Is the ADHD brain wired differently? A review on structural and functional connectivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Open accessAbstract
In recent years, a change in perspective in etiological models of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has occurred in concordance with emerging concepts in other neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. These models shift the focus of the assumed pathology from regional brain abnormalities to dysfunction in distributed network organization. In the current contribution, we report findings from functional connectivity studies during resting and task states, as well as from studies on structural connectivity using diffusion tensor imaging, in subjects with ADHD. Although major methodological limitations in analyzing connectivity measures derived from noninvasive in vivo neuroimaging still exist, there is convergent evidence for white matter pathology and disrupted anatomical connectivity in ADHD. In addition, dysfunctional connectivity during rest and during cognitive tasks has been demonstrated. However, the causality between disturbed white matter architecture and cortical dysfunction remains to be evaluated. Both genetic and environmental factors might contribute to disruptions in interactions between different brain regions. Stimulant medication not only modulates regionally specific activation strength but also normalizes dysfunctional connectivity, pointing to a predominant network dysfunction in ADHD. By combining a longitudinal approach with a systems perspective in ADHD in the future, it might be possible to identify at which stage during development disruptions in neural networks emerge and to delineate possible new endophenotypes of ADHD. Hum Brain Mapp, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
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The IFC, DLPFC, striatal and parietal regions are also structurally abnormal in ADHD.
“which are also structurally abnormal 8, 9, 10.”
From Effects of stimulants on brain function in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2014) · cites this paper as [9]
The review’s “Abnormal structural connectivity in ADHD as shown by DTI studies” section reports white-matter abnormalities near the striatum and parieto-occipital cortex, and in a tract connecting parietal and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (p. 912). It does not establish that all four named regions—including the inferior frontal cortex—are themselves structurally abnormal; its inferior frontal finding concerns functional coupling. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAlterations in the default mode network have been reported in schizophrenia, ADHD, depression, PTSD, OCD, and ASD.
“alterations in the default mode network have been reported in schizophrenia (Öngür et al., 2010), ADHD (Konrad and Eickhoff, 2010), depression (Öngür et al., 2010; Zhu et al., 2012), PTSD (Bluhm et al., 2009), OCD (Peng et al., 2014), and ASD (Padmanabhan et al., 2017).”
From The cingulum bundle: Anatomy, function, and dysfunction (2018) · cites this paper as Konrad and Eickhoff, 2010
In ADHD, resting state disturbances suggest either hyperconnectivity or hypoconnectivity.
“while resting state disturbances suggest either hyperconnectivity or hypoconnectivity (Konrad and Eickhoff, 2010).”
From The cingulum bundle: Anatomy, function, and dysfunction (2018) · cites this paper as Konrad and Eickhoff, 2010
Previous records show abnormal DMN activity in ASD and ADHD, where this has been associated with attentional lapses.
“The findings are in line with previous records of abnormal DMN activity in ASD59, 62 and ADHD, where this has been associated with attentional lapses.61, 63, 64”
From Disorder-specific functional abnormalities during sustained attention in youth with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and with Autism (2013) · cites this paper as [63]
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- Authors
- Konrad, K., & Eickhoff, S. B.
- Affiliations
- Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Konrad, Kerstin
- Venue
- Human Brain Mapping
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-05-14
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 904-916
- ISSN
- 1065-9471 (ISSN-L)
- 1097-0193
- PMC
- PMC6871159
- OpenAlex
- W2027299889
- Cited by
- 670
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 45 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 39 · 2017: 52 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 5.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Human Brain Mapping (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- JuSER (Forschungszentrum Jülich) (submittedVersion)
- RWTH Publications (RWTH Aachen) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Multiple Sclerosis Society
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01GJ0808, 01GV0602)
- Federalno Ministarstvo Obrazovanja i Nauke
- National Institutes of Health (NIH-R01, R01-MH074457-01A1, MH074457)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH074457, R56MH074457)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Keywords
- attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, functional connectivity, structural connectivity, white matter pathology, brain network dysfunction, diffusion tensor imaging, resting-state functional connectivity, stimulant medication, endophenotypes, genetic and environmental risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity, Brain, Humans, Neural Pathways
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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