Centella asiatica: Secondary metabolites, biological activities and biomass sources

Kunjumon, Renju; Johnson, Anil John; Baby, Sabulal

doi:10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100176

Cited by 79Medicinal Plants and NeuroprotectionNatural product bioactivities and synthesisPhytochemistry and Bioactivity Studies

Centella asiatica: Secondary metabolites, biological activities and biomass sources

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Kunjumon, Renju, Johnson, Anil John, Baby, Sabulal·2022·Phytomedicine Plus

DOI 10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100176

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Abstract

Phytochemistry of Centella asiatica (CA) gained momentum after the discovery of asiaticoside in the early 1940s. Though there is lot of literature on this precious herb, its chemistry has not been comprehensively reviewed. Moreover, several duplicate names, synonyms and contradictory findings were observed in CA literature. The traditional, food and vegetable, pharmaceutical and cosmetic uses of CA are steadily on the rise, resulting in its ever increasing biomass requirements. This article is an inclusive review of the last eight decades of chemistry of CA. Its biological activities, food and beverage, cosmetic applications and natural and alternate biomass sources are also assessed. CA literature for this review was gathered from web-based resources such as PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar, and chemical structures were drawn using ChemDraw software. So far 139 secondary metabolites were isolated from CA, viz., ursane-type triterpenes (11), oleanane-type triterpenes (5), ursane-type triterpene glycosides (30), oleanane-type triterpene glycosides (14), dammarane-type triterpene glycosides (15), steroids (4), steroid glycosides (2), flavonoids (18), polyacetylenes (9), phenolic acids (13) and other miscellaneous compounds (18). Of these 139 compounds, 70 are new entities described for the first time. Most prominent CA metabolites are the four ursane type triterpenes, viz., asiatic acid, madecassic acid, asiaticoside and madecassoside. Naming issues and contradictory findings are resolved in this article. Biological activities of CA and its secondary metabolites are also reviewed. The wide use of CA as a vegetable and food ingredient is justified by the antioxidant activities of its phenolics, flavonoids and other constituents. The traditional uses, geographical sources, conservation status, industrial demand, elite clones, alternative sources, chemical variability, ecological and other allied parameters and quality control requirements of CA are also discussed in the context of its chemistry and secondary metabolites. This review emphasizes the need to study the biology of the least investigated CA metabolites, viz., oleanane-type triterpenoids, caffeoyl quinic acids, polyacetylenes, phenolics, miscellaneous compounds. Moreover, a comprehensive description of the secondary metabolites in CA will aid its future chemistry, biosynthesis, chemical transformation and biological activity studies.

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The pharmacological activity of Centella asiatica is attributed primarily to its secondary metabolites.
“The pharmacological activity of C. asiatica is attributed primarily to its secondary metabolites.”
From Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. in skin health and cosmeceuticals: mechanisms, clinical evidence, and advanced delivery systems (2025) · cites this paper as Kunjumon et al. 2022

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Ultrasound-assisted extraction of asiaticoside from Centella asiatica using betaine-based natural deep eutectic solvent
Fuad, F. M., & Nadzir, M. M. (2022) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2022.116069 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Optimisation of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Total Phenolics and Flavonoids Content from Centella asiatica
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Phytochemical Analysis and Antioxidant Activity of Centella Asiatica Extracts: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Flavonoids
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Hydrogel wound dressings containing bioactive compounds originated from traditional Chinese herbs: A review
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Pharmacological effects of pentacyclic triterpenoids isolated from Centella asiatica
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Centella asiatica: Advances in Extraction Technologies, Phytochemistry, and Therapeutic Applications
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Biosynthesis and bioactivities of triterpenoids from Centella asiatica: Challenges and opportunities
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Enhancement of bioactive compounds and biological activities of Centella asiatica through ultrasound treatment
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Extraction of Centella asiatica herb using microwave-assisted solvent extraction: Optimization of crude extract using Box-Behnken design
Handayani, D. P., Kusuma, H. S., Timotius, D., Sarastika, T., Mahfud, M., & Darmokoesoemo, H. (2024) · Green Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.greeac.2024.100146 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Assessment of major centelloside ratios in Centella asiatica accessions grown under identical ecological conditions, bioconversion clues and identification of elite lines
Kunjumon, R., Johnson, A. J., Kurup, R., & Baby, S. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-12077-9 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
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Using machine learning to link the influence of transferred Agrobacterium rhizogenes genes to the hormone profile and morphological traits in Centella asiatica hairy roots
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Centella asiatica Linn
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THERAPEUTIC EFFICIENCY OF Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. AN UNDERUTILIZED GREEN LEAFY VEGETABLE: AN OVERVIEW
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Two New Triterpene Glycosides fromCentella asiatica
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Profiling of triterpenoid saponin content variation in different chemotypic accessions of Centella asiatica L.
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Authors: Kunjumon, R., Johnson, A. J., & Baby, S.
Affiliations: University of Kerala (IN)
Jawaharlal Nehru Tropical Botanic Garden and Research Institute (IN)
Corresponding author: Baby, Sabulal
ORCID: Baby, Sabulal
Venue: Phytomedicine Plus
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2022-02
Volume: 2
Issue: 1
Pages: 100176
ISSN: 2667-0313 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/j.phyplu.2021.100176
OpenAlex: W4200199049
Cited by: 79
References: 163
Citations by year: 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 8
FWCI: 13.81
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Phytomedicine Plus (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India (BT/PR12720/COE/34/21/2015/A 193 B1)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Medicinal Plants and Neuroprotection
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Natural product bioactivities and synthesis
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Phytochemistry and Bioactivity Studies
Keywords: Centella asiatica, secondary metabolites, asiaticoside, asiatic acid, madecassic acid, madecassoside, ursane triterpenoids, oleanane triterpenoids, triterpenoid saponins, flavonoids, polyacetylene, phenolic acids, antioxidant activity, cosmetic applications, biomass sources, botanical nomenclature, quality control

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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Centella asiatica: Secondary metabolites, biological activities and biomass sources

Abstract

Integrity signals

Claims the paper makes

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Cites

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