The DOI matches its Crossref record; 98 of the 99 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Multiple reward signals in the brain
Abstract
The fundamental biological importance of rewards has created an increasing interest in the neuronal processing of reward information. The suggestion that the mechanisms underlying drug addiction might involve natural reward systems has also stimulated interest. This article focuses on recent neurophysiological studies in primates that have revealed that neurons in a limited number of brain structures carry specific signals about past and future rewards. This research provides the first step towards an understanding of how rewards influence behaviour before they are received and how the brain might use reward information to control learning and goal-directed behaviour.
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“That is, it is the anticipation of reward (broadly defined) or reward prediction error (Schultz, 2000(Schultz, , 2013) ) that places this form of enhanced expectancies within our consideration here.”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Schultz, 2000
In the citing paper
“Importantly, rewards appear to exert their effects via expectation rather than receipt.”
From Optimizing performance through intrinsic motivation and attention for learning: The OPTIMAL theory of motor learning (2016) · cites this paper as Schultz, 2000
In the citing paper
“This analysis confirms that adolescents generally activate a similar set of subcortical structures as adults when processing reward-relevant contexts.”
From Neural networks involved in adolescent reward processing: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies (2015) · cites this paper as Schultz, 2000
In the citing paper
“These findings are consistent with the different functions associated with distinct regions of the striatum: afferent projections to dorsal striatum are thought to be crucial for learning correct actions so as to maximize reward, whereas projections to ventral striatum, including nucleus accumbens, have a key function in reward prediction and pavlovian learning18-20,23,24.”
From Empathic neural responses are modulated by the perceived fairness of others (2006) · cites this paper as [20]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Schultz, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Fribourg (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Schultz, Wolfram
- ORCID
- Schultz, Wolfram
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 199-207
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- OpenAlex
- W2126449078
- Cited by
- 1,303
- References
- 99
- Citations by year
- 2026: 34 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 45 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 63 · 2015: 55 · 2014: 62 · 2013: 61 · 2012: 72
- FWCI
- 4.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- reward signals, reward processing, drug addiction, primate neurophysiology, goal-directed behavior, learning
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Behavior, Animal, Brain, Emotions, Humans, Reward, Signal Transduction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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