Microbial biotransformation of aqueous film-forming foam derived polyfluoroalkyl substances
Open accessAbstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) used in aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) comprise some perfluoroalkyl substances but a larger variety of polyfluoroalkyl substances. Despite their abundance in AFFF, information is lacking on the potential transformation of these polyfluoroalkyl substances. Due to the biological and chemical stability of the repeating perfluoroalkyl -(CF 2)n- moiety common to all known AFFF-derived PFASs, it is not immediately evident whether the microbial biotransformation mechanisms observed for other organic contaminants also govern the microbial biotransformation of polyfluoroalkyl substances. Herein, we aim to: 1) review the literature on the aerobic or anaerobic microbial biotransformation of AFFF-derived polyfluoroalkyl substances in environmental media; 2) compile and summarize proposed microbial biotransformation pathways for major classes of polyfluoroalkyl substances; 3) identify the dominant biotransformation intermediates and terminal biotransformation products; and 4) discuss these findings in the context of environmental monitoring and source allocation. This analysis revealed that much more is currently known about aerobic microbial biotransformation of polyfluoroalkyl substances, as compared to anaerobic biotransformation. Further, there are some similarities in microbial biotransformations of fluorotelomer and electrochemical fluorination-derived polyfluoroalkyl substances, but differences may be largely due to head group composition. Dealkylation, oxidation, and hydrolytic reactions appear to be particularly important for microbial biotransformation of AFFF-derived polyfluoroalkyl substances, and these biotransformations may lead to formation of some semi-stable intermediates. Finally, this review discusses key knowledge gaps and opportunities for further research.
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Slow precursor biotransformation rates help explain why previous microcosm studies have observed minimal production of terminal PFAS and have not been able to quantify rates.
“Slow precursor biotransformation rates help explain why previous microcosm studies (conducted over weeks/months timescales) have observed minimal production of terminal PFAS and have not been able to quantify rates.24,45,46”
From Centurial Persistence of Forever Chemicals at Military Fire Training Sites (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
HRMS measurements identified C4 and C6 perfluoroalkyl sulfonamido precursors that are expected transformation intermediates of precursors that originated from 3M AFFF.
“These results are additionally supported by the HRMS measurements, which identified C4 and C6 perfluoroalkyl sulfonamido precursors that are expected transformation intermediates of precursors that originated from 3M AFFF (Table S11).24”
From Centurial Persistence of Forever Chemicals at Military Fire Training Sites (2023) · cites this paper as [24]
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Centurial Persistence of Forever Chemicals at Military Fire Training Sites
Ruyle, B. J., Thackray, C. P., Butt, C. M., LeBlanc, D. R., Tokranov, A. K., Vecitis, C. D., & Sunderland, E. M. (2023) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c00675 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Choi, Y. J., Helbling, D. E., Liu, J., Olivares, C. I., & Higgins, C. P.
- Affiliations
- Colorado School of Mines (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- McGill University (CA)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Higgins, Christopher P.
- Venue
- Science of The Total Environment
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-06
- Volume
- 824
- Pages
- 153711
- ISSN
- 0048-9697 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4210857419
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 75
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 1.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 260 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- The Science of The Total Environment (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Defense
- Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (ER-2720, ER20-1375)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Environmental Chemistry and Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Microbial bioremediation and biosurfactants
- Keywords
- per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, aqueous film-forming foam, microbial transformation, aerobic biotransformation, anaerobic biotransformation, fluorotelomers, electrochemical fluorination, dealkylation, oxidation, hydrolysis, biotransformation products, source allocation, environmental monitoring
- MeSH terms
- Biotransformation, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, Water, Water Pollutants, Chemical
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