The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 45 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships
Open accessAbstract
The effects and predictors of duration in youth mentor relationships were examined. The study included 1,138 young, urban adolescents (Mean age 12.25), all of whom applied to Big Brothers Big Sisters programs. The adolescents were randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group, and administered questions at baseline and 18 months later Adolescents in relationships that lasted a year or longer reported the largest number of improvements, with progressively fewer effects emerging among youth who were in relationships that terminated earlier. Adolescents who were in relationships that terminated within a very short period of time reported decrements in several indicators of functioning. Older adolescents, as well as those who had been referred for services or had sustained emotional, sexual or physical abuse, were most likely to be in early terminating relationships, as were married volunteers aged 26-30 and those with lower incomes. Several dyadic factors were also found to be related to earlier terminations, including race, gender, and relationship quality.
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In the paper
“On the other hand, youth who were in matches that lasted more than 12 months reported significant increases in their self-worth, perceived social acceptance, perceived scholastic competence, parental relationship quality, school value, and decreases in both drug and alcohol use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
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In the paper
“On the other hand, youth who were in matches that lasted more than 12 months reported significant increases in their self-worth, perceived social acceptance, perceived scholastic competence, parental relationship quality, school value, and decreases in both drug and alcohol use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
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In the paper
“On the other hand, youth who were in matches that lasted more than 12 months reported significant increases in their self-worth, perceived social acceptance, perceived scholastic competence, parental relationship quality, school value, and decreases in both drug and alcohol use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order to investigate the effects of relationship duration, we began by categorizing the mentored youth into four groups, depending on how long their matches had lasted: less than 3 months (6%), 3 to just under 6 months (13%), 6 to just under 12 months (36%), and 12 months or more (45%).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
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In the paper
“On the other hand, youth who were in matches that lasted more than 12 months reported significant increases in their self-worth, perceived social acceptance, perceived scholastic competence, parental relationship quality, school value, and decreases in both drug and alcohol use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, youth who were in matches that lasted more than 12 months reported significant increases in their self-worth, perceived social acceptance, perceived scholastic competence, parental relationship quality, school value, and decreases in both drug and alcohol use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, youth who were in matches that lasted more than 12 months reported significant increases in their self-worth, perceived social acceptance, perceived scholastic competence, parental relationship quality, school value, and decreases in both drug and alcohol use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, youth who were in matches that lasted more than 12 months reported significant increases in their self-worth, perceived social acceptance, perceived scholastic competence, parental relationship quality, school value, and decreases in both drug and alcohol use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, matches involving 13-16 year olds were 65% more likely to break up in each period than matches with 10-12 year olds.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
“In particular, older adolescents tended to have shorter relationships than younger adolescents.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Predictors of Relationship Length
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In the paper
“In support of this prediction we found that youth who were in relationships that lasted a year or longer reported improvements in academic, psychosocial, and behavioral outcomes; and progressively fewer effects emerged among youth who were in relationships that terminated between 6 months and 1 year or between 3 and 6 months.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Specifically, youth in relationships that lasted for a year or more reported the largest number of improvements, with fewer effects emerging among youth in relationships that lasted from 6 to 12 months.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Consistent with previous research regarding the complexities of mentoring relationships (Rhodes et al., 1999), most of the positive effects emerged in relationships that persisted for a year or longer.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 37
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In the paper
“There were no significant, positive effects for short matches lasting less than 6 months and, in fact, the only significant finding for this group was an increase in alcohol use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
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In the paper
“The largest number of significant, positive effects emerged in the 12-month or longer group, an increase in perceived scholastic competence and self-perceived social acceptance, and reductions in truancy and substance use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Matches with adolescents who were referred for psychological or educational programs, or had sustained emotional, sexual, or physical abuse, were more likely to break up.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
“Beyond age, adolescents who had sustained emotional, sexual, or physical abuse were also more likely to have shorter relationships.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Along similar lines, the mentor relationships of adolescents who had been referred for psychological treatment or educational remediation were less likely to remain intact.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Predictors of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several dyadic factors were related to somewhat higher termination rates, including gender (matches with females) and race (matches with sameand cross-race minorities), but these effects were only marginally significant and did not remain when specifications regarding the mentors' race or interests were considered in the analyses.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship scales significantly increased the explanatory power of the model (model chi-square 69.6 vs. 109.30)and attenuated the negative effects of being a married volunteer 26-30 years old and being of lower income.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“It should be noted that the risks associated with being married and 26-30 years old were attenuated when relationship quality was taken into account.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Predictors of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
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In the paper
“However, the model did poorly in predicting short matches.The correlation between the instrument and the observed length of match is equal to .36 for matches that lasted at least 6 months but only .02 for matches that lasted less than 6 months.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average hazard rate (h) is .06,which implies that the expected length of a match is 1/h or 16.6 months.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Predictors of Relationship Length
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All matches experience a probability of breaking up each period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were a few significant findings in the 6-12-month group-an increase in perceived scholastic competence, a decrease in days skipped, and a decrease in the number of times the youth hit someone else.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Adolescence is a life stage during which issues of acceptance and rejection are especially salient (Cauce, Mason, Gonzales, Hiraga, & Liu, 1994;Lerner & Galambos, 1998).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In their qualitative investigation of mentoring relationships, for example, Styles and Morrow (1992) concluded that youth needed to be engaged with their mentors for at least 6 months before the relationships began to take hold.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Styles and Morrow (1992)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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- Not matched
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In the paper
“Over 70% of the youth met with their mentor at least three times a month and approximately 45% met one or more times per week.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Design and Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Some volunteers may be discouraged by what they perceive as a lack of appreciation on the part of their mentee or find that the personal investment that is required to work with troubled adolescents exceeds their expectations, particularly if the volunteers' involvement is drawing them away from social and family obligations (Freedman, 1993;Omoto & Snyder, 1995).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Freedman, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Omoto & Snyder, 1995
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Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Irrespective of their relationship histories, all youth may show certain vulnerabilities to early terminations.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eighty-five percent of the sample (N = 959; 487 treatments and 472 controls) completed both the baseline and the follow-up interviews.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > METHOD Participants
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In the paper
“All participants were interviewed by telephone before they knew their experimental status.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Design and Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Consequently, they may have developed internal representations of relationships that incorporate fears and doubts about whether others will accept and support them (Bowlby, 1982;Egeland, Jacobvitz, & Sroufe, 1988).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bowlby, 1982 source
- Not matchedcites Egeland, Jacobvitz, & Sroufe, 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“Only 2.7% of the youth refused to participate in the evaluation.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Design and Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, mentors can challenge negative views that adolescents may hold of themselves or of relationships with adults and demonstrate that positive, caring relationships with adults are possible.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among closed matches, the pairs met for an average of 9 months.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Design and Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Observations of mentoring programs, as well as a small but growing body of psychological research on volunteerism, suggest that early terminations of volunteer relationships may occur for a wide variety of reasons.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“By helping adolescents cope with everyday stressors, providing a model for effective conflict resolution, and indirectly reducing parental stress, mentor relationships are thought to have the capacity to facilitate improvements in parent-child interactions (Flaxman, Ascher, & Harringon, 1988;Rhodes, Grossman, & Resch, 2000;Rhodes, Haight, & Briggs, 1999).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An average meeting lasted 3.6 hr.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Design and Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Graduations, illnesses, or changes in family structure or residence, for instance, may influence adolescents' eligibility or leave dyads unable to meet on a regular basis (Sipe, 1996).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sipe, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the extent that adolescents have identified with their mentors, and have begun to value the relationship, they may feel profound disappointment when the relationship does not progress.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mentor relationships that take hold, on the other hand, are likely to grow progressively more effective with time.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At pretest, Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients of the subscales were .77,.83,and .76,respectively.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Parent Relationships
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Such youth may feel particularly vulnerable to, and responsible for, problems in subsequent adult relationships (Wallerstein, 1988).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wallerstein, 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Many adolescents in mentoring programs come from single-parent homes and may have already sustained the loss of regular contact with their nonresidential parent.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the central component of mentoring is the formation of intensive one-on-one relationships, terminations may touch on vulnerabilities in youth in ways that other, less personal interventions do not.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Feelings of rejection and disappointment, in turn, may lead to a host of negative emotional, behavioral, and academic outcomes (Downey et al., 1998).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Downey et al., 1998 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ongoing matches had been meeting an average of 12.9 months.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Design and Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents were asked to indicate the frequency with which they felt certain ways about school, ranging from 1 (hardly ever) to 4 ( pretty often) (α = .86).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > School Value
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the conclusion of the study, 378 (78%) of the treatment youth had been matched.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Design and Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers generally agree that mentors promote positive developmental outcomes through role modeling and the provision of emotional support and positive feedback.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because we were interested in explaining the changes during the 18-month period, not the level of the outcomes, we controlled for baseline levels of variables.Other baseline characteristics were also included in the models to reduce the variance unrelated to mentoring.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the time of the follow-up, matched youth had been meeting with their mentors for approximately 12 months, while 40% of the matches were no longer meeting.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Design and Procedure
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings shed light onto adolescents' relationships with nonparental adults and address fundamental issues regarding helping behavior.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If early terminations were driven primarily by the mentor, then the estimates in Table I (using the observed length of match) are unbiased and valid.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our collection of data from a large, national sample of adolescents in naturalistic settings, over time (1.5 years) confers confidence in the precision and generalizability of the findings.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, the mentor relationships were all situated within the context of a single youth mentoring program and, as such, the pattern of findings may not apply as well to other, short-term or less formal mentoring interventions.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings also have implications for the refinement of mentoring interventions.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, this pattern of findings underscores the importance of considering relationship duration in determining the effects of mentoring programs.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistically, the selection bias would manifest itself as a correlation between the length of the mentoring relationship and youth outcomes.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Being female and/or of minority status tends to be associated with higher levels of stress (Reid, 1988), which may increase the likelihood of early termination in the relationship (Wilson & Musick, 1997).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wilson & Musick, 1997 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our research has the potential to contribute to a theoretically informed and practically applicable understanding of mentoring relationships.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Being female and/or of minority status tends to be associated with higher levels of stress (Reid, 1988), which may increase the likelihood of early termination in the relationship (Wilson & Musick, 1997).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reid, 1988 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“findings serve as an acknowledgment of the potential benefits of enduring mentoring relationships and as a mandate for sufficient program resources to ensure reasonable levels of screening, training, and postmatch mentor support.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Acknowledgements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also worth noting that the assessments were based solely on the adolescents' perceptions.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, a similar pattern would also have been observed if the youth who were particularly well-adjusted were also the youth most likely to be able to sustain mentor relationships, whereas the less well-adjusted youth were the most likely to fail in establishing a relationship with a mentor.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern of estimated impacts is consistent with the hypotheses that short-lived matches can have detrimental effects on youth; and that the impact of mentoring grows as the relationship matures.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alternatively, if the terminations were youth driven, then we would have a poor model of short matches.This implies that the standard errors of the estimates in Stage 2 would be large, but the estimates would still be unbiased.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, such youth are most likely to harbor expectations of rejection and to experience negative consequence following early terminations (Downey, Khouri, & Feldman, 1997).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Downey, Khouri, & Feldman, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If this were the case, then youth in longer matches may have improved relative to those in shorter matches, not because of their greater dosage of mentoring, but simply because lengthof-match sorts youth on the basis of their adjustment status.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Very little is known about how variations in the characteristics of mentor relationships relate to youth outcomes.
“Despite this evidence, very little is known about how variations in the characteristics of mentor relationships relate to youth outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many adolescents in mentoring programs come from single-parent homes and may have already sustained the loss of regular contact with their nonresidential parent.
“In particular, many adolescents in mentoring programs come from single-parent homes (an eligibility requirement for some programs) and may have already sustained the loss of regular contact with their nonresidential parent.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Still other dyads may lack a basic chemistry and the relationships may gradually give way to other demands.
“Still other dyads may lack a basic chemistry and the relationships may gradually give way to other demands.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The predicted value of length-of-match is free of correlated error and unrelated to youth outcomes.
“The predicted value of length-of-match, which is now assumed to be free of correlated error, is used in place of the original value in the second stage of the regression.By regressing length-of-match onto variables that are unrelated to youth outcomes, the predicted value is assumed to be unrelated to youth outcomes.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
All matches experience a probability of breaking up each period.
“Underlying this approach is the assumption that all matches experience a probability of breaking up each period.”
The paper relies on this without support.
BBBS makes no cross-gender matches.
“BBBS makes no cross-gender matches and so the effects of the adults' gender could not be separated from that of the youth.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The proportional hazards assumption holds for the hazard rate analyses.
“Table III.Hazard Rate Analysis of Length of Match”
The paper relies on this without support.
The relationship quality scales ('youth-centered' and 'disappointment') validly measure relationship quality.
“relationship quality (as measured by”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In contrast, mentoring relationships that ended prematurely, at between three and six months, despite the open-ended intentions of the mentoring relationships, resulted in decreased perceived self-worth and scholastic competence [33].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“However, these proximal benefits did not translate into differences in terms of consistent outcomes [12,13,33,34,45,70,171].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These findings are consistent with prior theory on mentoring relationships, suggesting that mentors and mentees self‐assessed attitudes about the quality of the relationship are associated with duration of the match (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
From Strategies for monitoring mentoring relationship quality to predict early program dropout (2022) · cites this paper as Grossman & Rhodes, 2002
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Specifically, findings from open-ended mentoring programs from Canada and the U.S. (mostly BBBS) indicated that 34% to half of all mentoring relationships end prematurely, with most terminating within the first few months [11,33,41,111,112,113,114].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“American mentors who were newly married and in their late 20s tended to have shorter matches than did older mentors in BBBS programs [33].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The literature has pointed to some advantages of older mentors in long-term mentoring programs with or without a defined endpoint, although the findings are inconclusive.”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Findings from various American programs have indicated that mid-to late-elementary school-aged children and younger adolescents reported closer relationships with their mentors and tended to have more enduring matches than those characterizing older adolescents [33,53,113].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, Raposa et al.’s. [17] meta-analysis indicated that same-race relationships lasted longer than cross-race matches, and cross-race relationships were more likely to end prematurely in BBBS America [33].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Early match terminations are less frequent for male than for female mentors in American programs [33,113,154].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, early terminations of the match were more likely among girls than among boys in BBBS America and Canada [33,41].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Of course, not all mentoring relationships are the same, and their influence can vary as a function of relationship quality, mentor, and mentee characteristics (Goldner & Mayseless, 2009; Grossman, Chan, Schwartz, & Rhodes, 2012; Grossman & Rhodes, 2002; Hurd & Sellers, 2013; Parra, DuBois, Neville, Pugh‐Lilly, & Povinelli, 2002; Rhodes et al., 2006).”
From Does Natural Mentoring Matter? A Multilevel Meta‐analysis on the Association Between Natural Mentoring and Youth Outcomes (2018) · cites this paper as Grossman & Rhodes, 2002
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Empirical studies of these types of mentoring programs have found premature termination can be associated with increased alcohol use, lower perceptions of self‐worth, and scholastic competence (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
From Strategies for monitoring mentoring relationship quality to predict early program dropout (2022) · cites this paper as Grossman & Rhodes, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Data from random assignment studies comparing mentees and a parallel control group on a waiting list for BBBS programs in the U.S. found that the effects of mentoring on adolescent outcomes became progressively stronger with match length [33].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Young people participating in open-ended mentoring relationships in the context of BBBS of America that terminated within three months of its initiation reported a decrease in self-worth and perceived scholastic competence [33].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Young people who have been referred for social services or have sustained emotional, sexual, or physical abuse are more likely to have premature closure rates in BBBS [33].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“When similarity in mentors’ and mentees’ interests was used as the primary matching criterion for programs, it served as a buffer against early termination in cross-race dyads [33].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Same-race minority match p-values differ
MinorThe prose gives p = .08 for this predictor, while the corresponding table entry gives .09.
“same-race minority matches terminated marginally more often than same-race white matches ( p = .08)”
“Same-race minority match .421.53 .09”
Citations
Cites
Regression Models and Life-Tables
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Who Cares? Toward an Integrated Theory of Volunteer Work
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Berry, W., & Feldman, S. (1985) · doi:10.4135/9781412985208 · Cited by 1,227
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Flagged first, then by citations
4 of the 48 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- Downey G., 1997, Rochester Symposium on Developmental Psychopathology: Vol. 8. The effects of trauma on the developmental process, 85
- Flaxman E., 1988, Youth mentoring: Programs and practices
- Freedman M., 1993, The kindness of strangers: Adult mentors, urban youth, and the new volunteerism
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Resilience in Development: A Synthesis of Research across Five Decades
Luthar, S. S. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470939406.ch20 · Cited by 1,488
How Effective Are Mentoring Programs for Youth? A Systematic Assessment of the Evidence
DuBois, D. L., Portillo, N., Rhodes, J. E., Silverthorn, N., & Valentine, J. C. (2011) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1177/1529100611414806 · Cited by 889
“Available evidence points to added benefits when youth experience longer-term relationships with mentors (DuBois & Rhodes, 2006; Grossman, Chan, Schwartz, & Rhodes, 2011; Grossman & Rhodes, 2002; Herrera et al., 2007; Karcher, 2005; Slicker & Palmer, 1993).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationNatural Mentoring Relationships and Adolescent Health: Evidence From a National Study
DuBois, D. L., & Silverthorn, N. (2005) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2003.031476 · Cited by 499
A model for the influence of mentoring relationships on youth development
Rhodes, J. E., Spencer, R., Keller, T. E., Liang, B., & Noam, G. (2006) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.20124 · Cited by 432
“Grossman and Rhodes (2002) found that the mentoring relation ships ofyouth who had more troubled histories, such as having been referred for psycho logical or educational programs or have endured emotional, sexual, or physical abuse, were more likely to end prematurely than those of youth who had…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe Effects of Youth Mentoring Programs: A Meta-analysis of Outcome Studies
Raposa, E. B., Rhodes, J., Stams, G. J. J. M., Card, N., Burton, S., Schwartz, S., Sykes, L. A. Y., Kanchewa, S., Kupersmidt, J., & Hussain, S. (2019) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-019-00982-8 · Cited by 366
“Some studies have linked relationship duration to mentee outcomes, showing the greatest benefits from relationships lasting at least 12 months (Grossman and Rhodes 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMentoring Relationships and Programs for Youth
Rhodes, J. E., & DuBois, D. L. (2008) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2008.00585.x · Cited by 348
“…a reanalysis of data from the previously noted evaluation of the BBBSA program, for example, positive effects on youth outcomes became progressively stronger as relationships persisted for longer periods of time and were greatest when relationships lasted at least 1 year (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
ResultSelf-citationMentoring in schools: an impact study of big brothers’ big sisters’ school-based mentoring
Herrera, C., Grossman, J. B., Kauh, T. J., & McMaken, J. (2011) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2010.01559.x · Cited by 318
Self-citationImproving youth mentoring interventions through research-based practice
Rhodes, J. E. (2008) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-007-9153-9 · Cited by 272
“When Grossman and Rhodes (2002) reanalyzed the BBBS community-based mentoring data taking the quality and length of relationships into account, wide variations in program effects emerged.”
MethodSelf-citationKarcher (2004) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20025 · Cited by 267
“The largest study of any single mentoring program revealed significantly greater gains from long-term mentoring (e.g., 12–18 months; Grossman & Rhodes, 2002); however, smaller studies (DuBois & Neville, 1997) and even DuBois et al.’s (2002) metaanalysis were unable to detect a mediating effect of…”
Background“It's Not What I Expected”: A Qualitative Study of Youth Mentoring Relationship Failures
Spencer, R. (2007) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/0743558407301915 · Cited by 266
Understanding the mentoring process between adolescents and adults
Spencer, R. (2006) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0743558405278263 · Cited by 265
“Premature terminations of mentoring relationships (within the first 3 months) have been found to be associated with decreases in self-worth and in perceptions of scholastic competence (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
BackgroundInfluentialLuthar, S. S., Crossman, E. J., & Small, P. J. (2015) · Handbook of Child Psychology and Developmental Science · doi:10.1002/9781118963418.childpsy307 · Cited by 256
Mentoring programs: A framework to inform program development, research, and evaluation
Karcher, M. J., Kuperminc, G. P., Portwood, S. G., Sipe, C. L., & Taylor, A. S. (2006) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.20125 · Cited by 240
“All of these factors—amount, intensity, and duration—likely contribute to the quality of the relationship that is formed between mentor and mentee across different types of programs (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
BackgroundNatural mentoring and psychosocial outcomes among older youth transitioning from foster care
Munson, M. R., & McMillen, J. C. (2009) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2008.06.003 · Cited by 232
“Grossman & Rhodes (2002) utilized the Big Brothers Big Sisters Impact Study and found that one-year was a critical marker for mentoring relationships, with those in relationships lasting longer than one-year having the greatest benefit.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialMentoring relationships for youth: Investigation of a process-oriented model
Parra, G. R., DuBois, D. L., Neville, H. A., Pugh‐Lilly, A. O., & Povinelli, N. (2002) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.10016 · Cited by 232
DuBois, D. L., & Silverthorn, N. (2005) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-005-1832-4 · Cited by 236
“In a study of Big Brothers/Big Sisters programs, for example, Grossman and Rhodes (2002) found that relationships longer than one year in duration were associated with greater improvements in functioning, whereas relationships that ended after only a brief period (i.e., less than three months) were…”
InfluentialYouth in Foster Care With Adult Mentors During Adolescence Have Improved Adult Outcomes
Ahrens, K. R., DuBois, D. L., Richardson, L. P., Fan, M.-Y., & Lozano, P. (2008) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-0508 · Cited by 234
A closer look at the role of mentor teachers in shaping preservice teachers' professional identity
Izadinia, M. (2015) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2015.08.003 · Cited by 242
Ahrens, K. R., DuBois, D. L., Garrison, M., Spencer, R., Richardson, L. P., & Lozano, P. (2011) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.01.006 · Cited by 204
“Similarly, in a study of general population youth from the same larger study sample used by Rhodes and colleagues (1999), Grossman and Rhodes (2002) found that the youth having a history of abuse or neglect was a risk factor for early termination of the mentoring relationship.”
BackgroundUnderstanding and facilitating the youth mentoring movement
Rhodes, J. E., & DuBois, D. L. (2006) · Child Policy Nexus · doi:10.1002/j.2379-3988.2006.tb00048.x · Cited by 198
Self-citationDefinition and Evolution of Mentoring
Eby, L. T. D. T., Rhodes, J. E., & Allen, T. D. (2008) · Blackwell Publishing Ltd eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470691960.ch2 · Cited by 279
Self-citationTolan, P. H., Henry, D. B., Schoeny, M. S., Lovegrove, P., & Nichols, E. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Criminology · doi:10.1007/s11292-013-9181-4 · Cited by 192
Grossman, J. B., Chan, C. S., Schwartz, S. E. O., & Rhodes, J. E. (2012) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-011-9435-0 · Cited by 196
Self-citationPromoting successful youth mentoring relationships: A preliminary screening questionnaire
Rhodes, J., Reddy, R., Roffman, J., & Grossman, J. B. (2005) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-005-1849-8 · Cited by 189
“Although mentoring relationships can last for years and be the source of considerable support, as many as half dissolve within a matter of months (Freedman, 1993; Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationKarcher, M. J. (2008) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-008-0083-z · Cited by 190
Youth Initiated Mentoring: Investigating a New Approach to Working with Vulnerable Adolescents
Schwartz, S. E. O., Rhodes, J. E., Spencer, R., & Grossman, J. B. (2013) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-013-9585-3 · Cited by 189
“…year, and that relationship duration moderates the effects mentoring, with youth in the longest relationships showing the greatest benefits and those in prematurely terminating relationships showing no benefit or even negative impacts from mentoring (Grossman and Rhodes 2002; Grossman et al. 2012).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationLarson, R. W., Wilson, S., Brown, B. B., Furstenberg, F. F., & Verma, S. (2002) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/1532-7795.00024 · Cited by 177
Van Dam, L., Smit, D., Wildschut, B., Branje, S. J. T., Rhodes, J. E., Assink, M., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2018) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12248 · Cited by 174
“…and their in fl uence can vary as a function of relationship quality, mentor, and mentee characteristics (Goldner & Mayseless, 2009; Grossman, Chan, Schwartz, & Rhodes, 2012; Grossman & Rhodes, 2002; Hurd & Sellers, 2013; Parra, DuBois, Neville, Pugh-Lilly, & Povinelli, 2002; Rhodes et al., 2006).”
Self-citationNatural mentoring among older youth in and aging out of foster care: A systematic review
Thompson, A. E., Greeson, J. K. P., & Brunsink, A. M. (2016) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.12.006 · Cited by 172
“Grossman and Rhodes (2002) investigated the impact of the duration of a mentoring relationship on youth outcomes among 1138 adolescents.”
BackgroundYouth-Nominated Support Team for suicidal adolescents (Version 1): A randomized controlled trial.
King, C. A., Kramer, A., Preuss, L. J., Kerr, D., Weisse, L., & Venkataraman, S. (2006) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.74.1.199 · Cited by 171
A systemic model of the youth mentoring intervention
Keller, T. E. (2005) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-005-1850-2 · Cited by 167
“As noted earlier, recent studies provide preliminary evidence that the emotional content and the duration of the mentoring relationship are associated with youth outcomes (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002; Parra et al., 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialHurd, N. M., Sánchez, B., Zimmerman, M. A., & Caldwell, C. H. (2012) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2012.01769.x · Cited by 176
“This may be an advantage of natural mentoring relationships given that researchers have found connections between longer lasting mentoring relationships and more positive youth outcomes (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002; McLearn, Colasanto, & Schoen, 1998).”
Hurd, N. M., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2010) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-010-9325-x · Cited by 182
“This may be a significant advantage of natural mentoring relationships in light of findings that longerlasting mentoring relationships have been linked to more positive youth outcomes (Grossman and Rhodes 2002; Klaw et al. 2003; McLearn et al. 1998).”
King, C. A., Klaus, N. M., Kramer, A., Venkataraman, S., QUINLAN, P. E., & Gillespie, B. W. (2009) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0016552 · Cited by 157
“Previous research indicates that supportive relationships with unrelated adults may minimize the impact of environmental risk (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002; Resnick et al., 1997).”
Karcher, M. J., Nakkula, M. J., & Harris, J. (2005) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-005-1847-x · Cited by 149
“Several factors have been found to affect both the quality of the mentoring relationship and program outcomes (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002; Sipe, 2000).”
BackgroundMentoring adolescent foster youth: Promoting resilience during developmental transitions
Osterling, K. L., & Hines, A. M. (2006) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2206.2006.00427.x · Cited by 148
Klaw, E., Rhodes, J. E., & Fitzgerald, L. F. (2003) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/a:1022551721565 · Cited by 148
“Similarly, Grossman and Rhodes (2002) studied Big Brothers Big Sisters relationships that varied in length from less than 3 months to over 1 year.”
BackgroundSelf-citationBenefits Derived by College Students from Mentoring At‐Risk Youth in a Service‐Learning Course
Weiler, L. M., Haddock, S. A., Zimmerman, T. S., Krafchick, J., Henry, K. L., & Rudisill, S. (2013) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10464-013-9589-z · Cited by 145
The Blackwell Handbook of Mentoring
Eby, L. T. D. T., Rhodes, J. E., & Allen, T. D. (2007) · Blackwell Publishing Ltd eBooks · doi:10.1111/b.9781405133739.2007.00002.x · Cited by 146
Self-citationStories of Success: Experiences of American Indian Students in a Peer-Mentoring Retention Program
Shotton, H. J., Oosahwe, E. S. L., & Cintrón, R. (2007) · Review of higher education/The review of higher education · doi:10.1353/rhe.2007.0060 · Cited by 149
“These findings are consistent with findings from other research indicating that the provision of support, guidance, and role modeling is a key function of the mentoring relationship (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002; Kram, 1985).”
What Do Adolescents Need for Healthy Development? Implications for Youth Policy
Roth, J. L., & Jeanne Brooks-gunn, B. (2000) · Child Policy Nexus · doi:10.1002/j.2379-3988.2000.tb00012.x · Cited by 136
Langhout, R. D., Rhodes, J. E., & Osborne, L. N. (2004) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1023/b:joyo.0000032638.85483.44 · Cited by 137
“To date, some of these scales have been used in other research articles (see Grossman and Rhodes, 2002 ).”
MethodSelf-citationThe critical ingredient: Caring youth‐staff relationships in after‐school settings
Rhodes, J. E. (2004) · New Directions for Youth Development · doi:10.1002/yd.75 · Cited by 134
Self-citationCapturing the magic: Assessing the quality of youth mentoring relationships
Deutsch, N. L., & Spencer, R. (2009) · New Directions for Youth Development · doi:10.1002/yd.296 · Cited by 134
The mentor-youth alliance: The role of mentoring relationships in promoting youth competence
Zand, D. H., Thomson, N., Cervantes, R., Espiritu, R., Klagholz, D., LaBlanc, L., & Taylor, A. (2009) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2007.12.006 · Cited by 130
Albright, J. N., Hurd, N. M., & Hussain, S. B. (2017) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12143 · Cited by 131
Social Contexts: Transcending Their Power and Their Fragility
Moos, R. H. (2003) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1023041101850 · Cited by 126
The Stages and Development of Mentoring Relationships
Keller, T. E. (2005) · Sage eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781412976664.n6 · Cited by 127
Review of What Youth Programs Do to Increase the Connectedness of Youth with Adults
Grossman, J. B., & Bulle, M. J. (2006) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2006.08.004 · Cited by 129
Self-citationThe quality of mentoring relationships and mentoring success
Goldner, L., & Mayseless, O. (2009) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-008-9345-0 · Cited by 122
Rice, E. R. W., Milburn, N. G., & Monro, W. L. (2010) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-010-0191-4 · Cited by 120
“There is a large body of research that has consistently demonstrated the healthy impact of having a positive adult in the life of high-risk adolescents (Beam et al. 2002; Grossman and Rhodes 2002; Hamilton and Darling 1996; Hirsch et al. 2002; Rhodes et al. 2000).”
BackgroundKarcher, M. J. (2009) · Professional School Counseling · doi:10.5330/psc.n.2010-12.292 · Cited by 118
Chan, C. S., Rhodes, J. E., Howard, W., Lowe, S. R., Schwartz, S. E. O., & Herrera, C. (2012) · Journal of School Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jsp.2012.10.001 · Cited by 132
Self-citationThe impact of school-based mentoring on youths with different relational profiles
Schwartz, S. E. O., Rhodes, J. E., Chan, C. S., & Herrera, C. (2011) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0021379 · Cited by 114
“In particular, relative to older adolescents, younger adolescents have reported better friendships and more disclosure with adults than have older adolescents (Thomson & Zand, 2010) and tend to have more enduring ties with mentors (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationHurd, N. M., & Sellers, R. M. (2013) · Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0031095 · Cited by 120
Natural Mentoring Relationships and the Adjustment to College among Underrepresented Students
Hurd, N. M., Tan, J. S., & Loeb, E. L. (2016) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12059 · Cited by 106
“…support seeking to deal with psychological distress), previous research suggests that the benefits of mentoring relationships may unfold over time and that the close bonds that are needed to foster more positive youth outcomes may take a minimum of 1 year to develop (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
BackgroundThe protective influence of mentoring on adolescents’ substance use: Direct and indirect pathways
Rhodes, J. E., Reddy, R., & Grossman, J. B. (2005) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1207/s1532480xads0901_4 · Cited by 106
“Grossman and Rhodes (2002), drawing on the national BBBS study, recently found that the effects of mentor relationships varied as a function of their duration.”
BackgroundSelf-citationGrant, C. M. (2012) · International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education · doi:10.1080/09518398.2011.647719 · Cited by 125
“Some mentoring relationships can be lifealtering, whereas others may be superficial, short-lived or even destructive (Eby et al. 2000; Grossman and Rhodes 2002; Levinson et al. 1978; Rhodes 2000).”
BackgroundInformal mentoring and young adult employment
McDonald, S., Erickson, L. D., Johnson, M. K., & Elder, G. H. (2007) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2007.01.008 · Cited by 109
“…outcomes among youth (DuBois, Holloway, Valentine, and Cooper, 2002), improving academic performance, attitudes, and relationships with friends and relatives as well as reducing problem behaviors (Grossman and Rhodes, 2002; Rhodes, Grossman, and Resch, 2000; Tierney, Grossman, and Resch, 1995).”
BackgroundHolt, L. J., Bry, B. H., & Johnson, V. L. (2008) · Child & Family Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1080/07317100802482969 · Cited by 111
“The quality of the relationship formed between mentors and mentees may also account for differential impacts of mentoring interventions on mentees (Cavell & Hughes, 2000 ; Grossman & Rhodes, 2002 ; Rhodes, 2002 ; Slicker & Palmer, 1993 ).”
BackgroundMentoring Interventions to Affect Juvenile Delinquency and Associated Problems
Tolan, P., Henry, D., Schoeny, M., & Bass, A. (2008) · Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World · doi:10.4073/csr.2008.16 · Cited by 98
First do no harm: Ethical principles for youth mentoring relationships.
Rhodes, J. E., Liang, B., & Spencer, R. (2009) · Professional Psychology Research and Practice · doi:10.1037/a0015073 · Cited by 96
“Indeed, in two, large random assignment studies, youth in prematurely terminating mentoring relationships showed increases in problem behaviors relative to a control group (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002; Herrera et al., 2007).”
InfluentialSelf-citationRhodes, J. E., Reddy, R., Grossman, J. B., & Maxine Lee, J. (2002) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.2002.tb02066.x · Cited by 98
Bayer, A., Grossman, J. B., & DuBois, D. L. (2015) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.21693 · Cited by 96
“Similarly, this paper informs the “length plus strength” proposition that grew out of earlier work on the BBBSA CBM program, in which effects of mentoring were observed to increase over time after a trusting relationship had apparently formed (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
InfluentialRelationship quality and the mentoring of aggressive, high-risk children
Cavell, T. A., Elledge, L. C., Malcolm, K. T., Faith, M. A., & Hughes, J. N. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374410802698420 · Cited by 96
“But if children can be harmed when mentoring is inconsistent (Karcher, 2005) or when mentoring ends early (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002), then it makes sense to consider the use of external contingencies.”
InfluentialNatural Mentoring Relationships Among Adolescent Mothers: A Study of Resilience
Hurd, N. M., & Zimmerman, M. A. (2010) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/j.1532-7795.2010.00660.x · Cited by 107
“…mentoring relationships may be more vulnerable to early termination due to mismatches between mentees and mentors (a lack of chemistry), poor relationship quality, and a lack of commitment and follow-through by mentors and mentees (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002; Styles & Morrow, 1992; Rhodes, 2002).”
BackgroundGender, ethnicity, development, and risk: Mentoring and the consideration of individual differences
Darling, N., Bogat, G. A., Cavell, T. A., Murphy, S. E., & Sánchez, B. (2006) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.20128 · Cited by 93
“…to answer this question compare white mentors paired with ethnic minority youth to matched pairs who share ethnicity (e.g., Ensher & Murphy, 1997, Grossman & Rhodes, 2002; Parra, DuBois, Neville, Pugh-Lilly, & Povinelli, 2002; Rhodes et al., 2002), implying a complex set of underlying processes…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAdolescents’ Negative Experiences in Organized Youth Activities
Dworkin, J. (2007) · Journal of Youth Development · doi:10.5195/jyd.2007.373 · Cited by 101
“And there is evidence that some adults in organized programs act in ways that promote inappropriate behavior or have a negative influence on young people’s sense of self and faith in others (Eder & Parker, 1987; Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
Youth Mentoring and Resilience: Implications for Practice
Rhodes, J. E., & Lowe, S. R. (2007) · Child Care in Practice · doi:10.1080/13575270701733666 · Cited by 99
“In a secondary analysis of data from the pivotal Big Brothers Big Sisters of America study of community-based mentoring (Grossman & Tierney, 1998), Grossman and Rhodes (2002) found that positive effects on youth outcomes became progressively stronger as relationships persisted for longer periods of time.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationThe Impact of Youth Risk on Mentoring Relationship Quality: Do Mentor Characteristics Matter?
Raposa, E. B., Rhodes, J. E., & Herrera, C. (2016) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12057 · Cited by 88
Self-citationThe Role of Social Support in the Transition From Foster Care to Emerging Adulthood
Jones, L. P. (2014) · Journal of Family Social Work · doi:10.1080/10522158.2013.865287 · Cited by 86
“However, this research has identified a set of characteristics that are needed for effective mentoring: the relationship must be of some duration (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002), must provide consistency in contacts and provision of support (Herrera, Sipe, & McClanahan, 2000), must provide a strong…”
BackgroundYouth mentoring in perspective: Introduction to the special issue
Rhodes, J. E., Bogat, G. A., Roffman, J., Edelman, P., & Galasso, L. (2002) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1023/a:1014676726644 · Cited by 87
Self-citationNEET Youth in the Aftermath of the Crisis: Challenges and PoliciesPreprint
Carcillo, S., & Königs, S. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2573655 · Cited by 98
Gaddis, S. M. (2012) · Social Forces · doi:10.1093/sf/sos003 · Cited by 84
The role of gender in youth mentoring relationship formation and duration
Rhodes, J., Lowe, S. R., Litchfield, L., & Walsh-Samp, K. (2008) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2007.09.005 · Cited by 82
Self-citationMentoring special youth populations
Britner, P. A., Balcazar, F. E., Blechman, E. A., Blinn‐Pike, L., & Larose, S. (2006) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.20127 · Cited by 83
“Turning to formal mentoring programs, Grossman and Rhodes (2002) studied 487 mentored youth and 472 control youth in an urban Big Brothers/Big Sisters program at baseline and at 18-month follow-up.”
MethodFrom treatment to empowerment: New approaches to youth mentoring
Schwartz, S. E. O., & Rhodes, J. E. (2016) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12070 · Cited by 82
Self-citationTrends in Volunteer Mentoring in the United States: Analysis of a Decade of Census Survey Data
Raposa, E. B., Dietz, N., & Rhodes, J. E. (2017) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12117 · Cited by 81
Self-citationINTRODUCTION TO THE SPECIAL ISSUE: YOUTH MENTORING: BRIDGING SCIENCE WITH PRACTICE
DuBois, D., & Rhodes, J. (2006) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.20121 · Cited by 92
“Analyzing data from the national Big Brothers Big Sisters study, Grossman and Rhodes (2002) found that the effects of mentor relationships varied with their duration.”
MethodSelf-citationValidating a Mentoring Relationship Quality Scale: Does Match Strength Predict Match Length?
Rhodes, J. E., Schwartz, S. E. O., Willis, M. M., & Wu, M. B. (2017) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x14531604 · Cited by 79
“…may influence relationship duration, including youth and mentor age, same gender and same race status, mentor education, and who chooses the agenda for match activities (e.g., Bogat & Liang, 2005; Grossman & Rhodes, 2002; Herrera, Sipe, & McClanahan, 2000; Lymburner, 2006; Morrow & Styles, 1995).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSchool-based mentoring as selective prevention for bullied children: a preliminary test
Elledge, L. C., Cavell, T. A., Ogle, N. T., & Newgent, R. A. (2010) · The Journal of Primary Prevention · doi:10.1007/s10935-010-0215-7 · Cited by 79
“This bit of clinical lore stems from research that showed negative outcomes for youth whose mentoring relationship ended prematurely (see Grossman and Rhodes 2002).”
BackgroundOutcomes of a peer mentoring program for university students with disabilities
Hillier, A., Goldstein, J., Tornatore, L. A., Byrne, E., & Johnson, H. M. (2019) · Mentoring & Tutoring · doi:10.1080/13611267.2019.1675850 · Cited by 56
“Rhodes (2005) recommends that to build the quality of relationship necessary to evidence beneficial effects, the mentor and mentee should spend significant and consistent amount of time together, perhaps at least a year (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodMentoring Interventions to Affect Juvenile Delinquency and Associated Problems: A Systematic Review
Tolan, P., Henry, D., Schoeny, M., Bass, A., Lovegrove, P., & Nichols, E. (2013) · Campbell Systematic Reviews: Better Evidence for a Better World · doi:10.4073/csr.2013.10 · Cited by 77
Positive Youth Development Through Leisure: Confronting the COVID-19 Pandemic
Ettekal, A. V., & Agans, J. P. (2020) · Journal of Youth Development · doi:10.5195/jyd.2020.962 · Cited by 75
“Disruptions in adult – youth relationships can be extremely detrimental, such that relationships terminated early or without the consent of the youth can cause more harm than good (e.g., Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
Lakind, D., Atkins, M., & Eddy, J. M. (2015) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2015.03.007 · Cited by 74
“Keller (2005) emphasizes that parents play a critical role in the mentoring process, and DuBois et al.”
BackgroundMentoring relationships: implications for practitioners and suggestions for future research
McDowall-Long, K. (2004) · Human Resource Development International · doi:10.1080/1367886042000299816 · Cited by 74
“…in non-dysfunctional relationships include, but are not limited to, higher academic achievement (Grossman and Rhodes 2002), improved self-concept (Grossman and Rhodes 2002), greater demonstration of pro-social behaviour (Grossman and Rhodes 2002), improved interpersonal relationships (Grossman…”
BackgroundInfluentialSpencer, R., Basualdo-Delmonico, A., Walsh, J., & Drew, A. L. (2017) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x14535416 · Cited by 72
“Indeed, a number of formal youth mentoring relationships last a year or more (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002; Schwartz, Rhodes, Spencer, & Grossman, 2013) and a recent meta-analysis of evaluations of mentoring programs in the United States found that mentored youth demonstrated positive gains in a range…”
BackgroundInfluentialDeWit, D. J., DuBois, D., Erdem, G., Larose, S., & Lipman, E. L. (2016) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-016-0663-2 · Cited by 71
Back to the Future: Mentoring as Means and End in Promoting Child Mental Health
Cavell, T. A., Spencer, R., & McQuillin, S. D. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2021.1875327 · Cited by 73
“This point alone represents a tremendous advantage given that a significant proportion of mentor-mentee matches end prematurely (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPositive Youth Development in Global Contexts of Social and Economic Change
Petersen, A. C. (2016) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315307275 · Cited by 69
“A young person whose assigned mentor does not work out for some reason can suffer from that failure, looking worse than a control group participant who never had a match (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
BackgroundLyons, M. D., McQuillin, S. D., & Henderson, L. J. (2019) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12283 · Cited by 68
“Some empirical studies suggest a positive association between the length and quality of the relationship with outcomes (Grossman, Chan, Schwartz, & Rhodes, 2012; Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
BackgroundMentoring Programs and Youth Development: A Synthesis.
Jekielek, S. M., Moore, K. A., & Hair, E. C. (2002) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e315432004-001 · Cited by 68
“Mentoring relationships that last 12 months or longer are associated with significant improvements in adolescents' self-worth, whereas those of shorter duration tend to have mild or even negative effects on this outcome (Grossman and Rhodes (1999), as summarized in BBS3).”
BackgroundUnpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review
Goldner, L., & Ben-Eliyahu, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115666 · Cited by 67
“[17] meta-analysis indicated that same-race relationships lasted longer than cross-race matches, and cross-race relationships were more likely to end prematurely in BBBS America [33].”
BackgroundInfluentialSpencer, R., Tugenberg, T., Ocean, M., Schwartz, S. E. O., & Rhodes, J. E. (2013) · Youth & Society · doi:10.1177/0044118x13495053 · Cited by 66
“Many relationships never take hold and as many as a third to a half of all relationships established through formal programs end prematurely (Bernstein, Dun Rappaport, Olsho, Hunt, & Levin, 2009; Grossman, Chan, Schwartz, & Rhodes, 2012; Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPredictors of Premature Match Closure in Youth Mentoring Relationships
Kupersmidt, J. B., Stump, K. N., Stelter, R. L., & Rhodes, J. E. (2017) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12124 · Cited by 65
“Poorer Youth Outcomes Associated with Premature Closure Mentoring relationships that end abruptly or where the ending is unexpected and unplanned can do more harm than good (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002; Herrera et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSelf-citationSchwartz, S. E. O., Kanchewa, S. S., Rhodes, J. E., Cutler, E., & Cunningham, J. L. (2016) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2016.03.001 · Cited by 66
“Unfortunately, not all formal mentoring relationships result in close and enduring relationships (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
BackgroundSelf-citationReview of Three Recent Randomized Trials of School-Based Mentoring and commentaries
Wheeler, M. E., Keller, T. E., & DuBois, D. L. (2010) · Child Policy Nexus · doi:10.1002/j.2379-3988.2010.tb00064.x · Cited by 65
Butts, J. A., Bazemore, G., & Meroe, A. S. (2010) · CUNY Academic Works (City University of New York) · Cited by 62
Voices from the field: Evaluation as part of a learning culture
Hoole, E. R., & Patterson, T. (2008) · New Directions for Evaluation · doi:10.1002/ev.270 · Cited by 64
“Research by Grossman and Rhodes (2002) indicates length of relationship is critical for the level of impact on youth.”
BackgroundMentoring to reduce antisocial behaviour in childhood
Roberts, H. M., Liabo, K., Lucas, P. J., DuBois, D. L., & Sheldon, T. (2004) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.328.7438.512 · Cited by 64
Metadata
- Authors
- Grossman, J. B., & Rhodes, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Public/Private Ventures (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Rhodes, Jean E.
- Venue
- American Journal of Community Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-04
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 199-219
- ISSN
- 0091-0562 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2770
- OpenAlex
- W1572559456
- Cited by
- 678
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 19.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Community Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Mentoring and Academic Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Youth Development and Social Support
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- youth mentoring, breakup, Big Brothers Big Sisters, urban adolescents, relationship quality, abuse history, volunteer characteristics, socioeconomic status, race and gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Child, Counseling, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Mentors, Parent-Child Relations, Quality of Life, Research Design, Risk-Taking, Social Adjustment, Socioeconomic Factors, Time, United States, Urban Population, Volunteers, Program Evaluation
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