Solving future problems: default network and executive activity associated with goal-directed mental simulations
Open accessAbstract
Mental simulations are often focused on a goal in the future or a problem to be solved. Recent neuroimaging studies have associated mental simulations of the future with default network activity, but the simulations in these studies were not typically directed toward achieving a particular goal. Goal-directed simulation requires cognitive control to maintain information, make decisions, and coordinate abstract action sequences. Therefore, it should recruit not only the default network, but also executive regions. To investigate whether default network and executive regions can be coactive in the context of goal-directed simulation, we designed a problem-solving task in which participants simulated solving several specific problems in imaginary scenarios while in the MRI scanner. We analyzed brain activity during simulation relative to a semantic elaboration task and found that goal-directed simulation engaged core regions of the default network and executive dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. A functional connectivity analysis with posterior cingulate and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex seeds revealed that activity in these regions was coupled throughout the goal-directed simulation period and associated with a distributed network of other default and executive regions, including medial prefrontal cortex, medial temporal, and parietal regions.
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The default and control networks have also shown cooperation during several cognitive processes.
“Importantly, the default and control networks have also shown cooperation during several cognitive processes [8, 17–21].”
From Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
The default and control networks cooperate during autobiographical future planning, which involves constructing a detailed and sequential mental representation of a future goal state.
“For example, the default and control networks show cooperation during autobiographical future planning—constructing a detailed and sequential mental representation about a future goal state [10, 19, 24].”
From Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCreative thought involves similar cognitive and neural mechanisms as other forms of goal-directed, self-generated cognition, such as autobiographical future planning.
“We propose that creative thought involves similar cognitive and neural mechanisms as other forms of goal-directed, self-generated cognition (e.g., autobiographical future planning; [10, 19, 24]).”
From Creative Cognition and Brain Network Dynamics (2016) · cites this paper as [19]
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Self-citationNeural Mechanisms of Episodic Retrieval Support Divergent Creative Thinking
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The neural basis of temporal order processing in past and future thought
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- Authors
- Gerlach, K. D., Spreng, R. N., Gilmore, A. W., & Schacter, D. L.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gerlach, Kathy D.
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2011-04
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1816-1824
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3855008
- OpenAlex
- W2160632445
- Cited by
- 224
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 10.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- NIMH (MH060941)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Mind wandering and attention
- Keywords
- mental simulation, default mode network, executive function, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, problem solving, prospection, cognitive control, functional connectivity, posterior cingulate cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, semantic elaboration
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Decision Making, Female, Goals, Humans, Imagination, Problem Solving, Young Adult
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