The DOI matches its Crossref record; 332 of the 350 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 182 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: Sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior
Open accessAbstract
The neuropeptides vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) and their receptors in the brain are involved in the regulation of various social behaviors and have emerged as drug targets for the treatment of social dysfunction in several sex-biased neuropsychiatric disorders. Sex differences in the VP and OT systems may therefore be implicated in sex-specific regulation of healthy as well as impaired social behaviors. We begin this review by highlighting the sex differences, or lack of sex differences, in VP and OT synthesis in the brain. We then discuss the evidence showing the presence or absence of sex differences in VP and OT receptors in rodents and humans, as well as showing new data of sexually dimorphic V1a receptor binding in the rat brain. Importantly, we find that there is lack of comprehensive analysis of sex differences in these systems in common laboratory species, and we find that, when sex differences are present, they are highly brain region- and species- specific. Interestingly, VP system parameters (VP and V1aR) are typically higher in males, while sex differences in the OT system are not always in the same direction, often showing higher OT expression in females, but higher OT receptor expression in males. Furthermore, VP and OT receptor systems show distinct and largely non-overlapping expression in the rodent brain, which may cause these receptors to have either complementary or opposing functional roles in the sex-specific regulation of social behavior. Though still in need of further research, we close by discussing how manipulations of the VP and OT systems have given important insights into the involvement of these neuropeptide systems in the sex-specific regulation of social behavior in rodents and humans.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This review synthesizes evidence that brain vasopressin (VP) and oxytocin (OT) systems differ by sex in region- and species-specific ways, with VP/V1aR often higher in males and OT synthesis often higher in females but OTR often higher in males. It also presents new rat data showing male-biased V1aR binding in 8 of 21 forebrain regions and argues these systems regulate social behavior sex-specifically.
Key findings
- VP synthesis, fiber projections, and V1aR binding are generally higher in males across species; new Wistar rat data show males had higher V1aR binding in 8/21 forebrain regions: SSc (p<0.01), PC (p<0.001), BNSTmp (p<0.01), LOT (p<0.001), AVthal (p<0.001), tubLH (p=0.001), StigH (p<0.01), and DG (p<0.001), with no sex differences in the remaining 13 regions.
- OT synthesis shows fewer sex differences than VP; when present, OT-immunoreactivity is typically higher in females, whereas OTR binding is often higher in males. In Wistar rats, males had higher OTR binding in 9/15 forebrain regions, with the largest difference in posterior BNST (almost three times higher than females); deer mice showed male-biased OTR binding in 8/20 regions except CA1.
- VP and OT receptor distributions are distinct and largely non-overlapping in rodent brain, suggesting complementary or opposing functional roles in sex-specific social behavior.
- Sex-specific behavioral effects are reported for VP in partner preference, social recognition, social play, and aggression, and for OT in social avoidance, social recognition, partner preference, social play, and social interest; human intranasal VP/OT and AVPR1A/OXTR variants also show sex-specific associations.
Methods
- Narrative review of rodent and human literature on VP and OT synthesis, receptors, and social behavior, including tables summarizing sex differences across species.
- New data: V1aR autoradiography in Wistar rats using a 125I linear V1aR antagonist, comparing males and females across 21 forebrain regions; additional comparisons examined non-estrus vs. estrus females and nulliparous vs. primiparous females at three weeks post-weaning.
- Main analysis: statistical comparisons of receptor binding densities, with reported p-values; OTR findings draw on prior specific-ligand autoradiography in rats and deer mice.
Limitations
- Stated: comprehensive analysis of sex differences in VP/OT systems is lacking in common laboratory species; many studies analyzed only a few brain regions, used too few animals per sex, or used nonselective ligands; human and non-human primate data are limited; functional significance of sex differences remains largely unknown; no studies directly compared brain VP or OT release between males and females; plasma OT measurement methods need improvement.
- Evident from the text: many behavioral conclusions rely on separate studies in males or females rather than within-sex comparisons; the new rat V1aR data are from one strain/species and cannot establish causality; prior V1aR sex-comparison studies often did not report female estrus phase.
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114 Not checked yet · 49 Own interpretation · 32 No basis given · 7 Own result · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“other rodent studies that did not find sex differences in OTR binding analyzed only a few brain regions”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites Smeltzer et al., 2006 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The methods discussion (p. 2) says earlier vole studies examined OT receptor binding in selected brain regions, supporting the limited-regions part of the claim. It does not say those studies found no sex differences in OT receptor binding; this paper instead reports a sex difference in the mPFC (p. 2). (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Not checked yetcites Tribollet et al., 2002 source
- Not checked yetcites Beery et al., 2008 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This is in contrast with VP synthesis in the brain, where VP-immunoreactivity is consistently higher in males compared to females”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 2. Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin synthesis and projections in the brain > 2.b. Oxytocin
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Overall, we can conclude that there is a lack of sex differences in OT synthesis in the brain in most species analyzed.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 2. Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin synthesis and projections in the brain > 2.b. Oxytocin
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In the paper
“VP within the BNST/MeA is modulated by gonadal hormones”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 2. Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin synthesis and projections in the brain > 2.a. Vasopressin
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In the paper
“when sex differences are present, they are highly brain region- and species- specific.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“VP system parameters (VP and V1aR) are typically higher in males”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“among 21 forebrain regions analyzed primiparous females had higher V1aR binding in the SSc (p<0.01) and medial posterior BNST (p<0.01) compared to nulliparous females (Table 8).”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 3. Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the brain > 3.a. VP receptors
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“evidence of the presence of V2R in the brain is largely lacking.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 3. Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the brain > 3.a. VP receptors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, across vertebrate species, VP synthesis and projections in the brain are often sexually dimorphic”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 2. Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin synthesis and projections in the brain > 2.a. Vasopressin
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“We generally find that, while there are robust sex differences in VP synthesis in conserved brain regions across species”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 1. Introduction
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- Probably not a substantial claim. 8
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In the paper
“Comparative analysis of V1aR binding between males and females of other rodent species is very limited”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 3. Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the brain > 3.a. VP receptors
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“VP synthesis, VP innervation in the brain, and VP plasma concentrations generally seem to be higher in males than in females.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 2. Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin synthesis and projections in the brain > 2.a. Vasopressin
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“ICV administration of the specific V1aR antagonist d(CH2)5[Tyr(Me)2]AVP) reduced social play behavior in male juveniles, while increasing social play behavior in female juveniles (Veenema et al., 2013).”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.a. VP system
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Veenema et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“OT administered into the LS decreased social play behavior in females, but not in males (Bredewold et. al, 2014).”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bredewold et. al, 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Given the robust and well-known sex differences in VP synthesis, it is surprising that there are only a few comparative studies investigating the behavioral effects of VP in males and females.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“In contrast, there are fewer and inconsistent sex differences in OT synthesis, yet there are several studies comparing the effects of OT on social behavior in males and females.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“we showed that V1aR blockade in the LS increased social investigation of a familiar over a novel stimulus rat in both male and female juvenile rats, but with a stronger effect in males (Veenema et al., 2012).”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Veenema et al., 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“V1aR has been implicated in pair bonding, maternal care, aggression, social recognition, and social play”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 3. Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the brain > 3.a. VP receptors
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
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In the paper
“VP and OT have been implicated in the etiology of psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia (Jobst et al., 2014), autism (Yang et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2013; LoParo and Waldman, 2014), depression (Yuen et al., 2014), and borderline personality disorder (Bertsch et al., 2013), disorders which show sex biases in prevalence, symptom severity, and treatment responses.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 1. Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Jobst et al., 2014 source
- Not matchedcites Yang et al., 2010; Xu et al., 2013; LoParo and Waldman, 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Yuen et al., 2014
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“male Siberian hamsters had higher V1R binding in the ventromedial, medial tuberal, and ventral premammillary hypothalamic nuclei when on a long photoperiod light cycle, and in the ventral premammillary hypothalamus when on a short photoperiod light cycle, compared to females”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 3. Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the brain > 3.a. VP receptors
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dubois-Dauphlin et al., 1991
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“V1aR and V1bR are both expressed in the brain and are the most well-known mediators of the effects of VP in the brain on social behavior.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 3. Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the brain > 3.a. VP receptors
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It has been proposed that these consistent sex differences in VP could have a dual function, namely contributing to sex differences in some behaviors while preventing sex differences in other behaviors”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 2. Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin synthesis and projections in the brain > 2.a. Vasopressin
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites De Vries & Boyle, 1998
- Not checked yetcites De Vries, 2004 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“while there was no effect in DupB−/− carriers, males with the DupB+/− allele had lower dominance and higher conscientiousness scores than females with the DupB+/−”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.a. VP system
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hopkins et al., 2012 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Similar to the VP receptor, sex differences in OTR binding are both brain region- and species-specific (Tables 5–7).”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 3. Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the brain > 3.b. OT receptor
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, the VP system has been shown to regulate social behaviors in both rodents and humans often in sex-specific ways.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.a. VP system
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“a single neonatal intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of OT on postnatal day 1 facilitated partner preference in both male and female adult prairie voles, but required a high (12μg) or low (3μg) dose in males and an intermediate dose (6μ) in females”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bales & Carter, 2003a
- Not checked yetcites Bales et al. 2007b
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Prepulse inhibition may therefore be a reflection of not only attention and memory, but also social cognition, which may be partially regulated by AVP1A gene variants.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.a. VP system
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“intracerebroventricular (ICV) V1aR antagonist impaired partner preference formation in males (Winslow et al., 1993), but there was no effect in females (Insel & Hulihan, 1995).”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.a. VP system
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Winslow et al., 1993 source
- Not checked yetcites Insel & Hulihan, 1995
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“neonatal OT increased V1aR binding in the ventral pallidum and cingulate cortex of adult males, but decreased V1aR binding in the same regions of adult females”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bales et al., 2007a
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“while there was no effect in females, males with the DupB−/− allele (which is the shorter bp version and lacks RS3) needed more social cues to elicit an orienting response than males with the DupB+/−”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.a. VP system
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hopkins et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The first studies to report intranasal OT effects in humans were done in males only, showing a role for OT in trust and in the processing of socially relevant information”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the effects of OT on partner preference in females could be located in the nucleus accumbens and in the prefrontal cortex, but these studies did not include males”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these studies suggest a role of OT in social recognition in both sexes, but also suggest that there might be sex differences in the sensitivity to exogenous OT, with a lack of an effect in females.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“facilitated kinship recognition in women, but not men (Fischer-Shofty et al., 2013)”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fischer-Shofty et al., 2013 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“OT impaired accurate emotion perception ability in women, but not men (Lynn et al., 2014)”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lynn et al., 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“ICV OT administration facilitated partner preference formation in female (Williams et al., 1994; Insel and Hulihan, 1995), but not in male (Winslow et al., 1993) prairie voles.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Initial work in prairie voles indicated a sex-specific role of the OT system in partner preference formation, suggesting that the OT system may be more important for partner preference in females compared to males.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is therefore likely that the endogenous OT system plays a similar role in social recognition in both sexes, but that males may be more sensitive to the enhancing effects of exogenous OT, while females have perhaps reached a ceiling effect.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“ICV OT reversed social defeat-induced social avoidance in male (Lukas et al., 2011b), but not in female (Lukas and Neumann, 2014) rats.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lukas et al., 2011b
- Not checked yetcites Lukas and Neumann, 2014
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings suggest that the OT system is involved in partner preference in both sexes, but that females may be more sensitive to exogenous OT.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These results may suggest that the OT system is involved in modulating the salience and/or valence of social stimuli differently in males and females, possibly via the activation of different neural circuits.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This underscores not only the complexity of the function of the OTR but may also provide a mechanism to explain how the OTR can be involved in such different social behaviors, namely by inducing brain region-specific effects.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These findings were a bit surprising, given the typically pro-social behavior effects of OT, although recent studies suggest a role for the OTR in the LS in reducing pro-social behaviors and enhancing anxiety in rodents”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies highlight the importance of emotional valence in the role of OT in perception and recognition of social stimuli, and how this may differ in men and women.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“ICV OT improved social recognition in male (Benelli et al., 1995), but not in female (Engelmann et al., 1998) rats.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“whereas reduced positive affect (Lucht et al., 2009) and reward dependence (Tost et al., 2010) were found in men only.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Genetic studies of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the OTR gene provide evidence for the involvement of the OTR in various social behaviors in humans (for reviews see Meyer-Lindenberg et al., 2011; Ebstein et al., 2012), and potential sex-specific effects on human social behavior.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Sex differences in VP neurons and plasma VP concentrations have also been found in humans”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a meta-analysis of the most commonly studied SNPs rs53576 and rs2254298 did not reveal any sex effects or any general effects in the social behavior domain (Bakermans-Kranenburg and van IJzerdoorn, 2014)”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bakermans-Kranenburg and van IJzerdoorn, 2014
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Intranasal OT increased the caudate/putamen response in males, whereas it decreased this response in females (Rilling et al., 2014).”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rilling et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“these studies overall suggest a correlation between OTR SNPs and differences in social processing, social behaviors, and social functioning in both sexes, with some important sex differences”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Although not statistically significant in a comparison between sex, OT lowered rates of cooperation with computer partners following defection in women only (Rilling et al., 2012; 2014).”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rilling et al., 2012 source
- Not checked yetcites [2014]
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For these species, studies only analyzed a few brain regions or had only a few subjects per sex, which might explain the limited brain regions in which sex differences in V1aR binding were found”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dubois Dauphin et al., 1996 source
- Not checked yetcites Dubois-Dauphlin et al., 1991
- Not checked yetcites Delville & Ferris, 1995
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The latter could be due to the lack of comprehensive analysis of sex differences in the OT system across species.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Because some of these sex-specific effects were dose-dependent and required a higher dose in one sex (i.e., role of VP on partner preference in prairie voles with higher doses required in females; Cho et al., 1999), this further suggests that such sex-specific effects may be the result of sex differences in sensitivity to VP or OT systems.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cho et al., 1999 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in most cases discussed, VP and OT systems seem to modulate several social behaviors in a similar direction (i.e., VP and OT systems both facilitate social recognition, pair bonding, and aspects of social cognition), but they may do so by acting at distinct brain regions.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yet, this generated different social behaviors and different effects of manipulation of the VP system.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
plaindirectn = 2- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“partner preference formation in prairie voles is modulated by the VP system acting in the LS and ventral pallidum (Liu et al., 2001; Pitkow et al., 2001; Lim & Young, 2004) and by the OT system acting in the NAc and prefrontal cortex (Young et al., 2001; Liu and Wang, 2003).”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the direction of sex-specific behavioral actions of the VP and OT systems can be variable, may be specific to a certain aspect of social behavior, and may depend on the species.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We have recently suggested that this may depend on species-specific social organizations (Dumais & Veenema, 2015).”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dumais & Veenema, 2015
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This could imply that VP and OT systems may modulate social behaviors in a similar way by activating distinct neural circuits.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: fails — The authors may not put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“This suggests that social behaviors may be regulated by a synchrony of activity of OT and VP acting at distinct brain regions, and that a balance of OT and VP activity is necessary for the modulation of a wide range of social behaviors (Neumann & Landgraf, 2012).”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Neumann & Landgraf, 2012
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These sex differences were highly species-specific, suggesting a role for species-specific sex differences in social organization.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We conclude that the functional significance of sex differences in VP and OT systems is still largely unknown, and in need of further research.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
VP and OT do not pass the blood brain barrier.
“Although VP and OT do not pass the blood brain barrier”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“extracellular OT release in the pBNST was higher in adult male rats compared to adult female rats when exposed to a juvenile conspecific (Dumais et al., 2016)”
From Quantitative mapping reveals age and sex differences in vasopressin, but not oxytocin, immunoreactivity in the rat social behavior neural network (2017) · cites this paper as Dumais et al., 2016
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Sex differences in the OXTR system are documented,11, 12, 13 suggesting that findings in males may not generalize to females.”
From Intranasal oxytocin enhances intrinsic corticostriatal functional connectivity in women (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Sex differences in the vasopressin system also have their origins in development and are androgen-dependent (De Vries & Panzica, 2006; Dumais & Veenema, 2016).”
From Developmental origins of sex differences in the neural circuitry of play (2020) · cites this paper as Dumais & Veenema, 2016
In the citing paper
“In mammalian brain OTRs and V1aRs are robustly expressed in many regions but their distributions often differ [9; 21; 22] (Figure 3).”
From Cross-talk among oxytocin and arginine-vasopressin receptors: Relevance for basic and clinical studies of the brain and periphery (2018) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“The behavioral effects of AVP are mediated primarily by V1aR (or Avpr1a) and V1bR (16,37,38,49,68), while AVP acts on V2 to regulate fluid homeostasis in the kidney (69).”
From Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior: From Neural Circuits to Clinical Opportunities (2022) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“Some reports have shown that AVP messenger RNA (mRNA) density measurements in the SON of rats are greater in males (50), while, in mice, OXT production is greater in females (51); however, other studies have shown a similar amount of OXT and AVP in both sexes in the PVN/SON of various rodent species, nonhuman primates, and humans (49,52).”
From Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior: From Neural Circuits to Clinical Opportunities (2022) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“There is also a sex-specific role of AVP in the regulation of social play behavior in juvenile rats, as blocking V1aR in the LS increases social play behavior in males and decreases it in females (49).”
From Oxytocin, Vasopressin, and Social Behavior: From Neural Circuits to Clinical Opportunities (2022) · cites this paper as [49]
In the citing paper
“V1a receptor mRNA has been reported throughout cortex60”
From Insular cortex mediates approach and avoidance responses to social affective stimuli (2018) · cites this paper as [60]
In the citing paper
“Oxytocin (OT) is an evolutionary conserved neuropeptide that is a key regulator of social and emotional behaviors (1–4).”
From Oxytocin receptors in the anteromedial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis promote stress-induced social avoidance in female California mice (2018) · cites this paper as [1]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 3. Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the brain > 3.b. OT receptor
“Unlike the V1R, the OTR is modulated by gonadal hormones, which may help to explain the mechanisms underlying the sex differences in OTR.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 3. Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the brain > 3.a. VP receptors
“Like VP neurons and fiber projections, V1R binding has also been found to be dependent on gonadal hormones in various species.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 4. Implications for sex-specific regulation of social behavior by the VP and OT systems > 4.b. OT system
“we found that males have higher OTR binding densities than females (Dumais et al., 2013) in various brain regions implicated in social behavior, such as the olfactory bulb, LS, and MPOA.”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 3. Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the brain > 3.b. OT receptor
“Specifically, we found that males had higher OTR binding densities than females in 9 out of 15 forebrain regions analyzed. These brain regions included the NAc, dorsal caudate putamen, intermediate LS, posterior BNST, MPOA, agranular insular cortex, hippocampal CA1 region, MeA, and VMH (Dumais et al., 2013).”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 5. General Discussion
“In contrast, other rodent studies that did not find sex differences in OTR binding analyzed only a few brain regions (mandarin voles: Smeltzer et al., 2006; Cao et al, 2013, ICR mice: Tribollet et al., 2002; singing mice: Campbell et al., 2009; tuco-tuco: Beery et al., 2008).”
§ Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behavior > 3. Sex differences in vasopressin and oxytocin receptors in the brain > 3.b. OT receptor
“It was also found that male ICR mice had lower OTR binding in the VMH than female ICR mice (Tribollet et al., 2002). Male S. xerampelinus singing mice had higher OTR binding in the MeA and hippocampal CA1 compared to females (Campbell et al., 2009). Tuco-tuco (Ctenomys sociabilis) males had higher OTR binding than did females in the MPOA and VMH (Beery et al., 2008).”
Citations
Cites
The Rat Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates
Paxinos, G., & Watson, C. (1983) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-63235-9 · Cited by 28,585 · cited 1×
“The right column depicts representative rat brain images adapted from The Rat Brain Atlas (Paxinos & Watson, 1998).”
Oxytocin increases trust in humans
Kosfeld, M., Heinrichs, M., Zak, P. J., Fischbacher, U., & Fehr, E. (2005) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature03701 · Cited by 3,690 · cited 2×
“The first studies to report intranasal OT effects in humans were done in males only, showing a role for OT in trust and in the processing of socially relevant information (Kosfeld et al., 2005; Zak et al., 2007; Domes et al., 2007; Guastella et al., 2008a; Guastella et al., 2008b; Di Simplicio et al., 2009).”
BackgroundThe oxytocin receptor system: structure, function, and regulation
Gimpl, G., & Fahrenholz, F. (2001) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.2001.81.2.629 · Cited by 3,089 · cited 6×
“…neurons in the PVN, SON, and accessory nucleus of the hypothalamus (Ross et al., 2009, Knobloch et al., 2012) project centrally, where OT can modulate the activity of many brain regions via binding to the widely distributed OT receptor (OTR; Jard et al., 1987; Gimpl and Fahrenholz, 2001).”
BackgroundInfluentialHypothalamic integration: organization of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei
Swanson, L. W., & Sawchenko, P. E. (1983) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.06.030183.001413 · Cited by 1,991 · cited 2×
“…Fliers et al., 1985; Weirda et al., 1991; Meynen et al., 2007) or LH, AH, and MPOA (hamsters, gerbils, voles, naked mole rats: Brownstein et al., 1980; Dierickx, 1980; Rhodes et al., 1981; Swanson and Sawchenko, 1983; Wang et al., 1996; Rosen et al., 2008; Xu et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2013).”
BackgroundPolicy: NIH to balance sex in cell and animal studies
Clayton, J. A., & Collins, F. S. (2014) · Nature · doi:10.1038/509282a · Cited by 1,816 · cited 3×
“…potential of the OT system to restore social dysfunction in sex-biased psychiatric disorders (Guastella et al., 2010a; Meyer-Lindenberg et al., 2011; Cochran et al., 2013), and recent initiatives from the NIH requiring the inclusion of both sexes in preclinical research (Clayton & Collins, 2014).”
BackgroundOxytocin and vasopressin in the human brain: social neuropeptides for translational medicine
Meyer-Lindenberg, A., Domes, G., Kirsch, P., & Heinrichs, M. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3044 · Cited by 1,688 · cited 5×
“This may further gain momentum because of the potential of the OT system to restore social dysfunction in sex-biased psychiatric disorders (Guastella et al., 2010a; Meyer-Lindenberg et al., 2011; Cochran et al., 2013), and recent initiatives from the NIH requiring the inclusion of both sexes in preclinical research (C…”
BackgroundInfluentialSniffing neuropeptides: A transnasal approach to the human brain
Born, J., Lange, T., Kern, W., McGregor, G. P., Bickel, U., & Fehm, H. L. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn0602-849 · Cited by 1,356 · cited 1×
“Furthermore, intranasal VP administration in humans was associated with an increase in VP concentration in cerebrospinal fluid (Born et al., 2002).”
BackgroundOxytocin improves “mind-reading” in humans
Domes, G., Heinrichs, M., Michel, A., Berger, C., & Herpertz, S. C. (2007) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.07.015 · Cited by 1,298 · cited 1×
“…studies to report intranasal OT effects in humans were done in males only, showing a role for OT in trust and in the processing of socially relevant information (Kosfeld et al., 2005; Zak et al., 2007; Domes et al., 2007; Guastella et al., 2008a; Guastella et al., 2008b; Di Simplicio et al., 2009).”
BackgroundSocial amnesia in mice lacking the oxytocin gene
Ferguson, J. N., Young, L. J., Hearn, E. F., Matzuk, M. M., Insel, T. R., & Winslow, J. T. (2000) · Nature Genetics · doi:10.1038/77040 · Cited by 1,130 · cited 2×
“Here, impaired social recognition was found in male OTR KO mice (Takayanagi et al., 2005; Lee et al., 2008; Macbeth et al., 2009), male OT KO mice (Ferguson et al., 2000; Macbeth et al., 2009), and female OT KO mice (Choleris et al., 2003; Choleris et al, 2006).”
BackgroundEvoked axonal oxytocin release in the central amygdala attenuates fear response
Knobloch, H. S., Charlet, A., Hoffmann, L. C., Eliava, M., Khrulev, S., Cetin, A. H., Osten, P., Schwarz, M. K., Seeburg, P. H., Stoop, R., et al. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.11.030 · Cited by 1,049 · cited 2×
“Moreover, OT synthesized in parvocellular neurons of the PVN (Buijs, 1978; Buijs and Swaab, 1979; Sofroniew, 1980; Sofroniew, 1983) and magnocellular neurons in the PVN, SON, and accessory nucleus of the hypothalamus (Ross et al., 2009; Knobloch et al., 2012) project centrally,where OT canmodulate the activity ofmany…”
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Items 501–539 of 539
Bhamidi, S., Sunderland, G. R., Southey, B. R., Villamil, M. B., Johnson, R. W., & Rodriguez‐Zas, S. L. (2025) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.70036
“Similarly, the overexpression of oxytocin pathway genes in control females relative to control males detected in the present study is aligned with the profile in numerous reports of oxytocin systems in human and rodent brains [59].”
Bowden, S., Becker, K. D., Luxhoj, A., Grinevich, V., Lee, J. D. A., & Veenema, A. H. (2026) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105949 · Cited by 1
Self-citationReddon, A. R., WYLIE, D. R. W., & Hurd, P. L. (2025) · Journal of Fish Biology · doi:10.1111/jfb.70306
Connectivity and phenotype of vasopressin 1a receptor cells in the lateral septumPreprint
Hartswick, D., Zaw, A., Schappaugh, N., Friesen, C. N., Vries, G. J. D., & Petrulis, A. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.10.26.683946 · Cited by 1
Conventional ambient temperature housing impacts central oxytocin levels in mice
Kenkel, W. M., Partie, M. E., Rogers, K., & Watanasriyakul, W. T. (2025) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.70126
“These findings extend the lack of sex differences in AVP-ir and OXT-ir previously noted in the PVN of rodents housed at conventional ambient temperature 43 to now also include rodents housed in warmed ambient temperatures.”
The role of oxytocin and cultural tightness in model-based learning of social Incongruency
Wang, J.-X., & Mu, Y. (2025) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105873
The Regulation Mechanisms of Oxytocin in the Initiation of Parenting Behaviors
车, 颖. (2026) · Advances in Psychology · doi:10.12677/ap.2026.161044
Gumerova, A. A., Pevnev, G., Korkmaz, F., Cheliadinova, U., Burganova, G., Vasilyeva, D., Cullen, L., Barak, O., Sultana, F., Zhou, W., et al. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.105355.2
Rae, R. J., Alberhasky, J. M. H., Baillet, M., Bangasser, D. A., Belloy, M. E., Berry, A. S., Berteotti, C., Bow, H., Buckley, R. F., Caldwell, J. K., et al. (2026) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.71291 · Cited by 2
Oxytocin, vasopressin, and their crosstalk in sexually-dimorphic psychiatric conditions
Yamasue, H. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106641
Circuits neuronaux sous-tendant la régulation émotionnelle par le système ocytocinergique
Goyon, S. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/c8c9bec0z7b79z4826z862az93b128e1ada6
Bertoni, A. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d43fcf44zc66ez47a1zae43zd20439e2b233
Perrin‐Terrin, A. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/e19e922bz4ab1z4df2z8e00z839db7c46630
Friesen, C. N., Selke, A., Vries, G. J. D., & Petrulis, A. (2026) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2026.105931
New regulators in oxytocin and vasopressin release : role of the endolysosomal two-pore channels
Martucci, L. L. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/027d1ae2zd2ebz4677za019ze6ccd94cafe9
Effects of intranasal oxytocin on fear, pain and aversive memory
Silva, J. U., & Brito, I. (2026) · Neuropeptides · doi:10.1016/j.npep.2026.102618
Narattil, N. R., Chandran, S. K., & Maroun, M. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-026-10088-0
“Indeed,sexdiffer-encesinOXTRsignalling,neuromodulatoryintegration,andhormone-dependentdevelopmentaltrajectoriesarewelldocumentedandmay underliedivergentcircuit-levelresponsestooxytocinergicactivationin malesandfemales 67,68 .”
Cáceres-Vergara, D., Bahamonde, T., Gárate-Pérez, M. F., Sanhueza, C., Meneses-Pacheco, J., González-Ortega, C., Guzmán, F., Sotomayor‐Zárate, R., Hinostroza, F., & Renard, G. M. (2026) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2026.111007
LI, Y., Xu, H., Guo, H., Zhai, M., Cao, L., & Xiao, L. (2026) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-026-06248-4
Zheng, S., Prounis, G. S., & Ophir, A. G. (2026) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1772423
Deilhaug, E., Moerkerke, M., Sartorius, A. M., Kang, H., Kildal, E. S.-M., Walle, K. M., Elvsåshagen, T., Westlye, L. T., Nærland, T., Andreassen, O. A., et al. (2026) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.70334
“Despite being originally considered a “female” hormone (Carter 2022), the male- to-female participant ratio is still skewed in males' favor (Dumais and Veenema 2016).”
Zhang, Q. H., Qiao, Y., Li, H., Zeng, J., Chen, J., Zhou, H. J., Hu, Y., & Luo, J. (2026) · Neuroscience Bulletin · doi:10.1007/s12264-026-01653-y
Liu, S., Lin, L., Shiao, M., & Chou, M. (2026) · Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C Toxicology & Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.cbpc.2026.110607
Wronikowska‐Denysiuk, O., Kurach, Ł., Mlak, R., Przygodzka, D., Słowik, T., & Budzyńska, B. (2026) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.70057
Social fear memory as a framework for understanding social defeat stress and psychopathology
Iturra-Mena, A. M., Chang, S., Bel-Gaete, V., Silva, J. R., & Dagnino‐Subiabre, A. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106860
Circuit logic of oxytocin and vasopressin complementary actions
Jeanneteau, F. D., Chakraborty, P., Petitjean, H., & Charlet, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2026.1875731
“Moreover, sex differences in OT/VP signaling further shape the function of these circuits (Lukas and Neumann, 2014; Dumais and Veenema, 2016; Rigney et al., 2019).”
A clinical and experimental investigation of liraglutide effects on the brain-kidney axis
Greenwood, M. P., Alotaibi, M. I., Bárez‐López, S., Cantley, N. W. P., Merritt, S., Tatović, D., & Murphy, D. (2026) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aef4951
Kozlova, E. V., Gonzalez, G. M., Denys, M. E., Bishay, A. E., Gutiérrez, R., Reid, J., Krum, J. M., Lampel, G., Luvsanravdan, N., Rabbani, K. M., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.70237 · Cited by 1
“126 We speculate that, because the promoter regions of OXT 127 and AVP genes 128 are sensitive to epigenetic modification, developmental DE-71 exposure may allow congeners such as BDE-47 to regulate these genes given their documented global DNA methylation.”
Weisenseel, Z., & Glasper, E. R. (2026) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2026.101328
“In rats, hamsters, and voles, males generally exhibit higher V1aR expression in multiple hypothalamic, septal, and cortical regions (Dumais and Veenema, 2016; Dubois-Dauphin et al., 1991; Smeltzer et al., 2006).”
Dimorphic substrates, monomorphic outcomes: Social behavior neural circuit tuning in social monogamy
Shvareva, V. A., Berendzen, K. M., Bender, K. J., & Manoli, D. S. (2026) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2026.102948 · Cited by 1
Comparative atlas of PVN oxytocin and vasopressin systems reveals sex-conserved input–output wiring
Freda, S. N., Lowe, Y. F., Priest, M. F., Badong, D., Liu, Y., Xiao, L., & Kozorovitskiy, Y. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2536750123
Nonlinear and sex-specific effects of V1aR deletion on juvenile social behavior
Aspesi, D., Vu, H., Rivers, I., Stoehr, M., Huhman, K. L., & Albers, H. E. (2026) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2026.1901426
Luis, J., & Romero‐Morales, L. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33657-7.00015-4
Muniz, S. C. A., Nani, J. V. S., Marcianò, N., de Souza, R. D. N., Laureano‐Melo, R., Côrtes, W. D. S., da Rocha, F. F., & Mecawi, A. S. (2026) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.70263
“39,46 Oestrogens are known to upregulate OXT transcription and receptor expression, 47,48 and fluctuations across the oestrous cycle can modulate PVN neuronal excitability.”
Physical contact is essential for effective social buffering of social fear in mice
Salur, E., Li, X., Asan, E., Zoicas, I., & Schmitt-Böhrer, A. G. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-72245-z
“…of extinction in the SFC paradigm may recruit sex-specific mechanisms, consistent with evidence that females can show enhanced social approach and greater sensitivity to affiliative cues 77,78 , potentially involving oxytocinergic modulation and differential prefrontal– amygdala connectivity 79 .”
Mancini, C., Segni, M. D., Pizzetti, S., Mancini, G., Marino, G., Denitti, M., & Ventura, R. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106989
Vandendoren, M., Landen, J. G., Rogers, J. F., Killmer, S., Alamiri, B., Pohlman, C., Tattersall, G. J., Bedford, N. L., & Nelson, A. C. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.108212.3
Metadata
- Authors
- Dumais, K. M., & Veenema, A. H.
- Affiliations
- Boston College (US)
- Corresponding author
- Dumais, Kelly M.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-01
- Volume
- 40
- Pages
- 1-23
- ISSN
- 0091-3022 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4633405
- OpenAlex
- W318497691
- Semantic Scholar
- 574d709e73a149f815895751a2ba2c3bda879881
- Cited by
- 520
- References
- 350
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 41 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 72 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 26
- FWCI
- 7.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
- www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (am, 428 d)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-017 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-012 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
- doi.org/10.15223/policy-004 (stm-asf)
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIMH (F31MH100891, R15MH102807, R01MH102456)
- NSF IOS (1253386)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Keywords
- vasopressin, oxytocin, vasopressin V1a receptor, oxytocin receptor, sex differences, social behavior, neuropeptides, sexually dimorphic gene expression, brain region-specific expression, rodent models, neuropsychiatric disorders, social dysfunction
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arginine Vasopressin, Humans, Oxytocin, Sex Characteristics, Social Behavior, Vasopressins, Receptors, Oxytocin
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