.
Burrell, K., Wehnelt, S., Waran, N. K., & Macdonald, C. (2004) · Cited by 2
Lacey, J., Pankhurst, S., Wehnelt, S., & HUDSON, C. M. (2001) · Cited by 1
Hutchings, K., Mitchell, H., & Gilbert, T. C. (2003) · Cited by 1
Jeffery, S. B., & Price, D. J. (2004) · Cited by 1
Lockley, D., Leadbeater, J., & Nicklin, A. (2005) · Cited by 1
Carlstead (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1999)18:1
Kratochvil (1997) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1997)16:4
Wood (1998) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1098-2361(1998)17:3
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 98 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Keane, C.W., 2005. The effects of zoo visitors on the behaviour of Western Lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) Citron-Crested (Cacatua sulphurea citrinocristata) and Moluccan Cockatoos (Cacatua moluccensis). Unpublished M.Sc. thesis, Trinity College, University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
- Maki, 1987, The effects of unfamiliar humans on aggression in captive chimpanzee groups, Am. J. Primatol., 12, 358
- Mather, L., 1999. Response of Captive Orang Utans to Human Audiences. Unpublished M. Phil. Thesis, University of Manchester (Bolton Institute), Bolton, UK.
- Perret, 1995, Einfluss von Zoobesuchern auf das verhalten von schimpansen (Pan troglodytes), Der Zool. Garten N. F., 65, 314
- Skyner, 2004, The effect of visitors on the self-injurious behaviour of a male pileated gibbon (Hylobates pileatus), Der Zool. Garten NF, 74, 38
- Wormell, 1996, Pied tamarins Saguinus bicolor bicolor at the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust: management, behaviour and reproduction, Dodo, J. Wildl. Preserv. Trusts, 32, 76
Cited by
Sorted by citations
New directions for zoo animal welfare science
Whitham, J. C., & Wielebnowski, N. (2013) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2013.02.004 · Cited by 273
The visitor effect on zoo animals: implications and opportunities for zoo animal welfare
Sherwen, S. L., & Hemsworth, P. H. (2019) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani9060366 · Cited by 267
“Hosey [25,30] developed this model based on Hediger’s [33] early suggestion that humans could potentially be significant to animals in one of five ways; as an enemy, prey, a symbiont, an inanimate part of the environment or as a member of the same species.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHuman-Animal Interactions, Relationships and Bonds: A Review and Analysis of the Literature
Hosey, G., & Melfi, V. A. (2014) · International Journal of Comparative Psychology · doi:10.46867/ijcp.2014.27.01.01 · Cited by 235
Self-citationClaxton, A. M. (2011) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2011.03.002 · Cited by 198
Space use as an indicator of enclosure appropriateness: A novel measure of captive animal welfare
Ross, S. R., Schapiro, S. J., Hau, J., & Lukas, K. E. (2009) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/j.applanim.2009.08.007 · Cited by 150
Metadata
- Authors
- Hosey, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Greater Manchester (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Hosey, Geoff
- ORCID
- Hosey, Geoff
- Venue
- Applied Animal Behaviour Science
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-02
- Volume
- 109
- Issue
- 2-4
- Pages
- 105-127
- ISSN
- 0168-1591 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2062787023
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 6.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Applied Animal Behaviour Science (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Human-Animal Interaction Studies
- Social Sciences › Education › Animal and Plant Science Education
- Keywords
- human-animal relations, zoo animals, zoo visitors, fear of humans, species differences, zoo animal welfare
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
