Sensory expectations based on product-extrinsic food cues: An interdisciplinary review of the empirical evidence and theoretical accounts
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This article constitutes a state-of-the-art review of the literature on the effects of expectations on the sensory perception of food and drink by humans. In the ‘Introduction’, we summarize the theoretical models of expectations that have been put forward. In the ‘Empirical research utilizing direct methods’ section, we describe the influence that expectations created by a variety of product extrinsic cues have on sensory perception, hedonic appraisal, and intake/consumption. We critically evaluate the evidence that has emerged from both laboratory studies and real-world research conducted in the setting of the restaurant, canteen, and bar. This literature review is focused primarily on those studies that have demonstrated an effect on tasting. Crucially, this review goes beyond previous work in the area by highlighting the relevant cognitive neuroscience literature (see the section ‘Applied research through the lens of cognitive neuroscience methods’) and the postulated psychological mechanisms of expectation in terms of recent accounts of predictive coding and Bayesian decision theory (see the ‘Predictive coding and expectations’ section).
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THE IMPORTANCE OF VISUAL APPEARANCE OF FOODS TO THE FOOD PROCESSOR AND THE CONSUMER1
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THE INFLUENCE OF VERBAL OR SYMBOLIC STIMULI ON SALIVARY GLAND SECRETION*
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Sorted by citations
Multisensory Flavor Perception
Spence, C. (2015) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.03.007 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Self-citationOn the psychological impact of food colour
Spence, C. (2015) · Flavour · doi:10.1186/s13411-015-0031-3 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
Self-citationFiorentini, M., Kinchla, A. J., & Nolden, A. A. (2020) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods9091334 · Cited by 398 · see citing works
“More specifically, the unfamiliarity with novel foods can alter expectations that may negatively impact sensory perception and overall liking [17].”
BackgroundCardello, A. V., Llobell, F., Giacalone, D., Roigard, C. M., & Jaeger, S. R. (2022) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2022.104599 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Spence, C., & Velasco, C. (2018) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.03.008 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Q. J., Mielby, L. A., Junge, J. Y., Bertelsen, A. S., Kidmose, U., Spence, C., & Byrne, D. V. (2019) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods8060211 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“It is important to keep in mind that exteroceptive sensory cues mostly operate by shaping sensory expectations (see Reference [182] for a review).”
BackgroundSelf-citationCup colour influences consumers’ expectations and experience on tasting specialty coffee
Carvalho, F. M., & Spence, C. (2019) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2019.03.001 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationOral referral: On the mislocalization of odours to the mouth
Spence, C. (2016) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.02.006 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationWang, Q. (., Keller, S., & Spence, C. (2017) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.12.014 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citation“See me, feel me”: Effects of 3D-printed surface patterns on beverage evaluation
van Rompay, T. J. L., Finger, F., Saakes, D., & Fenko, A. (2017) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.12.002 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
‘Striking a sour note’: Assessing the influence of consonant and dissonant music on taste perception
Wang, Q. (., & Spence, C. (2016) · Multisensory Research · doi:10.1163/22134808-00002505 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessing the effect of shape on the evaluation of expected and actual chocolate flavour
Wang, Q. J., Reinoso Carvalho, F., Persoone, D., & Spence, C. (2017) · Flavour · doi:10.1186/s13411-017-0052-1 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationCotton candy: A gastrophysical investigation
Spence, C., Corujo, A., & Youssef, J. (2019) · International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science · doi:10.1016/j.ijgfs.2019.100146 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Piqueras-Fiszman, B., & Spence, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Venue
- Food Quality and Preference
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-03
- Volume
- 40
- Pages
- 165-179
- ISSN
- 0950-3293 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2028666120
- Cited by
- 855
- References
- 176
- Citations by year
- 2026: 102 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 79 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 75 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 89 · 2018: 71 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 51 · 2015: 22 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 55.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- research.wur.nl
- Locations
- Food Quality and Preference (publishedVersion)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Sensory Analysis and Statistical Methods
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- sensory expectations, food cues, food perception, dietary intake, predictive coding, Bayesian decision theory
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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