Acute sleep deprivation reduces energy expenditure in healthy men
Open accessAbstract
Background Epidemiologic evidence indicates that chronic sleep curtailment increases risk of developing obesity, but the mechanisms behind this relation are largely unknown.Objective We examined the influence of a single night of total sleep deprivation on morning energy expenditures and food intakes in healthy humans.Design According to a balanced crossover design, we examined 14 normal-weight male subjects on 2 occasions during a regular 24-h sleep-wake cycle (including 8 h of nocturnal sleep) and a 24-h period of continuous wakefulness. On the morning after regular sleep and total sleep deprivation, resting and postprandial energy expenditures were assessed by indirect calorimetry, and the free-choice food intake from an opulent buffet was tested in the late afternoon at the end of the experiment. Circulating concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, norepinephrine, cortisol, thyreotropin, glucose, and insulin were repeatedly measured over the entire 24-h session.Results In comparison with normal sleep, resting and postprandial energy expenditures assessed on the subsequent morning were significantly reduced after sleep deprivation by ≈5% and 20%, respectively (P < 0.05 and P < 0.0001). Nocturnal wakefulness increased morning plasma ghrelin concentrations (P < 0.02) and nocturnal and daytime circulating concentrations of thyreotropin, cortisol, and norepinephrine (P < 0.05) as well as morning postprandial plasma glucose concentrations (P < 0.05). Changes in food intakes were variable, and no differences between wake and sleep conditions were detected.Conclusion Our findings show that one night of sleep deprivation acutely reduces energy expenditure in healthy men, which suggests that sleep contributes to the acute regulation of daytime energy expenditure in humans.
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Sleep restriction increases afternoon cortisol.
“When appraised collectively, these studies show that sleep restriction increases afternoon cortisol: Table 2.”
From Sleep, testosterone and cortisol balance, and ageing men (2022) · cites this paper as [83]
Sleep restriction generally increases 24-hour energy intake relative to habitual sleep, with overeating ranging from about 180 to 559 kcal per day.
“In general, studies reported increases in 24-hour energy intake when participants underwent sleep restriction relative to habitual sleep (Table 1), with the degree of overeating ranging from ≈180 to 559 kcal/d.”
From Sleep Duration and Quality: Impact on Lifestyle Behaviors and Cardiometabolic Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association (2016) · cites this paper as [63]
In Benedict et al., decreased glucose tolerance during sleep debt resulted from reduced insulin sensitivity combined with beta-cell dysfunction, since insulin levels were not affected by sleep.
“In the study by Benedict et al. [5], the decreased glucose tolerance in a state of sleep debt was the consequence of reduced SI combined to beta-cell dysfunction since insulin levels were not affected by the presence or absence of sleep.”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [5]
Glucose tolerance was altered after 72-126 hours of total sleep deprivation and after 24 hours of total sleep deprivation.
“Glucose tolerance was found to be altered in two studies, i.e., after 72–126 h of TSD [86] and after 24 h of TSD [5].”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [5]
Of three studies assessing insulin sensitivity after a glucose load, two found reduced insulin sensitivity after sleep loss and one found reduced insulin sensitivity after recovery sleep.
“Thus, of the three studies that assessed SI after a glucose load, two found reduced SI after sleep loss [5, 195] and one found reduced SI after recovery sleep [204].”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [5]
Increased fasting glucose was reported after 120 hours of total sleep deprivation but not after 72-126 hours or one night of total sleep deprivation.
“Increased fasting glucose was reported after 120 h of TSD [200] but not after 72–126 h [86] or one single night of TSD [5, 143, 195, 204]”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [5]
Two studies found that one night of total sleep deprivation increased subjective hunger the next morning.
“More recently, two studies [5, 143] reported that a night of TSD resulted in increased subjective hunger the following morning.”
From Sleep and metabolic function (2012) · cites this paper as [5]
One night of total sleep deprivation increases energy expenditure during the night, but reduces next-day resting and postprandial energy expenditure by 5% and 20%, leading to positive energy balance.
“Two groups found that one night of total sleep deprivation increased EE during the night, whereas the following day, resting and postprandial EE were reduced by 5% and 20%, respectively, overall leading to a positive energy balance43,100”
From Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity (2012) · cites this paper as [100]
Partial and total sleep deprivation result in elevated salivary and plasma cortisol the following afternoon and evening, while morning cortisol may be unchanged or decreased.
“Partial and total sleep deprivation resulted in elevated salivary and plasma cortisol the following afternoon and evening100,101,109,114,117 (Table 1), while morning cortisol levels may be unchanged or even decreased.90,97,117”
From Interacting epidemics? Sleep curtailment, insulin resistance, and obesity (2012) · cites this paper as [100]
The effects of sleep restriction on leptin levels in subsequent studies have been mixed, with some studies reporting an increase and others reporting no significant difference after sleep restriction.
“The effects of sleep restriction on leptin levels in subsequent studies have been mixed, with some studies reporting an increase in leptin [25, 41–45] while others reported no significant difference [33, 46–51] after sleep restriction.”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [33]
A crossover study of 14 healthy males during 24-h continuous wakefulness reported an increase in nocturnal and daytime levels of norepinephrine (p<0.05).
“A similar finding was also reported in a crossover study of 14 healthy males during 24-h continuous wakefulness [33]. They reported an increase in nocturnal and daytime levels of norepinephrine (p<0.05).”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [33]
A similar study with 14 men showed elevations in morning ghrelin levels (p<0.02) following the night after total sleep deprivation.
“A similar study with 14 men also showed elevations in morning ghrelin levels (p<0.02) following the night after TSD [33].”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [33]
In 14 normal-weight men after 24-h of continuous wakefulness, resting (−5%, p<0.05) and postprandial (−20%, p<0.001) energy expenditure were significantly reduced after one night of total sleep deprivation with a significant increase in hunger ratings while no changes in ad libitum food intake in the afternoon were observed.
“In 14 normal-weight men in the morning after 24-h of continuous wakefulness both resting and postprandial EE were assessed along with hunger ratings before the standardized breakfast. The resting (−5%, p<0.05) and postprandial (−20%, p<0.001) EE were significantly reduced after one night of total sleep deprivation with a significant increase in hunger ratings while no changes in ad libitum food”
From Association between sleep deficiency and cardiometabolic disease: implications for health disparities (2016) · cites this paper as [33]
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- Authors
- Benedict, C., Hallschmid, M., Lassen, A., Mahnke, C., Schultes, B., Schiöth, H. B., Born, J., & Lange, T.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Benedict, Christian
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-06
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1229-1236
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2139560142
- Cited by
- 243
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 38.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- sleep deprivation, energy expenditure, dietary intake, ghrelin, leptin, cortisol, norepinephrine, postprandial energy expenditure, obesity risk, healthy men
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Energy Intake, Calorimetry, Indirect, Diet, Energy Metabolism, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Norepinephrine, Obesity, Reference Values, Rest, Sleep, Sleep Deprivation, Thyrotropin, Wakefulness, Cross-Over Studies, Postprandial Period, Ghrelin, Young Adult
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