Strength and muscle quality in a well-functioning cohort of older adults: the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To determine whether lower lean mass and higher fat mass have independent effects on the loss of strength and muscle quality in older adults and might explain part of the effect of age. DESIGN: Single-episode, cross-sectional analyses of a cohort of subjects in the Health, Aging and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study. SETTING: Ambulatory clinic and research laboratory. PARTICIPANTS: Two thousand six hundred twenty-three men and women aged 70 to 79 from the Health ABC Study. MEASUREMENTS: Upper and lower extremity strength was measured using isokinetic (knee extension) and isometric (grip strength) dynamometers. Body composition (lean mass and fat mass) was determined by measuring lean mass of upper and lower extremities and the total body by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Muscle quality was ascertained by taking the ratio of strength to muscle mass for both upper and lower extremities. RESULTS: Upper and lower extremity strength and muscle quality decreased as age increased. Most of the explained variance in strength was due to differences in muscle mass, but, in those at the extremes of body fat and lower leg muscle quality, the association with body fat was independent of the effect of age. Although blacks had greater muscle strength and mass than whites, leg muscle quality tended to be lower in blacks than in whites. Upper extremity strength adjusted for lean mass and muscle quality were also associated inversely and independently with age, body fat, and black race. CONCLUSION: In this older cohort, lower strength with older age was predominantly due to a lower muscle mass. Age and body fat also had significant inverse associations with strength and muscle quality. Both preservation of lean mass and prevention of gain in fat may be important in maintaining strength and muscle quality in old age.
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Aging-related declines in muscle strength and power are not entirely accounted for by a loss of muscle mass because muscle quality also decreases with age and is an even stronger risk factor for mobility disability.
“Aging-related declines in muscle strength and power are not entirely accounted for by a loss of muscle mass because muscle quality (strength per unit of muscle) also decreases with age and is an even stronger risk factor for mobility disability (5).”
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- Authors
- Newman, A. B., Haggerty, C. L., Goodpaster, B., Harris, T., Kritchevsky, S., Nevitt, M., Miles, T. P., Visser, M., & The Health, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- The University of Texas at San Antonio (US)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Newman, Anne B.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2003-02-20
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 323-330
- ISSN
- 0002-8614 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-5415
- OpenAlex
- W2062368765
- Cited by
- 505
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 25
- FWCI
- 5.19
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of the American Geriatrics Society (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (n01ag062101-007, n01ag062103-006, n01ag062106-007)
- National Institute on Aging (N01‐AG‐6–2101, N01AG62106, N01-AG-62103)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Body Composition Measurement Techniques
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- muscle strength, muscle quality, lean body mass, fat mass, body composition, aging, older adults, grip strength, knee extension, racial differences, Health ABC Study
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Aged, Aging, Body Composition, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Health Status, Humans, Male, Regression Analysis, Cohort Studies, Muscle, Skeletal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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