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A Prospective 5-Year Re-examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder
Open accessAbstract
Background The main neurobiological theories of the development of addiction, including tolerance, sensitization, incentive-sensitization, and allostasis have not been tested in longitudinal human alcohol response research. To address this issue, we conducted the first controlled prospective investigation of subjective and neuroendocrine responses to alcohol measured over a five year interval in at-risk young adult heavy drinkers and light drinker controls. Methods Participants were 156 individuals, 86 heavy drinkers (HD) and 70 light drinkers (LD), undergoing an initial oral alcohol challenge testing (0.8 g/kg alcohol vs. placebo) and an identical re-examination testing 5–6 years later. Alcohol use disorder (AUD) symptoms and drinking behaviors were assessed in the interim follow-up period. Results At reexamination, HD continued to exhibit higher sensitivity on alcohol’s stimulating and rewarding effects with lower sensitivity to sedative effects and cortisol reactivity, relative to LD. In HD with high AUD symptom trajectories over follow-up, heightened alcohol stimulation and reward persisted at reexamination. HD with low AUD symptoms showed reduced alcohol stimulation over time and lower reward throughout compared with the HD with high and intermediate AUD symptoms. Conclusions Results support the early stage phase of the allostasis model, with persistently heightened reward sensitivity and stimulation in heavy drinkers exhibiting AUD progression in early mid-adulthood. While there are multiple pathways to development of a disorder as complex as AUD, maintenance of alcohol stimulatory and rewarding effects may play an important role in the continuation and progression of alcohol addiction.
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TL;DR
This prospective 5–6 year re-examination of heavy and light drinkers found that heavy drinkers continued to show heightened alcohol stimulation and reward and lower sedation and cortisol responses relative to light drinkers. Among heavy drinkers, those with high or intermediate AUD symptom trajectories maintained heightened reward, while those with low AUD symptoms showed reduced alcohol stimulation over time.
Key findings
- At re-examination, heavy drinkers (HD) continued to exhibit higher sensitivity to alcohol’s stimulating and rewarding effects and lower sensitivity to sedative effects and cortisol reactivity than light drinkers (LD).
- In HD with high AUD symptom trajectories, heightened alcohol stimulation and reward persisted at re-examination; HD with low AUD symptoms showed reduced alcohol stimulation over time and lower reward throughout compared with high and intermediate AUD symptom groups.
- Peak BrAC at 60 minutes was slightly higher at initial testing in HD vs. LD (94 vs. 85 mg/dl, p<.001), but at re-examination there were no differences (89 vs. 85 mg/dl, p=.126); all analyses controlled for peak BrAC.
- Within-subject associations between initial and re-examination responses were positive and significant: stimulation r=.30, liking r=.26, wanting r=.30, sedation r=.42, and cortisol r=.18 (p<.05).
Methods
- Design: within-subject, double-blind, randomized-order study of oral alcohol challenge (0.8 g/kg alcohol vs. placebo) in 190 young adult non-alcohol-dependent drinkers at enrollment; 156 returned for re-examination (86 HD, 70 LD) an average of 63 months (±1.5 SD) later.
- Procedures: two 4½-hour individual sessions per phase, separated by at least 24 hours, with measures before and after blinded beverage; subjective stimulation/sedation via BAES, liking/wanting via DEQ, and salivary cortisol; AUD symptoms and drinking behaviors assessed during interim annual follow-ups.
- Analysis: Generalized Estimating Equations tested group (HD, LD), phase, and interactions; Pearson correlations examined within-subject associations; trajectory analysis identified low, intermediate, and high AUD symptom subgroups among HD.
Limitations
- Stated: the re-examination interval may not have been sufficient to observe the full extent of neuroadaptive responses to alcohol; beverages were consumed over a short interval to capture direct effects and minimize variability, which may not translate to typical drinking situations.
- Stated: trajectory analyses resulted in unequal subgroup sample sizes, and participants under age 21 were not enrolled due to legal restrictions on alcohol administration in the U.S., precluding study of earlier developmental periods.
- Evident from the text: the sample excluded individuals with current or past major medical or Axis I psychiatric disorders including alcohol and substance dependence, and the authors note that allostasis may occur only in the most extreme alcoholics with significant withdrawal not selected due to ethical constraints; replication is stated as a necessary next step.
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26 Own result · 25 Not checked yet · 21 Own method · 7 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“Our prior report (King et al., 2014(34)) indicated that the HD and LD continued to differ significantly through follow-up on all measures of alcohol drinking behaviors and problems.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > METHODS AND MATERIALS > Trajectory Subgroups in HD
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites King et al., 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and Materials section says the light drinkers continued to drink at largely low-risk levels through follow-up, while the Results describe continued heavy drinking in the analyzed sample. But the paper does not report a heavy-versus-light comparison showing statistically significant differences on all measures of drinking behavior and problems; it says the light drinkers were not included in this report's analyses. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Partly supportedcites [34] King, 2014, Alcohol challenge responses predict future alcohol use disorder symptoms: A 6-year prospective study, Biol Psychiatry sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods and Materials section says the light drinkers continued to drink at low-risk levels through follow-up, while the Results section reports that the heavy drinkers’ AUDIT scores remained above the heavy-drinking cutoff at year 6. However, this report focuses on the heavy drinkers and does not establish significant HD–LD differences through follow-up on all measures of drinking behavior and problems. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
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In the paper
“these correlations were not significant in the low AUD subgroup (Supplemental Results).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > RESULTS > Group Comparisons of Alcohol Responses
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In the paper
“For alcohol reward, there were main effects of AUD subgroup: relative to the low AUD subgroup, the high and intermediate AUD subgroups had persistently higher alcohol liking and wanting over time than the low AUD subgroup.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > RESULTS > Group Comparisons of Alcohol Responses
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In the paper
“In contrast, the HD comprised three AUD subgroups over time, derived by trajectory analysis which differentiated those with low, intermediate, and high symptoms (see Table 1).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > METHODS AND MATERIALS > Trajectory Subgroups in HD
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In the paper
“In brief, at both phases, relative to LD, HD exhibited higher sensitivity to alcohol stimulating and rewarding effects (Fig 2A–2C).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > RESULTS > Group Comparisons of Alcohol Responses
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In the paper
“The relationships of stimulation, liking and wanting were positive for the high and intermediate AUD subgroups, suggesting that stimulation is pleasurable; these correlations were not significant in the low AUD subgroup (Supplemental Results).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > RESULTS > Group Comparisons of Alcohol Responses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Specifically, among heavy drinkers with increasing symptoms of AUD, at re-examination at a peak BrAC near 90 mg/dl, heightened stimulating and rewarding alcohol effects with lower sedative and neuroendocrine effects persisted.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In contrast, heavy drinkers with few emerging symptoms of AUD (and markedly less binge drinking) showed reduced alcohol stimulation at reexamination with persistent lower alcohol reward than in heavy drinkers with either intermediate or high AUD symptoms.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
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In the paper
“This type of alcohol adaptation was not observed in heavy drinkers progressing with AUD, and the majority of persons in this subgroup either maintaining heightened stimulation or increasing further at re-examination, with only 2 of 9 high AUD individuals showing a lessening of response.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
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In the paper
“and hedonic reward (liking) also remained elevated in heavy drinkers with high AUD.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Importantly, there was little support for tolerance in terms of a comprehensive subjective phenomenon(8) in the progression of AUD, as “markedly diminished effects at the same amount of alcohol” was not evident in heavy drinkers as a group, or in the subgroup showing the high AUD trajectory over time.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
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In the paper
“Rather, initially heavy drinkers with fewer AUD symptoms over time showed tolerance in alcohol stimulation at re-testing.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Thus, incentive sensitization, i.e., an increase in alcohol’s incentive salience (wanting), was not evident over the interval tested”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Results showed that the magnitude of responses and the differences between LD and HD and across AUD subgroups were largely similar during the rising limb as they were during peak BrAC at 60 minutes.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > RESULTS > Group Comparisons of Alcohol Responses
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In the paper
“Motivational reward (wanting) was persistently elevated in heavy drinkers with both intermediate and high AUD symptoms.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“At the same time, heavy drinkers with low AUD symptoms indicative of less harmful drinking over time exhibited reduced alcohol stimulation at re-examination”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“while heavy drinkers with intermediate AUD symptoms were largely intermediate on their alcohol responses, i.e., in between the low and high AUD groups in alcohol sensitivity.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The main neurobiological theories of the development of addiction, including tolerance, sensitization, incentive-sensitization, and allostasis have not been tested in longitudinal human alcohol response research.”
- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · plain
“While these theories are crucial to our understanding of AUD, they are largely based on animal data and their predictions have not yet been directly tested in controlled longitudinal human studies.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > Abstract > Background
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- Also stated in: § INTRODUCTION · plain
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In the paper
“Participants undergoing re-examination did not differ from those who did not on major background characteristics or geographical location (all ps >.23).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > METHODS AND MATERIALS > Interim Follow-up Phase
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In the paper
“Further, in heavy drinkers, greater alcohol stimulation and reward and lower sedation predicted binge drinking escalations at two-year follow-up(29), with greater stimulation and reward predicting more AUD symptoms experienced through six years(34).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [29] King, 2011, Rewarding, stimulant, and sedative alcohol responses and relationship to future binge drinking, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
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In the paper
“with greater stimulation and reward predicting more AUD symptoms experienced through six years(34).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] King, 2014, Alcohol challenge responses predict future alcohol use disorder symptoms: A 6-year prospective study, Biol Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These findings were replicated in a second independent heavy drinker cohort using identical procedures(33).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Roche, 2014, Acute alcohol response phenotype in heavy social drinkers is robust and reproducible, Alcohol Clin Exp Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Nonetheless, if tolerance were the key mechanism in the progression of AUD, reduced levels of stimulation in those with greater AUD symptoms in the interim would have been observed.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
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In the paper
“Study strengths included a placebo-controlled prospective design with 624 individual laboratory sessions with alcohol and placebo conditions, excellent follow-up retention, and inclusion of a comparison low-risk group to account for general drift and temporal effects.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plainn = 624- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Results support the early stage phase of the allostasis model, with persistently heightened reward sensitivity and stimulation in heavy drinkers exhibiting AUD progression in early mid-adulthood.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > Abstract > Conclusions
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In the paper
“Study strengths included a placebo-controlled prospective design with 624 individual laboratory sessions with alcohol and placebo conditions, excellent follow-up retention, and inclusion of a comparison low-risk group to account for general drift and temporal effects.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“suggesting that stimulation is pleasurable”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > RESULTS > Group Comparisons of Alcohol Responses
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In the paper
“All findings remained after including age, sex, race, FH, as well as psychiatric disorders, substance and nicotine dependence as covariates in the same models.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > RESULTS > Group Comparisons of Alcohol Responses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This study was the first longitudinal examination of alcohol responses measured under controlled conditions in heavy binge drinkers varying in their progression of AUD through early- to mid-adulthood.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In terms of the neurobiological theories of the development of addiction through alcohol response adaptation, the findings in those progressing with alcohol problems provide initial support for the early stage of addiction in the allostasis model with heightened stimulation and reward sensitivity that did not diminish over time.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelationaln = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Study strengths included a placebo-controlled prospective design with 624 individual laboratory sessions with alcohol and placebo conditions, excellent follow-up retention, and inclusion of a comparison low-risk group to account for general drift and temporal effects.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous studies relying on proxy measures of brain-behavior relationships to alcohol response(2, 3, 23–29) have not been able to address within-person changes or stabilization in alcohol response over time.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Corbin, 2013, Early subjective response and acquired tolerance as predictors of alcohol use and related problems in a clinical sample, Alcohol Clin Exp Res source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Morean, 2008, Subjective alcohol effects and drinking behavior: The relative influence of early response and acquired tolerance, Addict Behav source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Edwards, 1976, Alcohol dependence: Provisional description of a clinical syndrome, Br Med J source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Hutchison, 2008, The incentive salience of alcohol: Translating the effects of genetic variant in CNR1, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Ostafin, 2010, Testing the incentive-sensitization theory with at-risk drinkers: Wanting, liking, and alcohol consumption, Psychol Addict Behav source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Hobbs, 2005, Dissociation of wanting and liking for alcohol in humans: A test of the incentive-sensitisation theory, Psychopharmacology (Berl) source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Newlin, 1991, Chronic tolerance and sensitization to alcohol in sons of alcoholics, Alcohol Clin Exp Res source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Schuckit, 1996, An 8-year follow-up of 450 sons of alcoholic and control subjects, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [29] King, 2011, Rewarding, stimulant, and sedative alcohol responses and relationship to future binge drinking, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Empirical evidence was provided for the early stage of addiction in the allostasis theory with continued heightened alcohol stimulation and reward sensitivity in heavy drinkers with increasing AUD symptoms during the transition of young to early middle adulthood.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
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In the paper
“The combination of changes observed supports alcohol response phenotype as an important factor in the development and continuation of excessive drinking”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Thus, while the present study includes one of the largest samples to date and the only investigation of alcohol responses over time, replication will be a necessary next step to assure confidence in the main findings.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Significant methodological differences across studies, i.e., sample size, subject characteristics, alcohol dose, route of administration, and degree of naturalism to usual contexts(16, 83), hamper direct comparisons to discern the source of this discrepancy.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Robinson, 1993, The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction, Brain Res Brain Res Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [83] Leyton, 2013, Striatal ups and downs: Their roles in vulnerability to addictions in humans, Neurosci Biobehav Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“These sustained pleasurable effects may increase the drive for excessive drinking(34) despite mounting consequences and alcohol problems.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] King, 2014, Alcohol challenge responses predict future alcohol use disorder symptoms: A 6-year prospective study, Biol Psychiatry source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 30
- Probably not a substantial claim. 29
In the paper
“In brief, the LD largely continued with low-risk drinking. While they consumed alcohol more frequently over time, binge drinking and alcohol problems were rare, and they formed one low-risk trajectory group(34).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > METHODS AND MATERIALS > Trajectory Subgroups in HD
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] King, 2014, Alcohol challenge responses predict future alcohol use disorder symptoms: A 6-year prospective study, Biol Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“BrAC peak levels at 60 minutes were slightly higher at initial testing in the HD vs. LD (94 vs. 85 mg/dl, respectively, p<.001) but at re-examination there were no differences [89 vs. 85 mg/dl, p=.126].”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > RESULTS > BrAC Comparisons by Test Phase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the HD subgroups, there was a subgroup x phase interaction for stimulation such that the high AUD subgroup persisted with heightened stimulation at re-examination and the intermediate group persisted at intermediate levels, but the low AUD subgroup showed a reduction in stimulation over time.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > RESULTS > Group Comparisons of Alcohol Responses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Within-subject associations of each alcohol response between initial and re-examination phases were positive and significant [stimulation (r=.30, p<.001), liking (r=.26, p<.001), wanting (r= .30, p<.001), sedation (r=.42, p<.0001), and cortisol (r= .18, p<.05)].”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > RESULTS > Association of Alcohol Responses Over Time
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HD also had lower sensitivity to sedation (Fig 3A) and cortisol response versus LD (Fig 3B).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > RESULTS > Group Comparisons of Alcohol Responses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the majority of persons in this subgroup either maintaining heightened stimulation or increasing further at re-examination, with only 2 of 9 high AUD individuals showing a lessening of response.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plainn = 9- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The AUD subgroups did not differ on alcohol sedation or cortisol response (Fig 3A, 3B).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > RESULTS > Group Comparisons of Alcohol Responses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the declining limb, stimulating and rewarding responses were lower in magnitude than at the earlier time points but heightened responses remained in HD, particularly for wanting in the high AUD subgroup.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > RESULTS > Group Comparisons of Alcohol Responses
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Light drinkers largely continued low-risk drinking and rare AUD symptoms over time with an overall protective alcohol response “footprint”: persistently low sensitivity to alcohol stimulation and reward and high sensitivity to alcohol sedative and stress hormone effects.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the results did not support sensitization theory, as heavy drinkers with progressive AUD subjects maintained but did not further increase their already heightened sensitivity to stimulation.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alcohol response differences between these groups observed at initial testing remained 5–6 years later, with greater alcohol stimulating and rewarding effects and lower sedation and cortisol excretion in heavy drinkers.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Human studies in this area have been limited to retrospective patient reports(23), post mortem brain tissue methods(24), or cross-sectional laboratory paradigms(2, 3, 25–29), none of which directly measure alcohol responses in the same individuals over time.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [23] Edwards, 1976, Alcohol dependence: Provisional description of a clinical syndrome, Br Med J source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Hutchison, 2008, The incentive salience of alcohol: Translating the effects of genetic variant in CNR1, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [2] Corbin, 2013, Early subjective response and acquired tolerance as predictors of alcohol use and related problems in a clinical sample, Alcohol Clin Exp Res source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Morean, 2008, Subjective alcohol effects and drinking behavior: The relative influence of early response and acquired tolerance, Addict Behav source
- Not checked yetcites [25] Ostafin, 2010, Testing the incentive-sensitization theory with at-risk drinkers: Wanting, liking, and alcohol consumption, Psychol Addict Behav source
- Not checked yetcites [26] Hobbs, 2005, Dissociation of wanting and liking for alcohol in humans: A test of the incentive-sensitisation theory, Psychopharmacology (Berl) source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Newlin, 1991, Chronic tolerance and sensitization to alcohol in sons of alcoholics, Alcohol Clin Exp Res source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Schuckit, 1996, An 8-year follow-up of 450 sons of alcoholic and control subjects, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [29] King, 2011, Rewarding, stimulant, and sedative alcohol responses and relationship to future binge drinking, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Tolerance, a diagnostic criteria for AUD from DSM-III (1980) to DSM-5 (2013)(8), implies that attenuation of subjective alcohol responses over time plays a key role in the development of addiction.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [2] Corbin, 2013, Early subjective response and acquired tolerance as predictors of alcohol use and related problems in a clinical sample, Alcohol Clin Exp Res source
- Not checked yetcites [3] Morean, 2008, Subjective alcohol effects and drinking behavior: The relative influence of early response and acquired tolerance, Addict Behav source
- Not checked yetcites [4] Schuckit, 2008, Clinical implications of tolerance to alcohol in nondependent young drinkers, Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse source
- Not checked yetcites [5] Matson, 2014, Selectively bred crossed high-alcohol-preferring mice drink to intoxication and develop functional tolerance, but not locomotor sensitization during free-choice ethanol access, Alcohol Clin Exp Res source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Tabakoff, 1988, Tolerance and the etiology of alcoholism: Hypothesis and mechanism, Alcohol Clin Exp Res source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Ramsay, 1997, Biological consequences of drug administration: Implications for acute and chronic tolerance, Psychol Rev source
- Not checked yetcites [8] 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“which may not sensitize over time.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The present study provided the first comprehensive repeated evaluation of alcohol responses in at-risk drinkers to test these neurobiological theories of AUD progression.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > INTRODUCTION
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“In contrast, the sensitization theory asserts that greater stimulant effects over time underlie addictive processes(9), based on rodent data showing that stimulant-like and locomotor alcohol responses increase after repeated exposures(10, 11).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] Wise, 1987, A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction, Psychol Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Finally, allostatic theory asserts heightened brain reward sensitivity and positive reinforcement characterize the early stages of addiction(18), but reward insensitivity and negative reinforcement underlie the later and more severe stages(18–20).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Koob, 2001, Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis, Neuropsychopharmacology source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“but reward insensitivity and negative reinforcement underlie the later and more severe stages(18–20).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Koob, 2001, Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis, Neuropsychopharmacology source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Volkow, 2010, Addiction: Decreased reward sensitivity and increased expectation sensitivity conspire to overwhelm the brain’s control circuit, Bioessays source
- Not checked yetcites [20] Koob, 2008, Addiction and the brain antireward system, Annu Rev Psychol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The incentive-sensitization theory of addiction(16, 17) also emphasizes sensitization process, but specifies that repeated use of a drug produces neuroadapations that sensitize motivational reward to drugs and associated drug stimuli (i.e.., processes of “wanting”) distinct from the neurocircuitry mediating hedonic reward (liking) which may not sensitize over time.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the 5-year follow-up, 187 individuals (98.4%) continued to participate, and telephone re-screening was conducted to determine eligibility for re-examination.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > METHODS AND MATERIALS > Interim Follow-up Phase
plainn = 187- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“From this eligible subject pool, 156 (88% of those eligible, 83% of the original sample) returned to participate in re-examination sessions.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > METHODS AND MATERIALS > Interim Follow-up Phase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“To reduce alcohol expectancy, the Alternative Substance Paradigm(51) was used: participants were informed that their allocated beverage might contain a stimulant, sedative, alcohol, or a placebo, or a combination of these substances.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > METHODS AND MATERIALS > Laboratory Procedures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [51] Conrad, 2012, Alternative substance paradigm: Effectiveness of beverage blinding and effects on acute alcohol responses, Exp Clin Psychopharmacol source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The instructions asked for current mood state at each time point and did not reveal that alcohol was ingested (60).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > METHODS AND MATERIALS > Alcohol Responses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Rueger, 2009, Expanding the utility of the Biphasic Alcohol Effects Scale (BAES) and initial psychometric support for the Brief-BAES (B-BAES), Alcohol Clin Exp Res source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Samples were stored at −20°C and later assayed for levels of the stress hormone cortisol by high sensitivity enzyme immunoassay at the University of Chicago CRC Core Laboratory. The inter- and intra-assay coefficients of variation at initial testing were 6.88% and 7.12%, respectively, and at re-examination were 6.60% and 7.99%, respectively.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > METHODS AND MATERIALS > Alcohol Responses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were interviewed to confirm compliance with 3-hour abstinence from food, caffeine, and smoking.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > METHODS AND MATERIALS > Laboratory Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The CSDP is a within-subject, double-blind, randomized-order study of responses to alcohol and placebo beverages in 190 young adult non-alcohol dependent drinkers.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > METHODS AND MATERIALS > Design
plainn = 190- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most participants (95%, 178/187) remained eligible: they were current drinkers with no major medical or psychiatric contraindications.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > METHODS AND MATERIALS > Interim Follow-up Phase
plainn = 187- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All analyses controlled for peak BrAC levels at each testing phase.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > RESULTS > BrAC Comparisons by Test Phase
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Urine samples were collected prior to one session, chosen randomly, for toxicology in all participants, and prior to each session for women to verify non-pregnancy.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > METHODS AND MATERIALS > Laboratory Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Since FH is as a potential risk factor for development of alcohol problems(64), analyses were repeated including FH as a covariate with FH coded by 2 dummy variables: FH positive vs. negative, and FH not sure vs. negative.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > METHODS AND MATERIALS > Statistical Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [64] Goodwin, 1973, Alcohol problems in adoptees raised apart from alcoholic biological parents, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Our previously published results showed that compared with light drinkers, heavy drinkers exhibited both higher alcohol sensitivity, in terms of subjective stimulation and reward (liking and wanting)(29), as well as lower sensitivity, in terms of subjective sedation(29), and salivary cortisol reactivity(29, 32).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants completed measures before and after ingesting a blinded beverage that contained either 0.8 g/kg alcohol or placebo administered in random order at each phase.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > METHODS AND MATERIALS > Design
plainn = 190- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Upon arrival, the participant completed self-report measures and engaged in objective breath tests to confirm compliance with recent alcohol abstinence.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > METHODS AND MATERIALS > Laboratory Procedures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The few published test-retest studies of alcohol responses have included only brief between-session intervals with a focus on measurement reliability(30, 31).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > INTRODUCTION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [30] Mundt, 1997, Individual differences in alcohol responsivity: Physiological, psychomotor and subjective response domains, J Stud Alcohol source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Wilson, 1987, One-month repeatability of alcohol metabolism, sensitivity and acute tolerance, J Stud Alcohol source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The DSM-IV criteria are similar to those in DSM-5(8, 62) with the former including an item for alcohol-related legal problems that has since been dropped and excluding the DSM-5 item for craving that had not yet been developed.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > METHODS AND MATERIALS > Interim Follow-up Phase
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] 2013
- Not checked yetcites [62] Hasin, 2013, DSM-5 criteria for substance use disorders: Recommendations and rationale, Am J Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All these aforementioned effects remained after controlling for covariates and other risk factors, such as FH, and group differences were largely apparent on the rising and declining limbs as well as at peak BrAC.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The findings may have relevance to medication development, as altering euphoric and pleasurable effects of alcohol would be important targets for novel treatments and are hypothesized to underlie in part the efficacy of opioid receptor antagonists, including naltrexone and nalmefene(67–76).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [67] Anton, 2006, Combined pharmacotherapies and behavioral interventions for alcohol dependence: The COMBINE study: A randomized controlled trial, JAMA source
- Not checked yetcites [68] Drobes, 2004, Effects of naltrexone and nalmefene on subjective response to alcohol among non-treatment-seeking alcoholics and social drinkers, Alcohol Clin Exp Res source
- Not checked yetcites [69] Garbutt, 1999, Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence: A review of the evidence, JAMA source
- Not checked yetcites [70] Mason, 1999, A double-blind, placebo-controlled study of oral nalmefene for alcohol dependence, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [71] Swift, 1995, Effect of naltrexone on human alcohol consumption, J Clin Psychiatry
- Not checked yetcites [72] Volpicelli, 1995, Effect of naltrexone on alcohol “high” in alcoholics, Am J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [73] King, 1997, Effect of naltrexone on subjective alcohol response in subjects at high and low risk for future alcohol dependence, Psychopharmacology (Berl) source
- Not checked yetcites [74] Swift, 1994, Naltrexone-induced alterations in human ethanol intoxication, Am J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Anton, 2004, Naltrexone effects on alcohol consumption in a clinical laboratory paradigm: Temporal effects of drinking, Psychopharmacology (Berl) source
- Not checked yetcites [76] Ray, 2007, Effects of naltrexone on alcohol sensitivity and genetic moderators of medication response: A double-blind placebo-controlled study, Arch Gen Psychiatry source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While there are multiple pathways to development of a disorder as complex as AUD, maintenance of alcohol stimulatory and rewarding effects may play an important role in the continuation and progression of alcohol addiction.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Limitations included that the reexamination interval may not have been sufficient to observe the extent of neuroadaptative responses to alcohol(18)”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [18] Koob, 2001, Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis, Neuropsychopharmacology source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Koob and colleagues have coined the later stage of addiction as “the dark side of addiction”(65) because it is characterized by development of reward insensitivity and drinking behaviors related to negative reinforcement.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [65] Koob, 2005, Plasticity of reward neurocircuitry and the ’dark side’ of drug addiction, Nat Neurosci source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Further, trajectory analyses resulted in unequal subgroup sample sizes”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“beverages were consumed over short interval to capture direct alcohol effects and minimize variability but this may not translate to typical drinking situations.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, while the present study includes one of the largest samples to date and the only investigation of alcohol responses over time, replication will be a necessary next step to assure confidence in the main findings.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants under age 21 were not enrolled due to legal restrictions of alcohol administration in the U.S. precluding study of alcohol responses in earlier developmental periods.”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, heavy drinkers have also shown reduced alcohol-related stimulation and ventral striatal brain activation relative to social drinkers(82).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [82] Gilman, 2012, Subjective and neural responses to intravenous alcohol in young adults with light and heavy drinking patterns, Neuropsychopharmacology source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The results support prior work showing high alcohol-induced stimulation, reward, and craving in heavy drinkers or alcoholics(33, 79, 80) as well as low alcohol-induced sedation and cortisol in other at-risk drinkers(81).”
§ A Prospective 5-Year Re-Examination of Alcohol Response in Heavy Drinkers Progressing in Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Roche, 2014, Acute alcohol response phenotype in heavy social drinkers is robust and reproducible, Alcohol Clin Exp Res source
- Not checked yetcites [79] Ray, 2013, Subjective response to alcohol among alcohol-dependent individuals: Effects of the mu-opioid (OPRM1) gene and alcohol severity, Alcohol Clin Exp Res source
- Not checked yetcites [80] Thomas, 2004, Following alcohol consumption, nontreatment-seeking alcoholics report greater stimulation but similar sedation compared with social drinkers, J Stud Alcohol source
- Not checked yetcites [81] Schuckit, 1994, Low level of response to alcohol as a predictor of future alcoholism, Am J Psychiatry source
plaindirectn = 624- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The early phase of the allostasis model most closely matches a five-year interval in young adults.
“The allostasis model’s early phase of addiction, which may most closely match a five-year interval in young adults, would be supported if alcohol reward sensitivity was maintained, and the later stage would be supported if reward sensitivity was diminished.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Similarly in humans, a dissociation has been found between ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ for alcohol where small doses of alcohol cause spikes in ‘wanting’ yet leave ‘liking’ unaffected (Hobbs, Remington, & Glautier, 2005; Ostafin, Marlatt, & Troop-Gordon, 2010), and heavy drinkers show higher sensitivity to alcohol’s stimulating and rewarding effects (A. C. King, Hasin, O'Connor, McNamara, & Cao, 2016).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as A. C. King, Hasin, O'Connor, McNamara, & Cao, 2016
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
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LIANG, K.-Y., & ZEGER, S. L. (1986) · Biometrika · doi:10.1093/biomet/73.1.13 · Cited by 18,550
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Carter, M. J. (2014) · Therapeutic Recreation Journal · Cited by 15,154
The neural basis of drug craving: An incentive-sensitization theory of addiction
Robinson, T. (1993) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(93)90013-p · Cited by 7,346
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A psychomotor stimulant theory of addiction.
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Anton, R. F., O’Malley, S. S., Ciraulo, D. A., Cisler, R. A., Couper, D., Donovan, D. M., Gastfriend, D. R., Hosking, J. D., Johnson, B. A., LoCastro, J. S., et al. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.17.2003 · Cited by 1,930
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Fridberg, 2014, Integrating alcohol challenge feedback in a brief intervention for young adult heavy drinker-smokers: A pilot study, Alcohol Clin Exp Res, 38
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Carvalho, A. F., Heilig, M. A., Perez, A., Probst, C., & Rehm, J. T. (2019) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31775-1 · Cited by 714
Alcohol, stress, and glucocorticoids: From risk to dependence and relapse in alcohol use disorders
Blaine, S. K., & Sinha, R. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.01.037 · Cited by 257
“…through their late twenties and early thirties show greater initial sensitivity to the stimulating effects of alcohol accompanied by lower cortisol release and lower sensitivity to the sedative effects of alcohol than those who do not continue binge drinking (King et al., 2015, 2011, 2014).”
Hazardous drinking and alcohol use disorders
MacKillop, J. M., Agabio, R., Ewing, S. W. F., Heilig, M. A., Kelly, J. F., Leggio, L., Lingford-Hughes, A. R., Palmer, A. A., Parry, C. D. H., Ray, L. A., et al. (2022) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/s41572-022-00406-1 · Cited by 251
Guinle, M. I. B. (2020) · Alcohol research · doi:10.35946/arcr.v40.2.05 · Cited by 211
Drug-induced stress responses and addiction risk and relapse
Wemm, S. E., & Sinha, R. (2019) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100148 · Cited by 144
Metadata
- Authors
- King, A. C., Hasin, D., O’Connor, S. J., McNamara, P. J., & Cao, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- Columbia University (US)
- Purdue University in Indianapolis (US)
- University of Illinois Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- King, Andrea C.
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-03
- Volume
- 79
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 489-498
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4644521
- OpenAlex
- W1232293211
- Semantic Scholar
- fa803d290aac459f54e02209304659e2f93dcd77
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 80
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 15
- FWCI
- 11.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001108)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA013746, P60 AA07611-27, K05AA014223, P60AA007611)
- National Cancer Institute (P30‐CA14599, P30CA014599)
- National Center for Research Resources (UL1RR024999)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Keywords
- alcoholism, heavy drinking, alcohol response, allostasis, incentive sensitization, alcohol reward, cortisol response, neuroendocrine response, alcohol tolerance, young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Ethanol, Alcoholic Intoxication, Alcoholism, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypnotics and Sedatives, Male, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Reward, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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