A controlled study of virtual reality exposure therapy for the fear of flying.
Abstract
Fear of flying (FOF) affects an estimated 10-25% of the population. Patients with FOF (N = 49) were randomly assigned to virtual reality exposure (VRE) therapy, standard exposure (SE) therapy, or a wait-list (WL) control. Treatment consisted of 8 sessions over 6 weeks, with 4 sessions of anxiety management training followed by either exposure to a virtual airplane (VRE) or exposure to an actual airplane at the airport (SE). A posttreatment flight on a commercial airline measured participants' willingness to fly and anxiety during flight immediately after treatment. The results indicated that VRE and SE were both superior to WL, with no differences between VRE and SE. The gains observed in treatment were maintained at a 6-month follow up. By 6 months posttreatment, 93% of VRE participants and 93% of SE participants had flown. VRE therapy and SE therapy for treatment of FOF were unequivocally supported in this controlled study.
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Limited access to the feared stimulus (airport or plane) is a particularly important limitation of in vivo exposure for flying phobia.
“particularly important in FP, is the limited access to the feared stimulus (i.e., airport or plane) [24].”
From An Internet-based treatment for flying phobia (NO-FEAR Airlines): Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as [24]
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- Authors
- Rothbaum, B. O., Hodges, L., Smith, S., Lee, J. H., & Price, L.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1020-1026
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W4250286362
- Cited by
- 501
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 18.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (1-R41-MH58493-01, R41MH058493)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Keywords
- virtual reality exposure therapy, fear of flying, aviophobia, phobia treatment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Agoraphobia, Aircraft, Desensitization, Psychologic, Fear, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Phobic Disorders, User-Computer Interface, Panic Disorder, Treatment Outcome
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