The DOI matches its Crossref record; 44 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 45 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships
Open accessAbstract
The effects and predictors of duration in youth mentor relationships were examined. The study included 1,138 young, urban adolescents (Mean age 12.25), all of whom applied to Big Brothers Big Sisters programs. The adolescents were randomly assigned to either the treatment or control group, and administered questions at baseline and 18 months later Adolescents in relationships that lasted a year or longer reported the largest number of improvements, with progressively fewer effects emerging among youth who were in relationships that terminated earlier. Adolescents who were in relationships that terminated within a very short period of time reported decrements in several indicators of functioning. Older adolescents, as well as those who had been referred for services or had sustained emotional, sexual or physical abuse, were most likely to be in early terminating relationships, as were married volunteers aged 26-30 and those with lower incomes. Several dyadic factors were also found to be related to earlier terminations, including race, gender, and relationship quality.
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In the paper
“On the other hand, youth who were in matches that lasted more than 12 months reported significant increases in their self-worth, perceived social acceptance, perceived scholastic competence, parental relationship quality, school value, and decreases in both drug and alcohol use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
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In the paper
“On the other hand, youth who were in matches that lasted more than 12 months reported significant increases in their self-worth, perceived social acceptance, perceived scholastic competence, parental relationship quality, school value, and decreases in both drug and alcohol use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
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In the paper
“On the other hand, youth who were in matches that lasted more than 12 months reported significant increases in their self-worth, perceived social acceptance, perceived scholastic competence, parental relationship quality, school value, and decreases in both drug and alcohol use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In order to investigate the effects of relationship duration, we began by categorizing the mentored youth into four groups, depending on how long their matches had lasted: less than 3 months (6%), 3 to just under 6 months (13%), 6 to just under 12 months (36%), and 12 months or more (45%).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
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In the paper
“On the other hand, youth who were in matches that lasted more than 12 months reported significant increases in their self-worth, perceived social acceptance, perceived scholastic competence, parental relationship quality, school value, and decreases in both drug and alcohol use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, youth who were in matches that lasted more than 12 months reported significant increases in their self-worth, perceived social acceptance, perceived scholastic competence, parental relationship quality, school value, and decreases in both drug and alcohol use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, youth who were in matches that lasted more than 12 months reported significant increases in their self-worth, perceived social acceptance, perceived scholastic competence, parental relationship quality, school value, and decreases in both drug and alcohol use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, youth who were in matches that lasted more than 12 months reported significant increases in their self-worth, perceived social acceptance, perceived scholastic competence, parental relationship quality, school value, and decreases in both drug and alcohol use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Additionally, matches involving 13-16 year olds were 65% more likely to break up in each period than matches with 10-12 year olds.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
“In particular, older adolescents tended to have shorter relationships than younger adolescents.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Predictors of Relationship Length
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In the paper
“In support of this prediction we found that youth who were in relationships that lasted a year or longer reported improvements in academic, psychosocial, and behavioral outcomes; and progressively fewer effects emerged among youth who were in relationships that terminated between 6 months and 1 year or between 3 and 6 months.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Specifically, youth in relationships that lasted for a year or more reported the largest number of improvements, with fewer effects emerging among youth in relationships that lasted from 6 to 12 months.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Consistent with previous research regarding the complexities of mentoring relationships (Rhodes et al., 1999), most of the positive effects emerged in relationships that persisted for a year or longer.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
- It may state two separate claims as one. 24
- Probably not a substantial claim. 37
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In the paper
“There were no significant, positive effects for short matches lasting less than 6 months and, in fact, the only significant finding for this group was an increase in alcohol use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
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In the paper
“The largest number of significant, positive effects emerged in the 12-month or longer group, an increase in perceived scholastic competence and self-perceived social acceptance, and reductions in truancy and substance use.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Matches with adolescents who were referred for psychological or educational programs, or had sustained emotional, sexual, or physical abuse, were more likely to break up.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
“Beyond age, adolescents who had sustained emotional, sexual, or physical abuse were also more likely to have shorter relationships.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“Along similar lines, the mentor relationships of adolescents who had been referred for psychological treatment or educational remediation were less likely to remain intact.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Predictors of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several dyadic factors were related to somewhat higher termination rates, including gender (matches with females) and race (matches with sameand cross-race minorities), but these effects were only marginally significant and did not remain when specifications regarding the mentors' race or interests were considered in the analyses.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The relationship scales significantly increased the explanatory power of the model (model chi-square 69.6 vs. 109.30)and attenuated the negative effects of being a married volunteer 26-30 years old and being of lower income.”
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
“It should be noted that the risks associated with being married and 26-30 years old were attenuated when relationship quality was taken into account.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Predictors of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § DISCUSSION · plain
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In the paper
“However, the model did poorly in predicting short matches.The correlation between the instrument and the observed length of match is equal to .36 for matches that lasted at least 6 months but only .02 for matches that lasted less than 6 months.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The average hazard rate (h) is .06,which implies that the expected length of a match is 1/h or 16.6 months.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Predictors of Relationship Length
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- The authors state this as an assumption: All matches experience a probability of breaking up each period.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There were a few significant findings in the 6-12-month group-an increase in perceived scholastic competence, a decrease in days skipped, and a decrease in the number of times the youth hit someone else.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A claim is checked only against the cited paper’s full text, never its abstract, and none is available for its sources.
In the paper
“Adolescence is a life stage during which issues of acceptance and rejection are especially salient (Cauce, Mason, Gonzales, Hiraga, & Liu, 1994;Lerner & Galambos, 1998).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In their qualitative investigation of mentoring relationships, for example, Styles and Morrow (1992) concluded that youth needed to be engaged with their mentors for at least 6 months before the relationships began to take hold.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Styles and Morrow (1992)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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- Not matched
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In the paper
“Over 70% of the youth met with their mentor at least three times a month and approximately 45% met one or more times per week.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Design and Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“Some volunteers may be discouraged by what they perceive as a lack of appreciation on the part of their mentee or find that the personal investment that is required to work with troubled adolescents exceeds their expectations, particularly if the volunteers' involvement is drawing them away from social and family obligations (Freedman, 1993;Omoto & Snyder, 1995).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Freedman, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites Omoto & Snyder, 1995
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Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Irrespective of their relationship histories, all youth may show certain vulnerabilities to early terminations.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eighty-five percent of the sample (N = 959; 487 treatments and 472 controls) completed both the baseline and the follow-up interviews.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > METHOD Participants
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In the paper
“All participants were interviewed by telephone before they knew their experimental status.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Design and Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Consequently, they may have developed internal representations of relationships that incorporate fears and doubts about whether others will accept and support them (Bowlby, 1982;Egeland, Jacobvitz, & Sroufe, 1988).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Bowlby, 1982 source
- Not matchedcites Egeland, Jacobvitz, & Sroufe, 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
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In the paper
“Only 2.7% of the youth refused to participate in the evaluation.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Design and Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, mentors can challenge negative views that adolescents may hold of themselves or of relationships with adults and demonstrate that positive, caring relationships with adults are possible.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among closed matches, the pairs met for an average of 9 months.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Design and Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Observations of mentoring programs, as well as a small but growing body of psychological research on volunteerism, suggest that early terminations of volunteer relationships may occur for a wide variety of reasons.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“By helping adolescents cope with everyday stressors, providing a model for effective conflict resolution, and indirectly reducing parental stress, mentor relationships are thought to have the capacity to facilitate improvements in parent-child interactions (Flaxman, Ascher, & Harringon, 1988;Rhodes, Grossman, & Resch, 2000;Rhodes, Haight, & Briggs, 1999).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“An average meeting lasted 3.6 hr.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Design and Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Graduations, illnesses, or changes in family structure or residence, for instance, may influence adolescents' eligibility or leave dyads unable to meet on a regular basis (Sipe, 1996).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Sipe, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To the extent that adolescents have identified with their mentors, and have begun to value the relationship, they may feel profound disappointment when the relationship does not progress.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mentor relationships that take hold, on the other hand, are likely to grow progressively more effective with time.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At pretest, Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficients of the subscales were .77,.83,and .76,respectively.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Parent Relationships
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Such youth may feel particularly vulnerable to, and responsible for, problems in subsequent adult relationships (Wallerstein, 1988).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Wallerstein, 1988
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: Many adolescents in mentoring programs come from single-parent homes and may have already sustained the loss of regular contact with their nonresidential parent.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because the central component of mentoring is the formation of intensive one-on-one relationships, terminations may touch on vulnerabilities in youth in ways that other, less personal interventions do not.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Feelings of rejection and disappointment, in turn, may lead to a host of negative emotional, behavioral, and academic outcomes (Downey et al., 1998).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Downey et al., 1998 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The ongoing matches had been meeting an average of 12.9 months.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Design and Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Respondents were asked to indicate the frequency with which they felt certain ways about school, ranging from 1 (hardly ever) to 4 ( pretty often) (α = .86).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > School Value
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the conclusion of the study, 378 (78%) of the treatment youth had been matched.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Design and Procedure
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Researchers generally agree that mentors promote positive developmental outcomes through role modeling and the provision of emotional support and positive feedback.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Background
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because we were interested in explaining the changes during the 18-month period, not the level of the outcomes, we controlled for baseline levels of variables.Other baseline characteristics were also included in the models to reduce the variance unrelated to mentoring.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the time of the follow-up, matched youth had been meeting with their mentors for approximately 12 months, while 40% of the matches were no longer meeting.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Design and Procedure
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The findings shed light onto adolescents' relationships with nonparental adults and address fundamental issues regarding helping behavior.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If early terminations were driven primarily by the mentor, then the estimates in Table I (using the observed length of match) are unbiased and valid.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our collection of data from a large, national sample of adolescents in naturalistic settings, over time (1.5 years) confers confidence in the precision and generalizability of the findings.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Nonetheless, the mentor relationships were all situated within the context of a single youth mentoring program and, as such, the pattern of findings may not apply as well to other, short-term or less formal mentoring interventions.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These findings also have implications for the refinement of mentoring interventions.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, this pattern of findings underscores the importance of considering relationship duration in determining the effects of mentoring programs.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Statistically, the selection bias would manifest itself as a correlation between the length of the mentoring relationship and youth outcomes.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Being female and/or of minority status tends to be associated with higher levels of stress (Reid, 1988), which may increase the likelihood of early termination in the relationship (Wilson & Musick, 1997).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Wilson & Musick, 1997 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our research has the potential to contribute to a theoretically informed and practically applicable understanding of mentoring relationships.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Being female and/or of minority status tends to be associated with higher levels of stress (Reid, 1988), which may increase the likelihood of early termination in the relationship (Wilson & Musick, 1997).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Reid, 1988 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“findings serve as an acknowledgment of the potential benefits of enduring mentoring relationships and as a mandate for sufficient program resources to ensure reasonable levels of screening, training, and postmatch mentor support.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Acknowledgements
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It is also worth noting that the assessments were based solely on the adolescents' perceptions.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, a similar pattern would also have been observed if the youth who were particularly well-adjusted were also the youth most likely to be able to sustain mentor relationships, whereas the less well-adjusted youth were the most likely to fail in establishing a relationship with a mentor.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This pattern of estimated impacts is consistent with the hypotheses that short-lived matches can have detrimental effects on youth; and that the impact of mentoring grows as the relationship matures.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Alternatively, if the terminations were youth driven, then we would have a poor model of short matches.This implies that the standard errors of the estimates in Stage 2 would be large, but the estimates would still be unbiased.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, such youth are most likely to harbor expectations of rejection and to experience negative consequence following early terminations (Downey, Khouri, & Feldman, 1997).”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > DISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites Downey, Khouri, & Feldman, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“If this were the case, then youth in longer matches may have improved relative to those in shorter matches, not because of their greater dosage of mentoring, but simply because lengthof-match sorts youth on the basis of their adjustment status.”
§ The Test of Time: Predictors and Effects of Duration in Youth Mentoring Relationships 1 > Study 1: Effects of Relationship Length
Tests✗ Asserted: fails✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The authors may not put it forward as true. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Very little is known about how variations in the characteristics of mentor relationships relate to youth outcomes.
“Despite this evidence, very little is known about how variations in the characteristics of mentor relationships relate to youth outcomes.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Many adolescents in mentoring programs come from single-parent homes and may have already sustained the loss of regular contact with their nonresidential parent.
“In particular, many adolescents in mentoring programs come from single-parent homes (an eligibility requirement for some programs) and may have already sustained the loss of regular contact with their nonresidential parent.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Still other dyads may lack a basic chemistry and the relationships may gradually give way to other demands.
“Still other dyads may lack a basic chemistry and the relationships may gradually give way to other demands.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The predicted value of length-of-match is free of correlated error and unrelated to youth outcomes.
“The predicted value of length-of-match, which is now assumed to be free of correlated error, is used in place of the original value in the second stage of the regression.By regressing length-of-match onto variables that are unrelated to youth outcomes, the predicted value is assumed to be unrelated to youth outcomes.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
All matches experience a probability of breaking up each period.
“Underlying this approach is the assumption that all matches experience a probability of breaking up each period.”
The paper relies on this without support.
BBBS makes no cross-gender matches.
“BBBS makes no cross-gender matches and so the effects of the adults' gender could not be separated from that of the youth.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The proportional hazards assumption holds for the hazard rate analyses.
“Table III.Hazard Rate Analysis of Length of Match”
The paper relies on this without support.
The relationship quality scales ('youth-centered' and 'disappointment') validly measure relationship quality.
“relationship quality (as measured by”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“In contrast, mentoring relationships that ended prematurely, at between three and six months, despite the open-ended intentions of the mentoring relationships, resulted in decreased perceived self-worth and scholastic competence [33].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source doesn’t support the claim as written.
In the citing paper
“However, these proximal benefits did not translate into differences in terms of consistent outcomes [12,13,33,34,45,70,171].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These findings are consistent with prior theory on mentoring relationships, suggesting that mentors and mentees self‐assessed attitudes about the quality of the relationship are associated with duration of the match (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
From Strategies for monitoring mentoring relationship quality to predict early program dropout (2022) · cites this paper as Grossman & Rhodes, 2002
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Specifically, findings from open-ended mentoring programs from Canada and the U.S. (mostly BBBS) indicated that 34% to half of all mentoring relationships end prematurely, with most terminating within the first few months [11,33,41,111,112,113,114].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“American mentors who were newly married and in their late 20s tended to have shorter matches than did older mentors in BBBS programs [33].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The literature has pointed to some advantages of older mentors in long-term mentoring programs with or without a defined endpoint, although the findings are inconclusive.”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Findings from various American programs have indicated that mid-to late-elementary school-aged children and younger adolescents reported closer relationships with their mentors and tended to have more enduring matches than those characterizing older adolescents [33,53,113].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Similarly, Raposa et al.’s. [17] meta-analysis indicated that same-race relationships lasted longer than cross-race matches, and cross-race relationships were more likely to end prematurely in BBBS America [33].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Early match terminations are less frequent for male than for female mentors in American programs [33,113,154].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Furthermore, early terminations of the match were more likely among girls than among boys in BBBS America and Canada [33,41].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Of course, not all mentoring relationships are the same, and their influence can vary as a function of relationship quality, mentor, and mentee characteristics (Goldner & Mayseless, 2009; Grossman, Chan, Schwartz, & Rhodes, 2012; Grossman & Rhodes, 2002; Hurd & Sellers, 2013; Parra, DuBois, Neville, Pugh‐Lilly, & Povinelli, 2002; Rhodes et al., 2006).”
From Does Natural Mentoring Matter? A Multilevel Meta‐analysis on the Association Between Natural Mentoring and Youth Outcomes (2018) · cites this paper as Grossman & Rhodes, 2002
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Empirical studies of these types of mentoring programs have found premature termination can be associated with increased alcohol use, lower perceptions of self‐worth, and scholastic competence (Grossman & Rhodes, 2002).”
From Strategies for monitoring mentoring relationship quality to predict early program dropout (2022) · cites this paper as Grossman & Rhodes, 2002
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Data from random assignment studies comparing mentees and a parallel control group on a waiting list for BBBS programs in the U.S. found that the effects of mentoring on adolescent outcomes became progressively stronger with match length [33].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Young people participating in open-ended mentoring relationships in the context of BBBS of America that terminated within three months of its initiation reported a decrease in self-worth and perceived scholastic competence [33].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Young people who have been referred for social services or have sustained emotional, sexual, or physical abuse are more likely to have premature closure rates in BBBS [33].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“When similarity in mentors’ and mentees’ interests was used as the primary matching criterion for programs, it served as a buffer against early termination in cross-race dyads [33].”
From Unpacking Community-Based Youth Mentoring Relationships: An Integrative Review (2021) · cites this paper as [33]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Same-race minority match p-values differ
MinorThe prose gives p = .08 for this predictor, while the corresponding table entry gives .09.
“same-race minority matches terminated marginally more often than same-race white matches ( p = .08)”
“Same-race minority match .421.53 .09”
Citations
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Research works printed but not linked: 7
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Cited by
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Items 101–153 of 153
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Taussig, H. N., Weiler, L. M., Garrido, E. F., Rhodes, T., Boat, A., & Fadell, M. (2019) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12385 · Cited by 46
An evaluation of factors leading to mentor satisfaction with the mentoring relationship
Martin, S. M., & Sifers, S. K. (2012) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2012.01.025 · Cited by 47
Mentoring youth at high risk: The perspectives of professional mentors
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Mentoring in the digital age: Social media use in adult-youth relationships
Schwartz, S. E. O., Rhodes, J. E., Liang, B., Sánchez, B., Spencer, R., Kremer, S., & Kanchewa, S. (2014) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2014.09.004 · Cited by 44
Self-citationDeWit, D. J., DuBois, D., Erdem, G., Larose, S., Lipman, E. L., & Spencer, R. (2016) · American Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/ajcp.12023 · Cited by 43
Reducing social isolation through formal youth mentoring: opportunities and potential pitfalls
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A comprehensive model of mentor experiences: Perceptions, strategies, and outcomes
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Time-limited, structured youth mentoring and adolescent problem behaviors
Weiler, L. M., Haddock, S. A., Zimmerman, T. S., Henry, K. L., Krafchick, J. L., & Youngblade, L. M. (2015) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2015.1014484 · Cited by 36
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Self-citationRaposa, E. B., Ben‐Eliyahu, A., Olsho, L. E. W., & Rhodes, J. (2019) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.22127 · Cited by 33
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An ecological perspective of mentor satisfaction with their youth mentoring relationships
Suffrin, R. L., Todd, N. R., & Sánchez, B. (2016) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcop.21785 · Cited by 31
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It’s about time: Staff support contacts and mentor volunteer experiences
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Mentoring program enhancements supporting effective mentoring of children of incarcerated parents
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Self-citationUnderstanding the experience of mentor families in therapeutic youth mentoring
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The Utility of Mentoring Homeless Adolescents: A Pilot Study
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Metadata
- Authors
- Grossman, J. B., & Rhodes, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Public/Private Ventures (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- ORCID
- Rhodes, Jean E.
- Venue
- American Journal of Community Psychology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-04
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 199-219
- ISSN
- 0091-0562 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-2770
- OpenAlex
- W1572559456
- Cited by
- 678
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 31 · 2017: 30 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 38 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 29 · 2012: 33
- FWCI
- 19.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Community Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Mentoring and Academic Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Youth Development and Social Support
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Crime Patterns and Interventions
- Keywords
- youth mentoring, breakup, Big Brothers Big Sisters, urban adolescents, relationship quality, abuse history, volunteer characteristics, socioeconomic status, race and gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adolescent Behavior, Adult, Child, Counseling, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Mentors, Parent-Child Relations, Quality of Life, Research Design, Risk-Taking, Social Adjustment, Socioeconomic Factors, Time, United States, Urban Population, Volunteers, Program Evaluation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
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