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Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification
Open accessAbstract
Polysaccharides obtained from macroalgae have promising prospects and could contribute greatly to the future of a marine based bio-economy. Specifically, laminarin and fucoidan from brown macroalgae have a wide variety of potential industrial applications including functional foods and nutraceuticals, due to their broad range of biological activities. These beneficial biological activities are related to the chemical composition and structure of the macroalgal polysaccharides. The molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and sulphate content of these polysaccharides could be influenced by both macroalgal biology (i.e. variations in polysaccharide composition due to macroalgae species and their biological cycle) and different extraction/purification techniques employed to obtain polysaccharide enriched products (i.e. de-sulphation or fragmentation of sulphated polysaccharides). This review focuses on the extraction and purification methods for the macroalgal polysaccharides laminarin and fucoidan used in the recent literature. The application of innovative extraction technologies (such as ultrasound, microwave and enzyme-assisted extractions), as well as new purification techniques (i.e. membrane separation), are also discussed together with the challenges concerning molecule structure-function relationship and macroalgal variability.
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TL;DR
This review summarizes recent extraction and purification approaches for macroalgal polysaccharides, focusing on laminarin and fucoidan, including conventional solvent methods and innovative technologies such as ultrasound-, microwave-, and enzyme-assisted extraction. It also outlines biological activities and persistent challenges in standardization, structure-function understanding, and industrial scale-up.
Key findings
- Macroalgae comprise more than 10,000 described species, and laminarin may constitute up to 35% of dried macroalgal biomass; laminarin and fucoidan show antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, antioxidant, antiviral, antitumour, antiproliferative, and immunostimulatory activities in in vitro and in vivo systems.
- Extraction commonly uses water, ethanol, or dilute HCl, with CaCl₂ often applied to remove alginates; innovative UAE, MAE, and EAE can improve efficiency, though MAE fucoidan yields were similar to conventional techniques, and EAE is limited by enzyme cost.
- Purification relies mainly on anion-exchange chromatography for fucoidan, size-exclusion chromatography for molecular-weight fractionation and desalting, affinity chromatography, and membrane filtration; a dye-affinity method using toluidine blue achieved higher purity than commercially available Sigma-Aldrich fucoidan (95%).
- Optimization studies used response surface methodology, including Box-Behnken and central composite designs; one optimized single-step fucoidan extraction used 0.03 M HCl at 90°C for 4 hours, and MAE produced low-molecular-weight fucoidan products around 5–30 kDa.
Methods
- Narrative review of recent literature on extraction and purification of macroalgal polysaccharides, with emphasis on laminarin and fucoidan.
- Synthesizes reported methods and conditions in tables covering extraction, anion-exchange chromatography, size-exclusion chromatography, and in vitro/in vivo bioactivities; no primary experimental data are presented.
- Discusses optimization strategies, including response surface methodology and specific extraction/purification parameters reported in the reviewed studies.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: lack of standardized extraction methodologies has prevented official approval of polysaccharides or derived fractions for pharmaceutical, dermatological, nutraceutical, or other commercial applications; structure-function relationships and in vivo efficiency/bioavailability are poorly understood; UAE and EAE face high machinery, enzyme, and energy costs at large scale; membrane filtration is hindered by fouling; seasonal variation and macroalgal supply sustainability need further study.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not report a systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or quantitative meta-analysis.
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In the paper
“The lack of standardized extraction methodologies has prevented the approval of polysaccharides or their derived fractions to be officially approved for pharmaceutical, dermatological, nutraceutical or other commercial applications to date”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ale & Meyer, 2013 source
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In the paper
“However, the heat generated during the extraction process might cause damages to heatsensitive compounds”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Michalak & Chojnacka, 2014
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“There is a marked relationship between the chemical structure of both macroalgal polysaccharides (i.e.molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, sulphate content and position) and their biological activity.”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 1. Introduction
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In the paper
“Furthermore, it was also observed that structural modifications to these molecules (i.e.molecular weight, degree of sulphation) can occur during the processes of extraction and purification; for instance, use of different extraction solvents and experimental conditions (such as pH, time, temperature and pressure)”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 1. Introduction
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In the paper
“These alcohol treatments were applied to remove lipids (defatted), proteins (deproteinated) and phenols (dephenolated), but also mannitol and chlorophyll, compounds that are highly bound to the polysaccharides, contaminating the target compounds”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 2.2. Pre-treatment of macroalgae
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hahn et al., 2012 source
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In the paper
“These differences could be attributed to factors such as macroalgae species, parts of the macroalgae sampled and differences in polysaccharide content and composition depending on the season”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 1. Introduction
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hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Other novel pre-treatments recently described in the literature include compressional-puffing-hydrothermal process consisting of heating at atmospheric pressure (140°C, 180°C and 220°C), followed by rapid reduction of pressure in a vessel containing superheated water, which allows the modification of the cellular structure of the macroalgae prior to extraction of fucoidan”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 2.2. Pre-treatment of macroalgae
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Huang, Wu, Yang, Kuan, & Chen, 2016 source
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In the paper
“However, the usage of enzymes is limited due to their high price in industrial applications”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hahn et al., 2012 source
- Not checked yetcites Michalak & Chojnacka, 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“These macroalgal polysaccharides, particularly fucoidan and laminarin, show a wide range of biological activities such as antiinflammatory, antimicrobial, anticoagulant, antiadhesive, antioxidant, antiviral, antipeptic, antitumour, antiapoptosis, antiproliferative and immunostimulatory in in vitro and in vivo model systems”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 1. Introduction
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In the paper
“After the initial solvent extraction, the application of organic solvents (i.e.ethanol) or tensids (cetrylmethylammonium bromide) are common practices to precipitate the polysaccharides from the mixture”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 2.3. Extraction techniques of polysaccharides 2.3.1. Solvent extraction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hahn et al., 2012 source
- Not checked yetcites Kadam, Tiwari, et al., 2015
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In the paper
“Innovative or novel technologies have been used to develop extraction processes more efficient in terms of yield, time and cost and more environmentally friendly by lowering the energy consumption”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 2.3.2. Innovative extraction technologies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kadam, Tiwari, & O'Donnell, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Barba, Grimi, & Vorobiev, 2015
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In the paper
“Slightly acidic solutions, i.e. low molarity solutions of HCl have also been described”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 2.3. Extraction techniques of polysaccharides 2.3.1. Solvent extraction
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“They are uncharged molecules at neutral pH which are stabilized by inter-chain hydrogen bonds, thus unable to hydrolyse in the upper gastrointestinal tract and are classified as dietary fibers”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites O'Sullivan et al., 2010 source
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In the paper
“The extraction of macroalgal polysaccharides is typically performed using pretreated dried macroalgae or defatted biomass with different solvents at different temperatures ranging from room temperature to 120°C, for several hours.”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 2.3. Extraction techniques of polysaccharides 2.3.1. Solvent extraction
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“This extraction technology, a thermal based approach, uses microwaves causing temperature rise and water evaporation of intracellular fluids that leads to break down of the cell walls, thus release the intracellular compounds into the medium”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > Microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Michalak & Chojnacka, 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Additionally, the enzymes used are eco-friendly, non-toxic, food grade and could be used in large scale operations”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Michalak & Chojnacka, 2014
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Laminarins are energy reserve polysaccharides present in reserve vacuoles inside the macroalgal cell and may constitute up to 35% of the dried weight of the macroalgal biomass”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kadam, Tiwari, et al., 2015
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“UAE is cost-effective in comparison with other novel extraction techniques and has high possibilities to scale up to industry.Other advantages of UAE include low solvent consumption, high level of automation, and possibilities to combine this technique with others”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > Ultrasound-assisted extraction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ibañez et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Michalak & Chojnacka, 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Laminarin and fucoidan were further purified from the extract using different techniques such as membrane filtration or chromatographic procedures”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 2.3. Extraction techniques of polysaccharides 2.3.1. Solvent extraction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ale, Mikkelsen, et al., 2011a
- Not checked yetcites Cong et al., 2016 source
- Not checked yetcites Cong et al., 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“UAE is a non-thermal extraction technique wherein sound waves migrating through a medium, inducing pressure variations and cavitations that grow and collapse, transforming the sound waves into mechanical energy, which disrupts the cell walls, reduce the particle size and enhance the contact between the solvents and the targeted compounds”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > Ultrasound-assisted extraction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Michalak & Chojnacka, 2014
- Not checked yetcites Ying et al., 2011 source
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In the paper
“Laminarin was described as 1,3-linked β-dglucose residues with different degrees of branching at β-(1,6) that influence the water solubility of the molecules”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rioux, Turgeon, & Beaulieu, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Fucoidan or fucose-containing sulphated polysaccharides have a backbone of (1→3)-linked α-l-fucopyranosyl or alternating (1→3)-and (1→4)-linked α-lfucopyranosyl residues, but also include sulphated galactofucans with backbones built of (1→6)-β-d-galacto-and/or (1→2)-β-d-mannopyranosyl units with fucose or fucooligosaccharide branching, and/or glucuronic acid, xylose or glucose substitutions”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ale, Mikkelsen, & Meyer, 2011b
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Fucoidans are an integral part of the cell walls and intercellular spaces in brown macroalgae, playing a crucial role in the protection of the macroalgae against the effects of desiccation when the biomass is exposed at low tide”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ale, Mikkelsen, et al., 2011b
- Not checked yetcites Senthilkumar et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The application of SEC allows fractionation of the laminarins and fucoidans according to their molecular weights.Furthermore, it can also help in desalting the purified compounds from the high salt concentrations”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 3.2. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hahn et al., 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The in vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides have been determined mainly by 1,1diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazil (DPPH) radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays amongst others”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 5. Biological activity and potential health applications of macroalgal polysaccharides
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“However, their widespread applications have been hindered due to excessive membrane fouling (which could result in reduced performance), high energy inputs and frequent membrane cleaning or replacement”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 3.4. Membrane filtration
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Marcati et al., 2014 source
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In the paper
“Fucoidans exhibit high anionic charges, even at low pH values, due to the sulphate ester groups linked to the carbohydrate backbone.Thus, AEC is one of the most common purification techniques used under different experimental conditions (Table 2).”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 3.1. Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In the case of polysaccharides, fucose-binding lectins were used effectively to purify fucoidan from crude solutions; however problems could arise if the sulphate content of the polysaccharide blocks the fucose units that interact with the lectins”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 3.3. Affinity chromatography
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hahn et al., 2016 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Fucoidan fractions containing high levels of total sugars, fucose, and uronic acids showed increased radical scavenging activity while molecules with high degree of sulphation showed high FRAP antioxidant activity”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 5. Biological activity and potential health applications of macroalgal polysaccharides
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hifney et al., 2016 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The high performance and resolution showed by AEC, together with its relatively low average cost, large sample handling capacity and automation made this technique one of the most widely used liquid chromatography technique for purification”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 3.1. Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Acikara, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Different fucoidan fractions could be further separated by AEC based on the degree of sulphation of the molecules.In general, highly sulphated fucoidan fractions showed stronger interactions with the resins, which require higher salt concentrations to elute these compounds.”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 3.1. Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hahn et al., 2012 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“The separation of the compounds achieved with IEC is based on the adsorption of charged solute molecules on to immobilized ion exchange groups of opposite charge and its elution by changing the concentration or pH of the running buffer”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 3.1. Ion-exchange chromatography (IEC)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rieman & Walton, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Jeon et al. (2011) has described the optimum conditions of pH (ranging from 3.8 to 8) and temperature (from 40 to 60°C) for enzymes such as amyloglucosidase (AMG), agarase, alcalase, carragenanase, cellucast, cellulose protamex, kojizyme, neutrase, termamyl, ultraflo, umamizyme, xylanase and viscozyme which are most commonly used in EAE.”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jeon et al., 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Macroalgal polysaccharides display a wide range of biological properties including antiinflammatory, immunostimulatory, antioxidant, anticoagulant, antimicrobial, antiviral, antipeptic, antiadhesive, antiproliferative, antiapoptosis and antitumour properties”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 5. Biological activity and potential health applications of macroalgal polysaccharides
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Affinity chromatography is based on the reversible interaction between the molecules and a specific ligand coupled to a chromatography matrix, enabling the purification of different compounds on the basis of its biological function or individual chemical structure”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 3.3. Affinity chromatography
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dunlap, 2013
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Low molecular weight fucoidan fraction from Alaria angusta showed antiproliferative effects against HT 29 and T-47D cell lines, while laminarin fraction showed antiproliferative effects against HT 29 cell lines”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 5. Biological activity and potential health applications of macroalgal polysaccharides
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Menshova et al., 2015 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This optimization technique is time-and cost-consuming and does not include the interactive effects among the variables studied”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 4. Optimization of the methods
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Also, fucoidan fractions from Sargassum fusiforme showed potent antiangiogenic activities that could be useful in cancer therapy”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 5. Biological activity and potential health applications of macroalgal polysaccharides
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cong et al., 2016 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The use of protease enzymes was described for the isolation of fucoidan with anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects from Sargassum vulgare biomass followed by solvent precipitation with acetone”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > Enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dore et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The animals receiving fucoidan showed a reduction in Enterobacteriaceae counts and improved faecal consistency due to the ability of fucoidan to inhibit the attachment of certain bacterial species in the porcine gastrointestinal tract”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 5. Biological activity and potential health applications of macroalgal polysaccharides
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Walsh et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recent use of dye affinity chromatography techniques and widely used AEC and SEC showed important results not only to achieve high purity levels of polysaccharides but also to isolate and collect different fractions of either laminarin or fucoidan with different chemical structure and biological properties.”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 6. Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Ale, Mikkelsen, et al. (2011a) optimized one step process of fucoidan extraction from Sargassum sp. using a central composite design.”
- Also stated in: § Imbs et al. (2016) · plain
“The authors concluded that one single step of extraction with 0.03M HCl at 90°C for 4 hours showed optimum results in terms of high fucoidan yield”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > Imbs et al. (2016)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ale, Mikkelsen, et al. (2011a)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Imbs et al. (2016) · plain
The paper relies on this without support.
The effect of microwaves on the structural properties and bioactivity of fucoidan is unknown.
“However, effect of the microwaves on the structural properties and bioactivity of fucoidan is still unknown.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The in vivo efficiency and bioavailability of laminarin and fucoidan are not completely explored.
“Though both laminarin and fucoidan have shown multiple biological activities in in vitro systems, their efficiency and bioavailability in in vivo model is not completely explored.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The role of chemical structure of macroalgal polysaccharides in their biological activities in vitro and in vivo is poorly understood.
“The role of the chemical structure of macroalgal polysaccharides and their biological activities in vitro and in vivo is poorly understood to date.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The chemical structure of macroalgal polysaccharides varies with macroalgal species, environment, geographical location, and extraction/purification conditions such as temperature and time.
“It is known that the chemical structure of the macroalgal polysaccharides varied according to factors affecting the macroalgal biomass (i.e.macroalgae species, environment and geographical location) as well as conditions during the extraction and purification of the polysaccharides (i.e.temperature, time).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Macroalgae is a renewable biomass that can be used for sustainable polysaccharide production.
“In general, macroalgae is considered a renewable biomass which can be utilized for sustainable polysaccharide production.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The majority of macroalgae currently sold in the European market comes from wild harvest.
“Due to the fact that the majority of macroalgae currently commercialized in the European market is wild harvested biomass”
The paper relies on this without support.
Biological parameters of macroalgae can affect the chemical structure of their polysaccharides.
“The chemical structure of the polysaccharides could also be affected by parameters related with the biology of macroalgae.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Algae are considered as a good source of dietary fibers because of the presence of non-digestible polysaccharides in the algal cell wall (Figure 3) [11]. It has been shown that they possess activities, like antioxidant [12], hypoglycemic [13], antiviral [14,15], antitumor [16], and anti-inflammatory due to the presence of fucoidan and laminarin [17].”
From Overview on the Application of Modern Methods for the Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Marine Macroalgae (2018) · cites this paper as [17]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > 3.2. Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC)
“or columns successively connected i.e.TSK G4000 SW-XL and TSK G3000 SW-XL (Anastyuk, Imbs, et al., 2012;Foley et al., 2011;Imbs et al., 2010) were used.”
§ Polysaccharides from macroalgae: Recent advances, innovative technologies and challenges in extraction and purification > Additional information
“| Fucoidan | Shodex Asahipak GS-520 HQ and Shodex Asahipak GS-620 | Imbs et al. |”
Citations
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Metadata
- Authors
- Garcia-Vaquero, M., Rajauria, G., O'Doherty, J. V., & Sweeney, T.
- Affiliations
- University College Dublin (IE)
- Venue
- Food Research International
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-09
- Volume
- 99
- Issue
- Pt 3
- Pages
- 1011-1020
- ISSN
- 0963-9969 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2557114065
- Semantic Scholar
- 9b69b6430a03f9dc2b38b3651adacae1f206a6ba
- Cited by
- 364
- References
- 103
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 40 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 23.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Licence
- Locations
- Food Research International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Repository UCD (University College Dublin) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- Science Foundation Ireland (14/IA/2548)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Polysaccharides Composition and Applications
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Polysaccharides and Plant Cell Walls
- Keywords
- laminarin, fucoidan, brown macroalgae, polysaccharide extraction, polysaccharide purification, ultrasound-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, enzymatic extraction, membrane separation, desulphation, sulfated polysaccharides, structure-function relationship, nutraceuticals, functional foods
- MeSH terms
- Diffusion of Innovation, Food Additives, Food Handling, Glucans, Polysaccharides, Seaweed
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