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AU-rich elements: characterization and importance in mRNA degradation
Abstract
Adenylate/uridylate-rich elements (AREs) are found in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of many messenger RNAs (mRNAs) that code for proto-oncogenes, nuclear transcription factors and cytokines. They represent the most common determinant of RNA stability in mammalian cells. Moreover, ARE-directed mRNA degradation is influenced by many exogenous factors, including phorbol esters, calcium ionophores, cytokines and transcription inhibitors. These observations suggest that AREs play a critical role in the regulation of gene expression during cell growth and differentiation, and in the immune response.
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In the citing paper
“This effect can be achieved by inserting AU-rich regions into 3′-UTRs ensuring fast mRNA breakdown and a short duration of protein expression (Chen and Shyu 1995).”
From Modifications of mRNA vaccine structural elements for improving mRNA stability and translation efficiency (2022) · cites this paper as Chen and Shyu 1995
In the citing paper
“A 3′UTR participates in such processes as alternative cleavage and polyadenylation, translation, and localization of mRNA [19], affecting mRNA stability [20].”
From Effects of Combinations of Untranslated-Region Sequences on Translation of mRNA (2023) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“These engineered UTR sequences minimize mRNA degradation by excluding miRNA-binding sites11 and AU-rich regions in the 3′ UTR19.”
From mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
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Why is Hu where? Shuttling of early-response-gene messenger RNA subsets
Keene, J. D. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.1.5 · Cited by 294
Shi, L., Pan, H., Liu, Z., Xie, J., & Han, W. (2017) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/sigtrans.2017.44 · Cited by 291
Dean, J. L. E., Wait, R., Mahtani, K. R., Sully, G., Clark, A. R., & Saklatvala, J. (2001) · Molecular and Cellular Biology · doi:10.1128/mcb.21.3.721-730.2001 · Cited by 294
Loflin, P., Chen, C.-Y. A., & Shyu, A.-B. (1999) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.13.14.1884 · Cited by 246
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Chen, C.-Y. A., & Shyu, A.-B.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (US)
- Venue
- Trends in Biochemical Sciences
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1995-11
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 465-470
- ISSN
- 0968-0004 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2029706883
- Cited by
- 1,948
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 36 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 68 · 2012: 63
- FWCI
- 4.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Trends in Biochemical Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM046454, GM-46454)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA Research and Splicing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA regulation and disease
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › RNA and protein synthesis mechanisms
- Keywords
- AU-rich elements, mRNA degradation, 3' untranslated region, RNA stability, proto-oncogenes, transcription factors, cytokines, phorbol ester, calcium ionophore, gene expression regulation, cell growth and differentiation, immune response
- MeSH terms
- Adenine, Animals, Base Composition, Gene Expression Regulation, RNA, Messenger, Transcription, Genetic, Protein Biosynthesis, Uracil, Signal Transduction, RNA-Binding Proteins, Conserved Sequence
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