The DOI matches its Crossref record; 4 of the 4 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Test–retest reliability and validity of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in primary insomnia
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research
Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., Monk, T. H., Berman, S. R., & Kupfer, D. J. (1989) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90047-4 · Cited by 35,234
Doi, Y., Minowa, M., Uchiyama, M., Okawa, M., Kim, K., Shibui, K., & Kamei, Y. (2000) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/s0165-1781(00)00232-8 · Cited by 992
Evaluation of Chronic Insomnia
Sateia, M. J., Doghramji, K., Hauri, P. J., & Morin, C. M. (2000) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/23.2.1l · Cited by 466
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Chesson, 2000, Practice parameters for the evaluation of chronic insomnia: an American Academy of Sleep Medicine report. Standards of Practice Committee of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine, Sleep, 23, 237, 10.1093/sleep/23.2.1k · DOI · Paper page
- Carpenter, 1998, Psychometric evaluation of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, J Psychosom Res, 45, 5, 10.1016/S0022-3999(97)00298-5 · DOI · Paper page
- Gentili, 1995, Test–retest reliability of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index in nursing home residents, J Am Geriatr Soc, 43, 1317, 10.1111/j.1532-5415.1995.tb07415.x · DOI
- Backhaus, 2001, Long-term effectiveness of a short-term cognitive–behavioral group treatment for primary insomnia, Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci, 251, 35, 10.1007/s004060170066 · DOI
- Carskadon, 1976, Self-reports versus sleep laboratory findings in 122 drug-free subjects with complaints of chronic insomnia, Am J Psychiatry, 133, 1382, 10.1176/ajp.133.12.1382 · DOI · Paper page
Cited by
Morin, C. M., Belleville, G., Bélanger, L., & Ivers, H. (2011) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/34.5.601 · Cited by 4,620
Mollayeva, T., Thurairajah, P., Burton, K., Mollayeva, S., Shapiro, C. M., & Colantonio, A. (2016) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.01.009 · Cited by 1,847
Recommendations for a standard research assessment of insomnia
Buysse, D. J., Ancoli-Israel, S., Edinger, J. D., Lichstein, K. L., & Morin, C. M. (2006) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/29.9.1155 · Cited by 1,206
Validation of the Brazilian Portuguese version of the Pittsburgh sleep quality index
Bertolazi, A. N., Fagondes, S. C., Hoff, L. S., Dartora, E. G., da Silva Miozzo, I. C., de Barba, M. E. F., & Menna Barreto, S. S. (2011) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.04.020 · Cited by 1,211
Buysse, D. J., Hall, M. L., Strollo, P. J., Kamarck, T. W., Owens, J., Lee, L., Reis, S. E., & Matthews, K. A. (2008) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.27351 · Cited by 858
The reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index
Sohn, S. I., Kim, D. H., Lee, M. Y., & Cho, Y. W. (2012) · Sleep and Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-011-0579-9 · Cited by 727
The prevalence and association of stress with sleep quality among medical students
Almojali, A. I., Almalki, S. A., Alothman, A. S., Masuadi, E. M., & Alaqeel, M. K. (2017) · Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health · doi:10.1016/j.jegh.2017.04.005 · Cited by 588
Black, D. S., O’Reilly, G. A., Olmstead, R., Breen, E. C., & Irwin, M. R. (2015) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8081 · Cited by 491
Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in schizophrenia
Wulff, K., Dijk, D.-J., Middleton, B., Foster, R. G., & Joyce, E. M. (2012) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.111.096321 · Cited by 426
The interaction between sleep quality and academic performance
Ahrberg, K., Dresler, M., Niedermaier, S., Steiger, A., & Genzel, L. (2012) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2012.09.008 · Cited by 371
Caldwell, K., Harrison, M., Adams, M., Quin, R. H., & Greeson, J. (2010) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448480903540481 · Cited by 335
“A PSQI global score > 5 has served as a marker to distinguish sleep disturbances in insomnia patients versus controls.(25) For the present sample, the seven component scores of the PSQI had overall reliability coefficients (Cronbach’s alpha) of .”
Schmidt, S., Grossman, P., Schwarzer, B., Jena, S., Naumann, J., & Walach, H. (2011) · PAIN · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2010.10.043 · Cited by 297
Talbot, L. S., Maguen, S., Metzler, T. J., Schmitz, M., McCaslin, S. E., Richards, A., Perlis, M. L., Posner, D. A., Weiss, B., Ruoff, L., et al. (2014) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.3408 · Cited by 294
Haller, H., Winkler, M. M., Klose, P., Dobos, G., Kümmel, S., & Cramer, H. (2017) · Acta Oncologica · doi:10.1080/0284186x.2017.1342862 · Cited by 277
The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction on Sleep Disturbance: A Systematic Review
Winbush, N. Y., Gross, C. R., & Kreitzer, M. J. (2007) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2007.08.003 · Cited by 271
Backhaus, J., Junghanns, K., Born, J., Hohaus, K., Faasch, F., & Hohagen, F. (2006) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.051 · Cited by 265
Self-citationThe relationship between sleep quality, stress, and academic performance among medical students
Alotaibi, A., Alosaimi, F., Alajlan, A., & Bin Abdulrahman, K. (2020) · Journal of Family and Community Medicine · doi:10.4103/jfcm.jfcm_132_19 · Cited by 258
Exercise can improve sleep quality: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Banno, M., Harada, Y., Taniguchi, M., Tobita, R., Tsujimoto, H., Tsujimoto, Y., Kataoka, Y., & Noda, A. (2018) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.5172 · Cited by 246
Bernert, R. A., Turvey, C. L., Conwell, Y., & Joiner, T. E. (2014) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2014.1126 · Cited by 248
Relationship of anxiety disorders, sleep quality, and functional impairment in a community sample
Ramsawh, H. J., Stein, M. B., Belik, S.-L., Jacobi, F., & Sareen, J. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2009.01.009 · Cited by 237
Towards a valid, reliable measure of sleep effort
BROOMFIELD, N. M., & ESPIE, C. A. (2005) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2005.00481.x · Cited by 224
iSleep: unobtrusive sleep quality monitoring using smartphones
Hao, T., Xing, G., & Zhou, G. (2013) · Proceedings of the 11th ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems · doi:10.1145/2517351.2517359 · Cited by 216
Psychometric Evaluation of the PSQI in U.S. College Students
Dietch, J. R., Taylor, D. J., Sethi, K., Kelly, K., Bramoweth, A. D., & Roane, B. M. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.6050 · Cited by 209
Smith, M. T., & Wegener, S. T. (2003) · Arthritis & Rheumatism · doi:10.1002/art.11409 · Cited by 200
BOWER, B., BYLSMA, L. M., MORRIS, B. H., & ROTTENBERG, J. (2010) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00816.x · Cited by 192
Midlife decline in declarative memory consolidation is correlated with a decline in slow wave sleep
Backhaus, J., Born, J., Hoeckesfeld, R., Fokuhl, S., Hohagen, F., & Junghanns, K. (2007) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.470507 · Cited by 187
Self-citationBlair, L. M., Porter, K., Leblebicioglu, B., & Christian, L. M. (2015) · Sleep · doi:10.5665/sleep.4904 · Cited by 179
Sleeping with one eye open: loneliness and sleep quality in young adults
Matthews, T., Danese, A., Gregory, A. M., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2017) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291717000629 · Cited by 167
Maras, A., Schroder, C. M., Malow, B. A., Findling, R. L., Breddy, J., Nir, T., Shahmoon, S., Zisapel, N., & Gringras, P. (2018) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2018.0020 · Cited by 176
Martínez, M. P., Miró, E., Sánchez, A. I., Díaz-Piedra, C., Cáliz, R., Vlaeyen, J. W. S., & Buela-Casal, G. (2014) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-013-9520-y · Cited by 161
Meditation or exercise for preventing acute respiratory infection: a randomized controlled trial
Barrett, B., Hayney, M. S., Muller, D., Rakel, D., Ward, A., Obasi, C. N., Brown, R., Zhang, Z., Zgierska, A., Gern, J., et al. (2012) · The Annals of Family Medicine · doi:10.1370/afm.1376 · Cited by 156
Efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia in breast cancer: A meta-analysis
Ma, Y., Hall, D. L., Ngo, L. H., Liu, Q., Bain, P. A., & Yeh, G. Y. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101376 · Cited by 151
Harris, R. A., Qualter, P., & Robinson, S. J. (2013) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.12.009 · Cited by 154
Skouteris (2009) · doi:10.1016/j.whi.2008.10.004 · Cited by 153
Sleep quality and disease severity in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis
Alt, J. A., Smith, T. L., Mace, J. C., & Soler, Z. M. (2013) · The Laryngoscope · doi:10.1002/lary.24040 · Cited by 147
Global sleep quality as a moderator of alcohol consumption and consequences in college students
Kenney, S. R., LaBrie, J. W., Hummer, J. F., & Pham, A. T. (2012) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2012.01.006 · Cited by 137
Clevenger, L., Schrepf, A., DeGeest, K., Bender, D., Goodheart, M., Ahmed, A., Dahmoush, L., Penedo, F., Lucci, J., Thaker, P. H., et al. (2013) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.28188 · Cited by 127
“is psychometrically sound in patients with cancer(22) and correlates with sleep log data in primary insomnia.(23)”
BackgroundInflammation and reactivation of latent herpesviruses in older adults
Bennett, J. M., Glaser, R., Malarkey, W. B., Beversdorf, D. Q., Peng, J., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (2012) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2011.11.007 · Cited by 118
Kenney, S. R., Lac, A., LaBrie, J. W., Hummer, & Pham, A. (2013) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2013.74.841 · Cited by 110
Caffeine Consumption and Sleep Quality in Australian Adults
Watson, E., Coates, A., Kohler, M., & Banks, S. (2016) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu8080479 · Cited by 109
Children With Autism: Sleep Problems and Mothers' Stress
Hoffman, C. D., Sweeney, D. P., Lopez-Wagner, M. C., Hodge, D., Nam, C. Y., & Botts, B. H. (2008) · Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1177/1088357608316271 · Cited by 108
Clinical correlates of poor sleep quality in posttraumatic stress disorder
Germain, A., Buysse, D. J., Shear, M. K., Fayyad, R., & Austin, C. (2004) · Journal of Traumatic Stress · doi:10.1007/s10960-004-5796-6 · Cited by 107
Sleep deprivation disrupts prepulse inhibition and induces psychosis-like symptoms in healthy humans
Petrovsky, N., Ettinger, U., Hill, A., Frenzel, L., Meyhofer, I., Wagner, M., Backhaus, J., & Kumari, V. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0904-14.2014 · Cited by 102
Self-citationThe role of financial strain in college students’ work hours, sleep, and mental health
Peltz, J. S., Bodenlos, J. S., Kingery, J. N., & Rogge, R. D. (2021) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2019.1705306 · Cited by 102
The Disagreement Deconvolution: Bringing Machine Learning Performance Metrics In Line With Reality
Gordon, M. L., Zhou, K., Patel, K., Hashimoto, T., & Bernstein, M. S. (2021) · Proceedings of the 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445423 · Cited by 101
Sleep and somatic complaints in university students
Schlarb, A., Claßen, M., Hellmann, S., Vögele, C., & Gulewitsch, M. D. (2017) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s125421 · Cited by 92
Taylor, M. J., Gregory, A. M., Freeman, D., & Ronald, A. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/abn0000057 · Cited by 85
Najem, J., Saber, M., Aoun, C., El Osta, N., Papazian, T., & Rabbaa Khabbaz, L. (2020) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2019.02.038 · Cited by 80
Innes, K. E., & Selfe, T. K. (2012) · Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2012/294058 · Cited by 79
The relationship between sleep and problematic smartphone use among adolescents: A systematic review
Mac Cárthaigh, S., Griffin, C., & Perry, J. (2020) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2020.100897 · Cited by 75
Dieck, A., Morin, C. M., & Backhaus, J. (2018) · Somnologie · doi:10.1007/s11818-017-0147-z · Cited by 72
Self-citationNguyên, X.-L., Chaskalovic, J., Rakotonanahary, D., & Fleury, B. (2010) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2010.04.008 · Cited by 69
Heitkemper, M. M., Cain, K. C., Burr, R. L., Jun, S.-E., & Jarrett, M. E. (2011) · Biological Research For Nursing · doi:10.1177/1099800410393274 · Cited by 68
Franzen, P. L., Buysse, D. J., Rabinovitz, M., Pollock, B. G., & Lotrich, F. E. (2010) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2009.02.011 · Cited by 62
Wallace, D. M., Vargas, S. S., Schwartz, S. J., Aloia, M. S., & Shafazand, S. (2013) · Sleep and Breathing · doi:10.1007/s11325-012-0702-6 · Cited by 59
Klatt, M., Norre, C., Reader, B., Yodice, L., & White, S. (2017) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0621-x · Cited by 56
Sleep Disturbance and Older Adults' Inflammatory Responses to Acute Stress
Heffner, K. L., Ng, H. M., Suhr, J. A., France, C. R., Marshall, G. D., Pigeon, W. R., & Moynihan, J. A. (2012) · The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/jgp.0b013e31824361de · Cited by 52
Carney, C. E., Harris, A. L., Friedman, J., & Segal, Z. V. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20811 · Cited by 50
Hadlandsmyth, K., Dailey, D. L., Rakel, B. A., Zimmerman, M. B., Vance, C. G., Merriwether, E. N., Chimenti, R. L., Geasland, K. M., Crofford, L. J., & Sluka, K. A. (2020) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317736577 · Cited by 48
Peltz, J. S., Rogge, R. D., Bodenlos, J. S., Kingery, J. N., & Pigeon, W. R. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2019.12.003 · Cited by 47
Autonomic nervous system function during sleep among women with irritable bowel syndrome
Jarrett, M. E., Burr, R. L., Cain, K. C., Rothermel, J. D., Landis, C. A., & Heitkemper, M. M. (2008) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-007-9943-9 · Cited by 46
Sleep quality and treatment of social anxiety disorder
Horenstein, A., Morrison, A. S., Goldin, P., ten Brink, M., Gross, J. J., & Heimberg, R. G. (2019) · Anxiety, Stress, & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2019.1617854 · Cited by 45
“Although the investigation of perceived sleep quality is both important and informative in understanding the subjective experience of individuals undergoing treatment, some research suggests that self-report measures of sleep quality and duration are not as highly correlated with more objective measures of sleep quali…”
Kingston, D., Janes-Kelley, S., Tyrrell, J., Clark, L., Hamza, D., Holmes, P., Parkes, C., Moyo, N., McDonald, S., & Austin, M.-P. (2015) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.4037 · Cited by 42
Assessing a hyperarousal hypothesis of insomnia in adults with autism spectrum disorder
Baker, E. K., Richdale, A. L., Hazi, A., & Prendergast, L. A. (2019) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.2094 · Cited by 42
Graham, J. E., & Streitel, K. L. (2010) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-010-9263-y · Cited by 41
Curtin, K. B., & Norris, D. (2017) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.sjpain.2017.08.006 · Cited by 40
Najafi Kalyani, M., Jamshidi, N., Salami, J., & Pourjam, E. (2017) · Depression Research and Treatment · doi:10.1155/2017/7143547 · Cited by 39
Zheng, G., Li, M., Lan, X., Yan, X., Lin, Q., Chen, L., Tao, J., Zheng, X., Li, J., Chen, B., et al. (2013) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-14-422 · Cited by 38
Sleep quality of benzodiazepine users in nursing homes: a comparative study with nonusers
Bourgeois, J., Elseviers, M. M., Bortel, L. V., Petrovic, M., & Vander Stichele, R. H. (2013) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.03.012 · Cited by 37
Hattangadi, N., Vogel, E., Carroll, L., & Côté, P. (2021) · Journal of Hunger & Environmental Nutrition · doi:10.1080/19320248.2019.1658679 · Cited by 30
Bani‐Issa, W., Radwan, H., Saqan, R., Hijazi, H., Fakhry, R., Alameddine, M., Naja, F., Ibrahim, A., Lin, N., Naing, Y. T., et al. (2023) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13666 · Cited by 30
Fibromialgia y sueño: una revisión
Prados García, G., & Miró Morales, E. (2012) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.5404.2011556 · Cited by 30
Gieselmann, A., de Jong-Meyer, R., & Pietrowsky, R. (2012) · Zeitschrift für Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie · doi:10.1026/1616-3443/a000134 · Cited by 28
(2012) · PubMed · Cited by 28
Adler, E., Dhruva, A., Moran, P. J., Daubenmier, J., Acree, M., Epel, E. S., Bacchetti, P., Prather, A. A., Mason, A., & Hecht, F. M. (2017) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2016.0141 · Cited by 22
Xiong, P., Spira, A. P., & Hall, B. J. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17145219 · Cited by 19
A Prospective Pilot Clinical Trial of “The Work” Meditation Technique for Survivors of Breast Cancer
Lev-ari, S., Zilcha-Mano, S., Rivo, L., Geva, R., & Ron, I. (2013) · European Journal of Integrative Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eujim.2013.07.003 · Cited by 19
Hoffmann, R., Große, J., Nagl, M., Niederwieser, D., Mehnert, A., & Kersting, A. (2018) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-018-1633-y · Cited by 18
Serrano, D. M., Rufino, K. A., Tran, J. K., & Vujanovic, A. A. (2020) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-020-01491-7 · Cited by 13
Luo, Y., Du, J., Wang, J., Liu, P., Shi, Z., He, Y., Che, G., Huang, K., & Wang, J. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1337318 · Cited by 14
“A total score ≤ 5 is considered indicative of normal sleep quality, while scores exceeding this threshold suggest poor sleep (Backhaus et al., 2002).”
BackgroundIsaac, F., Klein, B., Nguyen, H., Watson, S., & Kennedy, G. A. (2025) · JMIR Human Factors · doi:10.2196/65228 · Cited by 9
Acupuncture and sleep disorders in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic evaluation with meta-analysis
Yan, F., Chen, C., Feng, Q., Huang, Z., Chen, Y., & Chen, H. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000036286 · Cited by 7
Guo, J., Yu, S., Liu, C., Wang, G., & Li, B. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3836-z · Cited by 6
Bulman, A., McKune, A., Georgousopoulou, E., Sergi, D., & Naumovski, N. (2026) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2026.108306 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Backhaus, J., Junghanns, K., Broocks, A., Riemann, D., & Hohagen, F.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosomatic Research
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2002-09
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 737-740
- ISSN
- 0022-3999 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1977975426
- Cited by
- 1,756
- References
- 4
- FWCI
- 13.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.