Cited by 12,298Psychometric Methodologies and TestingStatistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceStatistical Distribution Estimation and Applications

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Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification

Hu, Li-tze, Bentler, Peter M.·1998·Psychological Methods

DOI 10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.424

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Abstract

This study evaluated the sensitivity of maximum likelihood (ML)-, generalized least squares (GLS)-, and asymptotic distribution-free (ADF)-based fit indices to model misspecification, under conditions that varied sample size and distribution. The effect of violating assumptions of asymptotic robustness theory also was ex-amined. Standardized root-mean-square residual (SRMR) was the most sensitive index to models with misspecified factor covariance(s), and Tucker-Lewis Index (1973; TLI), Bollen's fit index (1989; BL89), relative noncentrality index (RNI), comparative fit index (CFI), and the ML- and GLS-based gamma hat, McDonald's centrality index (1989; Me), and root-mean-square error of approximation (RMSEA) were the most sensitive indices to models with misspecified factor loadings. With ML and GLS methods, we recommend the use of SRMR, supple-mented by TLI, BL89, RNI, CFI, gamma hat, Me, or RMSEA (TLI, Me, and RMSEA are less preferable at small sample sizes). With the ADF method, we recommend the use of SRMR, supplemented by TLI, BL89, RNI, or CFI. Finally, most of the ML-based fit indices outperformed those obtained from GLS and ADF

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Authors: Hu, L.-T., & Bentler, P. M.
Affiliations: University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
ORCID: Bentler, Peter M.
Venue: Psychological Methods
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 1998-12
Volume: 3
Issue: 4
Pages: 424-453
ISSN: 1082-989X (ISSN-L)
1939-1463
DOI: 10.1037/1082-989x.3.4.424
OpenAlex: W2005092827
Semantic Scholar: a92c9726361d9c1d165dbf2ea781b6c48363a816
Cited by: 12,298
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 639 · 2025: 1003 · 2024: 1076 · 2023: 1094 · 2022: 934 · 2021: 884 · 2020: 738 · 2019: 665 · 2018: 600 · 2017: 512 · 2016: 465 · 2015: 450 · 2014: 474 · 2013: 433 · 2012: 386
FWCI: 43.57
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Psychological Methods (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Distribution Estimation and Applications
Keywords: model fit indices, model misspecification, structural equation modeling, comparative fit index, RMSEA, asymptotic robustness, factor loadings, sample size, distributional assumptions

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Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification

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