The DOI matches its Crossref record; 342 of the 342 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 68 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Prospects for a clinical science of mindfulness-based intervention
Open accessAbstract
Mindfulness-based interventions (MBIs) are at a pivotal point in their future development. Spurred on by an ever-increasing number of studies and breadth of clinical application, the value of such approaches may appear self-evident. We contend, however, that the public health impact of MBIs can be enhanced significantly by situating this work in a broader framework of clinical psychological science. Utilizing the National Institutes of Health stage model (Onken, Carroll, Shoham, Cuthbert, & Riddle, 2014), we map the evidence base for mindfulness-based cognitive therapy and mindfulness-based stress reduction as exemplars of MBIs. From this perspective, we suggest that important gaps in the current evidence base become apparent and, furthermore, that generating more of the same types of studies without addressing such gaps will limit the relevance and reach of these interventions. We offer a set of 7 recommendations that promote an integrated approach to core research questions, enhanced methodological quality of individual studies, and increased logical links among stages of clinical translation in order to increase the potential of MBIs to impact positively the mental health needs of individuals and communities.
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The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The greatest focus of activity in the MBI field has been dedicated to the development and exploration of applications of MBIs with novel populations and target problems.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > The Clinical Application of Mindfulness and Current Evidence Base: A “Bird’s Eye View”
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In the paper
“Most of these studies focus on extending the MBI to a novel problem or population”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Mapping the MBI Evidence Base
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“resulting in a total of 309 articles (MBCT n = 118, MBSR n = 191).”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Mapping the MBI Evidence Base
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“indicated no significant benefit associated with MBSR on subjective reports of well being”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 4. It’s Time to Get Specific About the Specific Effects of MBI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacCoon et al., 2012
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“specific benefits on some outcomes as compared to a relaxation control for patients with tinnitus (Philippot, Nef, Clauw, de Romree, & Segal, 2012).”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 4. It’s Time to Get Specific About the Specific Effects of MBI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Philippot, Nef, Clauw, de Romree, & Segal, 2012
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“With the exception of recent work by Britton and colleagues (2012), it is notable that few publications have reported data on adverse effects of MBI.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 2. Don’t Conflate Promise With Efficacy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Britton and colleagues (2012)
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In the paper
“Studies of MBSR among patients with chronic pain have reported no significant differences on subjective reports, such as pain intensity, distress, quality of life, and mood, as compared to a multidisciplinary pain intervention (S. Y. S. Wong et al., 2011) or active control or waitlist (Schmidt et al., 2011).”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 4. It’s Time to Get Specific About the Specific Effects of MBI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites S. Y. S. Wong et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Schmidt et al., 2011
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In the paper
“In contrast to the relative paucity of Stage 0 studies, research efforts have saturated heavily Stage I.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 2. Don’t Conflate Promise With Efficacy
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIn the paper
“such work has been conducted with a greater emphasis on randomized comparisons to WLC or TAU than to active controls.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 4. It’s Time to Get Specific About the Specific Effects of MBI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tables 1 and 2
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“some benefit on a behavioral pain task (MacCoon et al., 2012)”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 4. It’s Time to Get Specific About the Specific Effects of MBI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacCoon et al., 2012
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
- Probably not a substantial claim. 31
- It may state two separate claims as one. 26
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yielding 3,217 articles in the initial search.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Mapping the MBI Evidence Base
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our mapping indicates that only a small number of studies have explored candidate mediators or moderators of outcome; and of these, even fewer have tested mediation formally or incorporated recent methods that move the field closer to a personalized medicine framework”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 1. Attend to the Basics: Specify Intervention Targets and Populations
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our mapping at this stage includes mainly feasibility and pilot testing studies including nonrandomized open-trial designs of an MBI”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Mapping the MBI Evidence Base
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“MBCT showed no significant benefit as compared to an educational control for caregivers of dementia patients, although both active treatments outperformed a respite only control (Oken et al., 2010).”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 4. It’s Time to Get Specific About the Specific Effects of MBI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Oken et al., 2010
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Operationalizing this requirement and developing scaffolding resources for instructors learning MBI are gaps that exist currently at Stage I.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 3. Engage the Thorny Question of Clinician Training
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: MBI instructors are expected to have personal mindfulness meditation practice in addition to professional clinical training.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies of MBSR provide similarly complex findings, reporting failure to outperform an active control on primary outcomes but often mixed results on secondary outcomes.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 4. It’s Time to Get Specific About the Specific Effects of MBI
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Among problems targeted by MBCT, only work on depression and comorbid health and mental health conditions, and within MBSR studies, primarily work with patients with cancer, show incremental progression from Stage I to subsequent stages.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 2. Don’t Conflate Promise With Efficacy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Studies identified with asterisks in Stages I–V provide examples of movement to such integration.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 1. Attend to the Basics: Specify Intervention Targets and Populations
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These studies encompass varying degrees of methodological rigor; however, they share the common element of seeking to understand whether an MBI works beyond simply symptom report as well as how and for whom.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Mapping the MBI Evidence Base
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A comparison of MBSR and stress management education among patients with generalized anxiety disorder also found no evidence of superiority for MBSR on the primary outcome of anxiety symptom severity, but reported advantage on secondary anxiety outcomes (Hoge et al., 2013).”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 4. It’s Time to Get Specific About the Specific Effects of MBI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Hoge et al., 2013
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Kuyken et al. (2008) examined the effects of MBCT as compared to maintenance pharmacotherapy among patients treated in primary care, with results suggesting comparable relapse prevention and cost effectiveness as well as advantage to MBCT on indices of reducing residual depressive symptoms, psychiatric comorbidity, and quality of life.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 6. Efficacy is Necessary but Not Sufficient for Effectiveness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kuyken et al. (2008)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“N. J. Thompson et al. (2010) compared “distance delivery” of MBCT via telephone or internet for patients with epilepsy and depressive symptoms (N = 40), as compared to WLC, and the intervention was co-facilitated by a layperson with epilepsy and a master's of public health student.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 5. Consider Skipping to but Not Over Stage III
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites N. J. Thompson et al. (2010)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“a recent meta-analysis of the clinical applications of meditation (Goyal et al., 2014), which reported small to moderate effects and little evidence of specific efficacy.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 4. It’s Time to Get Specific About the Specific Effects of MBI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Goyal et al., 2014
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only two trials of MBCT and one of MBSR were published prior to 2014 that addressed questions of effectiveness, with two focused specifically on economic outcomes.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 6. Efficacy is Necessary but Not Sufficient for Effectiveness
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“few studies have tested the degree to which instructors find the interventions they are delivering to be credible, thus introducing the possibility of allegiance effects”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 4. It’s Time to Get Specific About the Specific Effects of MBI
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“van Ravesteijn, Lucassen, Bor, van Weel, and Speckens (2013) examined the cost-effectiveness of MBCT compared with TAU among patients with persistent medically unexplained symptoms, with results indicating lower hospital costs and higher mental health care costs among patients receiving MBCT.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 6. Efficacy is Necessary but Not Sufficient for Effectiveness
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites van Ravesteijn, Lucassen, Bor, van Weel, and Speckens (2013)
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of attention to Stage V work is a serious gap in an effort to develop a clinical science of MBI.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 7. Beware of Developing Orphan Innovations, Falling Off the Implementation Cliff, and Getting Caught in “Implementation Limbo”
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Stage III has been underemphasized in studies of MBI (and clinical psychological science generally).”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 5. Consider Skipping to but Not Over Stage III
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“although some active controls carefully match the frequency and duration of sessions (e.g., Philippot et al., 2012), others are structurally different, involving shorter sessions (e.g., Y. W. Kim et al., 2009).”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 4. It’s Time to Get Specific About the Specific Effects of MBI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Philippot et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites Y. W. Kim et al., 2009
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The last decade has witnessed an exponential rate of increase in the number of studies and the breadth of clinical problems and populations targeted.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Indications of Promise > Summary
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✗ Based: failsProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Vøllestad, Sivertsen, and Nielsen (2011) who describe a well-conceived analysis in which mindfulness statistically mediated changes in anxiety symptoms following MBSR, but owing to the absence of temporal precedence for these changes did not demonstrate true mediation.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 1. Attend to the Basics: Specify Intervention Targets and Populations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vøllestad, Sivertsen, and Nielsen (2011)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“MBSR and MBCT are distinguished by the predominant focus on mindfulness meditation practices, the 8-week course structure, active daily home practice of mindfulness meditation and the role and training requirements of the instructor.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > The Clinical Application of Mindfulness and Current Evidence Base: A “Bird’s Eye View”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“failure to attend to the “basics” may undermine the potential public health impact of research on MBIs.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 1. Attend to the Basics: Specify Intervention Targets and Populations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“although most have emphasized problems with the methodological quality of many individual studies, the overall consensus appears to be “yes.” We concur with these interpretations”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > The Clinical Application of Mindfulness and Current Evidence Base: A “Bird’s Eye View”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“formerly depressed patients showed greater increases in depressogenic thinking styles, suggesting that a history of depression was associated with increased access to depressive cognition in the context of mild sad mood (Teasdale, 1988).”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 1. Attend to the Basics: Specify Intervention Targets and Populations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Teasdale, 1988
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although intervention studies suggest that MBCT has promise for such patients, the basic research necessary to support a rationale for “why” is often lacking”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 1. Attend to the Basics: Specify Intervention Targets and Populations
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Segal, Williams and Teasdale (2012) built upon this early foundation with the development of MBCT, extending and integrating the framework and practices of MBSR with cognitive-behavioral therapy.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > The Clinical Application of Mindfulness and Current Evidence Base: A “Bird’s Eye View”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Segal, Williams and Teasdale (2012)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“MBSR originated in the work of Jon Kabat Zinn and colleagues in 1979 at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center (Kabat-Zinn, 1990).”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > The Clinical Application of Mindfulness and Current Evidence Base: A “Bird’s Eye View”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kabat-Zinn, 1990
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The rapid proliferation of new potential indications for MBIs risks neglecting the link between Stage 0 and subsequent stages.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 1. Attend to the Basics: Specify Intervention Targets and Populations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This excitement, however, must be tempered, given the risk that the field will fail to advance if Stage I research is seen as a sufficient “green light” to proceed to broad dissemination and implementation of MBI, or if the field “stalls out” by simply amassing more studies at Stage I.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 2. Don’t Conflate Promise With Efficacy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“there are indications that some stages and the links between stages warrant greater attention.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > The Clinical Application of Mindfulness and Current Evidence Base: A “Bird’s Eye View”
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the NIH stage model underscores the value of the full cycle of research stages, and notably does not specify a direct pathway from Stage I to Stages IV or V.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 2. Don’t Conflate Promise With Efficacy
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“extensions of MBSR, MBCT, and other MBIs to new populations and conditions may require modifications and tailoring to address their salient pathogenic mechanisms”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 1. Attend to the Basics: Specify Intervention Targets and Populations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The sheer quantity of promising uncontrolled studies cannot substitute for later stage studies; researchers, practitioners, and the public must be cautious not to conflate a lot of studies at Stage I with indications of efficacy or effectiveness.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 2. Don’t Conflate Promise With Efficacy
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Absence of clear attention to both “boundary conditions” and “scientific plausibility” is often cited as hallmarks of pseudoscience (Lilienfeld, 2003).”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 1. Attend to the Basics: Specify Intervention Targets and Populations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lilienfeld, 2003
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such findings help to inform the “boundary conditions” necessary for scientific progress and strengthen the pathway between Stage I and Stage 0”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 2. Don’t Conflate Promise With Efficacy
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Many basic research studies have investigated correlates of mindfulness meditation (see Lutz et al., 2015) and provide methods or proxy markers to consider for integration in applied trials.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 1. Attend to the Basics: Specify Intervention Targets and Populations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lutz et al., 2015
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we view the methodological rigor of randomized controlled trials as of specific value for the future of research on MBI; thus, we map all nonrandomized designs at Stage I.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Mapping the MBI Evidence Base
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They highlight valuable questions that can be “sent back” to Stage 0 about potential maintaining factors in generalized anxiety disorder.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 2. Don’t Conflate Promise With Efficacy
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Such designs permit valid inference about whether the MBI produces an effect on the measured outcome but not about what, specifically, is driving the effect.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 4. It’s Time to Get Specific About the Specific Effects of MBI
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: MBIs are multimodal interventions.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Underemphasizing links to basic research and precise specification of for whom and how a treatment works risks situating the study of MBI less as science and more as pseudoscience”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 1. Attend to the Basics: Specify Intervention Targets and Populations
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“Arch and Ayers (2013) provide another instructive example, in which patients with anxiety disorders were randomized to MBSR or cognitive behavioral therapy, with results indicating the response to intervention depended in part on baseline depressive symptom severity comorbidity and anxiety sensitivity.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 1. Attend to the Basics: Specify Intervention Targets and Populations
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Arch and Ayers (2013)
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The NIH stage model is proposed not as a fixed and linear set of steps to take in chronological order, but rather as a set of overlapping and mutually informing points along a continuum of research.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > The Clinical Application of Mindfulness and Current Evidence Base: A “Bird’s Eye View”
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Weisz, Ng, and Bearman (2014) refer to the “implementation cliff” to describe the “voltage drop” that often occurs as interventions move through the clinical science process.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 7. Beware of Developing Orphan Innovations, Falling Off the Implementation Cliff, and Getting Caught in “Implementation Limbo”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Weisz, Ng, and Bearman (2014)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the relative lack of attention to studying methods of training instructors that can be broadly implemented may make MBI approaches vulnerable to both the implementation cliff and limbo.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 7. Beware of Developing Orphan Innovations, Falling Off the Implementation Cliff, and Getting Caught in “Implementation Limbo”
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
- Rests on an assumption: MBI instructors are expected to have personal mindfulness meditation practice in addition to professional clinical training.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This classification is arguable given the pilot nature of the work and the hybrid use of community and research clinicians”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 5. Consider Skipping to but Not Over Stage III
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent discussions have focused, in particular, on the model of “disruptive innovation” in which new technologies may be integrated in the service of increasing reach and access of MBI.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 7. Beware of Developing Orphan Innovations, Falling Off the Implementation Cliff, and Getting Caught in “Implementation Limbo”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kazdin & Blase, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Rotheram-Borus, Swendeman, & Chorpita, 2012
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Weisz (2014) also describe the problem of “implementation limbo” in which resource constraints set the “bar” for training providers at ever lower levels”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 7. Beware of Developing Orphan Innovations, Falling Off the Implementation Cliff, and Getting Caught in “Implementation Limbo”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Weisz (2014)
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Evans and Clarke (2011) describe the problem of “orphan innovations,” in which effort is dedicated to the design and initial testing of an intervention but little care is allocated to the task of spreading the intervention to contexts of need.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 7. Beware of Developing Orphan Innovations, Falling Off the Implementation Cliff, and Getting Caught in “Implementation Limbo”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Evans and Clarke (2011)
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recommendations within general psychotherapy domains have included the examination of novel delivery formats such as self-management and self-help formats, brief or more parsimonious adaptations, technology and media driven delivery formats, and integration within broader healthcare packages (Kazdin & Blase, 2011; Rotheram-Borus, Swendeman, & Chorpita, 2012).”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Stage-based Recommendations to Increase the Public Health Impact of MBI Research > Recommendation 7. Beware of Developing Orphan Innovations, Falling Off the Implementation Cliff, and Getting Caught in “Implementation Limbo”
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kazdin & Blase, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Rotheram-Borus, Swendeman, & Chorpita, 2012
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Doing so highlights important lessons and gaps in our current evidence base.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Indications of Promise > Summary
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We contend that the public health impact of this work is likely to be enhanced by situating work on MBI in a broader framework of clinical psychological science.”
§ Prospects for a Clinical Science of Mindfulness-Based Intervention > Indications of Promise > Summary
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
The paper relies on this without support.
MBI instructors are expected to have personal mindfulness meditation practice in addition to professional clinical training.
“which require a personal practice in mindfulness meditation in addition to professional training in the clinical approach”
The paper relies on this without support.
MBIs are multimodal interventions.
“MBIs are multimodal interventions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
MBSR and MBCT protocols typically include written and audio guide support for daily home practice.
“MBSR and MBCT protocols typically include written and audio guide support for daily home practice”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Accessibility is an important area of future study: a relatively low-cost mobile application can be widely disseminated and may increase treatment access and utilization especially among underserved populations (44–46).”
From Targeting Anxiety to Improve Sleep Disturbance: A Randomized Clinical Trial of App-Based Mindfulness Training. (2022) · cites this paper as [45]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Psychological theory and research now guides the development of many MBPs (Dimidjian & Segal, 2015).”
From What defines mindfulness-based programs? The warp and the weft (2017) · cites this paper as Dimidjian & Segal, 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These settings incorporate many components contributing to their observed clinical benefits [46–49].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [46]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“a significant gap persists in understanding the effects of mindfulness interventions on therapeutic outcomes when embedded in individual CBT sessions [46, 49, 51].”
From Emotion Regulation as a Mechanism of Mindfulness in Individual Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Depression and Anxiety Disorders (2024) · cites this paper as [46]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“MBIs aim to understand the root causes of human distress and alleviate it through mindfulness training (Dimidjian & Segal, 2015).”
From Mapping mindfulness in psychotherapy: a scoping review on conceptualization, applications, and research directions (2026) · cites this paper as Dimidjian & Segal, 2015
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, as noted by Dimidjian and Segal, 65 the field has been limited by a number of methodological gaps that restrict both the reach and relevance of the conclusions that can be drawn from the current literature.”
From Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression (2017) · cites this paper as [65]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The mapping of the MBP evidence base onto this model by Dimidjian & Segal clari fi es that the evidence is heavily saturated in Stage I, lightly represented in Stages 0 and II, and that to date there is minimal research in Stages III, IV and V.”
From What defines mindfulness-based programs? The warp and the weft (2017) · cites this paper as Dimidjian & Segal (2015)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Dimidjian & Segal (2015) caution that the rapid proliferation of new potential contexts and populations risks neglecting the importance of foundational speci fi cation of clear intervention targets and mediating processes of change on which subsequent research can build.”
From What defines mindfulness-based programs? The warp and the weft (2017) · cites this paper as Dimidjian & Segal (2015)
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“there is a scarcity of studies investigating the implementation and dissemination of MBIs.”
From A mindfulness-based intervention for Substance Use Disorder in a Brazilian vulnerable population: a feasibility mixed method study (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Dimidjian and Segal have pointed out the lack of effectiveness studies of MBSR [18].”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The personal practice of mindfulness for the teacher is critical (Dimidjian & Segal, 2015).”
From What works in mindfulness interventions for medically unexplained symptoms? A systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as Dimidjian & Segal, 2015
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“those that have been undertaken were predominantly conducted with WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic) populations, which do not represent the majority of the global population (14, 15).”
From A mindfulness-based intervention for Substance Use Disorder in a Brazilian vulnerable population: a feasibility mixed method study (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“The Mindfulness-Based Interventions: Teaching Assessment Criteria is a measure of mindfulness teaching skills that includes representation of common factors domains (for example, relational skills and holding the group learning environment such as setting clear ground rules and emphasizing the universality of themes which are discussed in the group156,157).”
From A common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions (2022) · cites this paper as [157]
In the citing paper
“However, little is known about whether MBCT is being delivered safely and effectively in real-world healthcare settings.”
From The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) in Real-World Healthcare Services (2020) · cites this paper as Dimidjian and Segal 2015
In the citing paper
“little is known about the outcomes of MBCT when delivered in real-world healthcare settings, rather than research clinics (Dimidjian & Segal., 2015).”
From The Effectiveness of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT) in Real-World Healthcare Services (2020) · cites this paper as Dimidjian & Segal., 2015
In the citing paper
“This is indeed a challenge, as MBIs with demonstrated efficacy in Stage II trials may fail to show effectiveness in Stage III and IV trials when delivered by community clinicians.”
From Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research (2018) · cites this paper as [86]
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness studies tend to over-represent positive results, while negative findings are either not published or obscured by post-hoc subgroup analyses or creative reinterpretations [55–57].”
From Can mindfulness be too much of a good thing? The value of a middle way (2019) · cites this paper as [55]
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Creswell, J. D. (2017) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-042716-051139 · Cited by 1,702
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Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression
Hofmann, S. G., & Gómez, A. F. (2017) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.008 · Cited by 756
“However, as noted by Dimidjian and Segal, 65 the field has been limited by a number of methodological gaps that restrict both the reach and relevance of the conclusions that can be drawn from the current literature.”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Dimidjian, S., & Segal, Z. V.
- Affiliations
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Venue
- American Psychologist
- Published
- 2015-10
- Volume
- 70
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 593-620
- ISSN
- 0003-066X (ISSN-L)
- 1935-990X
- PMC
- PMC5853107
- OpenAlex
- W2398456569
- Cited by
- 291
- References
- 342
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 31.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- American Psychologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (R34MH083866, K23MH077287, R34MH087723)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Keywords
- mindfulness-based interventions, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, mindfulness-based stress reduction, clinical translation, evidence base, research gaps, methodological quality, public health impact, mental health
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Mental Health, Stress, Psychological, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Mindfulness
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-09-28, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-09-28 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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