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The NimStim set of facial expressions: Judgments from untrained research participants.
Open accessAbstract
A set of face stimuli called the NimStim Set of Facial Expressions is described. The goal in creating this set was to provide facial expressions that untrained individuals, characteristic of research participants, would recognize. This set is large in number, multiracial, and available to the scientific community online. The results of psychometric evaluations of these stimuli are presented. The results lend empirical support for the validity and reliability of this set of facial expressions as determined by accurate identification of expressions and high intra-participant agreement across two testing sessions, respectively.
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“Though normative data suggest that calm faces are less positive and arousing than happy faces (Tottenham et al., 2009)”
From Frontostriatal maturation predicts cognitive control failure to appetitive cues in adolescents (2011) · cites this paper as Tottenham et al., 2009
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tottenham, N., Tanaka, J. W., Leon, A. C., McCarry, T., Nurse, M., Hare, T. A., Marcus, D. J., Westerlund, A., Casey, B., & Nelson, C.
- Affiliations
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Victoria (CA)
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- Children's National (US)
- Boston Children's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tottenham, Nim
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychiatry Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 168
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 242-249
- ISSN
- 0165-1781 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3474329
- OpenAlex
- W2098958400
- Cited by
- 3,454
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 112 · 2025: 159 · 2024: 173 · 2023: 179 · 2022: 257 · 2021: 251 · 2020: 221 · 2019: 251 · 2018: 255 · 2017: 244 · 2016: 247 · 2015: 230 · 2014: 193 · 2013: 201 · 2012: 186
- FWCI
- 73.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychiatry Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- OSF Preprints (OSF Preprints) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH091864, R01MH078829)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Face Recognition and Perception
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Emotion and Mood Recognition
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition › Face recognition and analysis
- Keywords
- facial expressions, facial expression recognition, face stimuli, psychometric validation, inter-rater reliability
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Cultural Comparison, Emotions, Facial Expression, Humans, Judgment, Neuropsychological Tests, Pattern Recognition, Visual, Photic Stimulation, Psychometrics, Reaction Time, Reproducibility of Results, Young Adult
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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